Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 6

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 740 – 745

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1*2FWREHU
7LUJX0XUHV5RPDQLD

6PDUW*ULG(FRQRPLF'LVSDWFK
/XFLDQ,RDQ'XOăXD 0LKDLO$EUXGHDQE'RULQ%LFăF
D
3K'6FKRRO7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&OXM1DSRFD&OXM1DSRFD5RPDQLD
E
'HSDUWPHQWRI$XWRPDWLRQ)DFXOW\RI$XWRPDWLRQDQG&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&OXM1DSRFD&OXM1DSRFD5RPDQLD
F
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDODQG&RPSXWHU(QJLQHHULQJ)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ³3HWUX0DLRU´8QLYHUVLW\RI7vUJX0XUHú7vUJX0XUHú5RPDQLD

$EVWUDFW

7KLV SDSHU GHVFULEHV D VPDUW JULG HFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK 6*('  DSSURDFK ZLWKRXW FRQVLGHULQJ WKH QHWZRUN HTXDOLW\ VHFXULW\
FRQVWUDLQWV7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFK (' SUREOHPLVRQHRIWKHIXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHPVLQWKHSRZHUV\VWHP7KHREMHFWLYHRI('
LVWRUHGXFHWKHWRWDOSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQFRVW7KH6*('LVSHUIRUPHGIRUDWHVWV\VWHPWKDWFRPSULVHVWKUHHJHQHUDWRUVDQGRQH
EDWWHU\VWRUDJHGHYLFH D0:K\GURJHQVWRUDJHXQLW FRQVLGHULQJWKHFRQVXPHUSRZHUGHPDQG7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKZLOOEH
SHUIRUPHGIRUWKHZKROHGD\7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKLVSHUIRUPHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDVFHQGLQJSRZHUSURGXFWLRQFRVW
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH³3HWUX0DLRU´8QLYHUVLW\RI7LUJX0XUHV)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJ
Peer-review under responsibility of the “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
.H\ZRUGVVPDUWJULGVHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKSRZHUGLVSDWFKGLVSDWFKRUGHUSRZHUV\VWHPVLPXODWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7RGD\ JULGV DUH IDFLQJ VHULRXV HQYLURQPHQWDO ILQDQFLDO DQG RSHUDWLRQDO FKDOOHQJHV ,Q RUGHU WR RYHUFRPH WKHVH
SUREOHPV WRGD\
V JULGV PXVW EH PRGHUQL]HG XVLQJ VWDWHRIWKHDUW WHFKQRORJLHV WR VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSURYH WKH
UHOLDELOLW\ HIILFLHQF\ VHFXULW\ DQG TXDOLW\ RI WKH GHOLYHUHG SRZHU $GGLWLRQDOO\ QHZ JULGV PXVW FRQVLGHU WKH
HQYLURQPHQWE\ XVLQJ ZLGHUUHQHZDEOHJHQHUDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\DWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPWRVLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHWKH
FDUERQ IRRWSULQW 0RUHRYHU WKLV JULG PXVW EH PRUH FRQVXPHULQWHUDFWLYH DOORZLQJ WKH FXVWRPHU WR FRQWURO DQG
PRQLWRUWKHDPRXQWRISRZHUFRQVXPSWLRQWKURXJKWKHPRGHUQWHFKQRORJLHV7KLVJULGLVQDPHGLQWHOOLJHQWJULGRU
6PDUW*ULGV 6* EXWWKHVHFRQGWHUPLVPRUHFRPPRQO\XVHG>@



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVVGXODXOXFLDQ#JPDLOFRP

2212-0173 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.033
Lucian Ioan Dulău et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 740 – 745 741

,Q WKLV SDSHU LV SUHVHQWHG D 6PDUW *ULG HFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK 6*('  DSSURDFK ZLWKRXW FRQVLGHULQJ WKH QHWZRUN
HTXDOLW\VHFXULW\FRQVWUDLQWV

6PDUW*ULGVRYHUYLHZ

1RZDGD\V WKH LQWHOOLJHQW DXWRPDWLRQ RQ HOHFWULFDO QHWZRUN KDV EHHQ GULYLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IXWXUH SRZHU
V\VWHPOLNHVPDUWJULGZKLFKPLJKWOHDGWRWKHQHWZRUNPRGHOEHFKDQJHGDQGFHUWDLQO\LWZLOOFKDQJHWKHHOHFWULF
QHWZRUNRSHUDWLRQV7KH6PDUW*ULGV 6* LVWKHSRZHUV\VWHPWKDWLVDEOHWRUDSLGO\GHWHFWDQDO\]HDQGUHVSRQGWR
YDULRXVSHUWXUEDWLRQVE\LQWHJUDWLQJLQWHOOLJHQWGHYLFHVDGYDQFHGFRQWUROPHWKRGDQGGLJLWDOWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQRQ
HOHFWULFDOQHWZRUN>@
6PDUW *ULGV FDQ EH GHILQHG DV D PRGHUQL]DWLRQ RI WKH HOHFWULFLW\ GHOLYHU\ V\VWHP VR LW PRQLWRUV SURWHFWV DQG
DXWRPDWLFDOO\ RSWLPL]HV WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI LWV LQWHUFRQQHFWHG HOHPHQWV ± IURP WKH FHQWUDO DQG GLVWULEXWHG JHQHUDWRU
WKURXJK WKH KLJKYROWDJH QHWZRUN DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP WR LQGXVWULDO XVHUV DQG EXLOGLQJ DXWRPDWLRQ V\VWHPV WR
HQHUJ\VWRUDJHLQVWDOODWLRQVDQGWRHQGXVHFRQVXPHUVLQFOXGLQJWKHLUWKHUPRVWDWVHOHFWULFYHKLFOHVDSSOLDQFHVDQG
RWKHUKRXVHKROGGHYLFHV>@
7KH6*PDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUH

x &RQVXPHUSDUWLFLSDWLRQ(QDEOHVDQGPRWLYDWHVDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQE\FRQVXPHUV
x $FFRPPRGDWHJHQHUDWLRQRSWLRQV$FFRPPRGDWHVDOOJHQHUDWLRQDQGHQHUJ\VWRUDJHRSWLRQV
x (QDEOHHOHFWULFLW\PDUNHW(QDEOHVQHZSURGXFWVVHUYLFHVDQGPDUNHWV
x +LJKTXDOLW\SRZHU3URYLGHVWKHTXDOLW\RISRZHUUHTXLUHGIRUWKHGLJLWDOFRPSXWHUDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQEDVHG
HFRQRP\
x 2SWLPL]HDVVHWV2SHUDWHVHIILFLHQWO\DQGRSWLPL]HVWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIH[LVWLQJDQGQHZDVVHWV
x 6HOIKHDOLQJ$QWLFLSDWHVDQGUHVSRQGVWRV\VWHPGLVWXUEDQFHVLQDVHOIKHDOLQJPDQQHU
x 5HVLVWDWWDFN2SHUDWHVUHVLOLHQWO\DJDLQVWDWWDFNDQGQDWXUDOGLVDVWHU>@

$VPDUWJULGLVUHOLDEOHIHDVLEOHVHFXUHHIILFLHQWHFRQRPLFDQGHQYLURQPHQWIULHQGO\7KHREMHFWLYHVRIVPDUW
JULGRSHUDWLRQDQGFRQWURODUH

x WRDGGUHVVWKHFKDOOHQJHVWKDWVHFXUHDQGUHOLDEOHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHSRZHUJULGVZLOOIDFHLQWKHIXWXUH
x WR GHYHORS D VROLG LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ WKHRUHWLFDO IRXQGDWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ GHYHORSPHQW RI EHWWHU WRROV IRU SODQQLQJ
RSHUDWLRQDQGFRQWURORISRZHUJULGVLQWHUFRQQHFWHGDWYDULRXVYROWDJHOHYHOV
x WRLQQRYDWHLQSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQPRQLWRULQJDQGFRQWURO
x WRHQDEOHFRQVXPHUVWRUHDFWWRJULGFRQGLWLRQVPDNLQJWKHPDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHLUHQHUJ\XVH
x WR OHYHUDJH FRQYHQWLRQDO JHQHUDWLRQ DQG HPHUJLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV ZKHQ SRVVLEOH LQFOXGLQJ GLVWULEXWHG HQHUJ\
UHVRXUFHV GHPDQG UHVSRQVH DQG HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH WR DGGUHVV WKH FKDOOHQJHV LQWURGXFHG E\ YDULDEOH UHQHZDEOH
UHVRXUFHV>@

)RUDFKLHYLQJWKHVHREMHFWLYHVWKH6*KDVWRDGMXVWZLWKJHQHUDWLRQDQGLILWVSRVVLEOHVWRUDJHZLWKDYDLODELOLW\
ZKHQHYHUDQGZKHUHYHUFDOOHGIRUVHOIKHDOLQJPHFKDQLVPLQWKHIDFHRIGLVWXUEDQFHRSWLPXPXWLOL]DWLRQRIDVVHWV
DFKLHYLQJKLJKOHYHORIHIILFLHQF\LQRSHUDWLRQZKLOHWKHFRQVXPHUVKRXOGJHWTXDOLW\HOHFWULFLW\DVSHUTXDQWLWDWLYH
UHTXLUHPHQWWKURXJKVXFFHVVIXOO\HQDEOHGSURYLVLRQRIVHUYLFHVSURGXFWVPDUNHWHGHWF([WHQVLYHXVDJHRIGLJLWDO
WHFKQRORJ\ LQ WHUPV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ RQ UHDOWLPH EDVLV LV DQ HVVHQWLDO IHDWXUH IRU
DFKLHYLQJVXFFHVVLQWKHPDWWHUFRQVLGHULQJWKHGHPDQGVXSSO\VFHQDULRDFFXUDWHO\DWHYHU\LQVWDQW>@
7KH6*LPSURYHVWKHTXDOLW\UHVLOLHQF\DQGLQWHJULW\RIWKHJULGWKURXJKWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQRIWKHH[LVWLQJHQHUJ\
GHOLYHU\LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGLQWHJUDWLRQRIQHZUHQHZDEOHJHQHUDWLRQVRXUFHVDQGSOXJLQHOHFWULFYHKLFOHV7KXVWKH
6*UHTXLUHVVHDPOHVVO\LQWHJUDWHGSURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHVWRGHOLYHUWKHKLJKHVWSHUIRUPDQFHSRVVLEOH>@
7KHPDLQGHYLFHVWKDWDUHXVHGLQD6*LQFOXGH

x 6PDUW PHWHULQJ GHYLFHV VXSSRUW DFTXLULQJ GDWD WR HYDOXDWH WKH KHDOWK DQG LQWHJULW\ RI WKH JULG DQG VXSSRUW
DXWRPDWLFPHWHUUHDGLQJHOLPLQDWLRQRIELOOLQJHVWLPDWHVDQGSUHYHQWHQHUJ\WKHIW
742 Lucian Ioan Dulău et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 740 – 745

x ,QWHJUDWHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVGHYLFHVWKHVHLQFOXGHGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQSURWHFWLRQDQGFRQWURODQGHQDEOH XVHUV WR


LQWHUDFWZLWKLQWHOOLJHQWHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVLQDQLQWHJUDWHGV\VWHP
x +RPHDUHDQHWZRUN +$1 GHYLFHVHQDEOHVFRQVXPHUVWREHWWHUPDQDJHWKHLUHOHFWULFLW\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGFRVWV
XVLQJQHZVPDUWDSSOLDQFHVDQGGHYLFHVORFDWHGDWWKHFXVWRPHU
VSUHPLVHV
x ,QKRPH GHYLFHV WKHVH LQFOXGH FRPPXQLFDWLQJ WKHUPRVWDWV ORDG FRQWURO VZLWFKHV DQG HOHFWULF YHKLFOH (9 
FKDUJLQJVWDWLRQVZKLFKKHOSFRQVXPHUVWRPDQDJHWKHLUHQHUJ\XVH
x 1HWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WKLV FRPSULVHV JULG URXWHUV DQG VLJQDO UHSHDWHUV IRU H[DPSOH ZKLFK HQDEOH XWLOLWLHV WR
FRVWHIIHFWLYHO\ QHWZRUNWKHLUJULGGHYLFHV,QDGGLWLRQDVWKHVPDUWJULGH[WHQGVRXWWRKRPHVDQGEXVLQHVVHV
ZLUHOHVVVHQVRUVDQGPRELOHFRQWUROGHYLFHVEHFRPHLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVLQPRQLWRULQJDQGPDQDJLQJHQHUJ\XVH
x (QHUJ\ VWRUDJH GHYLFHV LV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ GHYLFHV WKDW VWRUH HQHUJ\ WR SHUIRUP XVHIXO RSHUDWLRQ DW D ODWHU
WLPH>@
,Q7DEOH>@ZHSUHVHQWDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDFODVVLF FRQYHQWLRQDO JULGDQG6PDUW
*ULGV

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFODVVLFJULGDQGVPDUWJULGV
&ODVVLF FRQYHQWLRQDO *ULG 6PDUW*ULGV
2QHZD\SRZHUIORZ %LGLUHFWLRQDO WZRZD\SRZHUIORZ 
8QLGLUHFWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ %LGLUHFWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
3DVVLYHFXVWRPHU LQHIILFLHQW'HPDQG5HVSRQVH  ,QWHUDFWLYHFXVWRPHU HIILFLHQW'HPDQG5HVSRQVH 
&HQWUDOLVHGSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQ 'LVWULEXWHGUHQHZDEOHJHQHUDWLRQ
0DQXDORSHUDWLRQ $XWRPDWHGRSHUDWLRQ
3UHGLFWLRQRSHUDWLRQ PDWFKLQJRIVXSSO\DQGGHPDQGEDVHGRQ 5HDOWLPHRSHUDWLRQ PDWFKLQJRIVXSSO\DQGGHPDQGEDVHGRQ
IRUHFDVWDQGKLVWRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ  UHDOWLPHLQIRUPDWLRQ 
)RVVLOIXHOEDVHGSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQ (QYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\JHQHUDWLRQ
&RQYHQWLRQDOKRXVHKROGDSSOLDQFHV 6PDUWDSSOLDQFHV

0DWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQJRIWKHVPDUWJULGHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFK

7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFK (' SUREOHPLVRQHRIWKHIXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHPVLQWKHSRZHUV\VWHPV7KHREMHFWLYHRI


('LVWRUHGXFHWKHWRWDOSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQFRVWZLWKRXWFRQVLGHULQJWKHQHWZRUNHTXDOLW\VHFXULW\FRQVWUDLQWV7KH
PDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQJRIWKH('LVSUHVHQWHGLQ>@
7KHJHQHUDWRUFRVWIXQFWLRQLVH[SUHVVHGDV

 
I 3J D3J  E3J  F     


ZKHUH

x 3JWKHJHQHUDWRUSRZHURXWSXW
x D  E  F  WKHFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHJHQHUDWLRQFRVWIXQFWLRQ
7KHFRVWIXQFWLRQRIWKHEDWWHU\LVH[SUHVVHGDV

J 3E K 3E PD[  3E     

ZKHUH

x 3EWKHSRZHUYDOXHRIWKHEDWWHU\
x 3EPD[WKHPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\RIWKHEDWWHU\
x ȘWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIWKHEDWWHU\FRVWIXQFWLRQ
7KHVPDUWJULGHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFK 6*(' SUREOHPFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDVIROORZV
Lucian Ioan Dulău et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 740 – 745 743

¦ >¦ @
7 1*
PLQ *& M 
I 3JL W  K 3E W 
L  L
 

FRQVLGHULQJWKHIROORZLQJFRQVWUDLQWV

3E W    ¦L  3JL W  ' 
1*
3E W   

 d 3E W d 3E PD[    

 d 3JL W d 3JL PD[    

ZKHUH

x 3JLWKHSRZHURXWSXWRIJHQHUDWRUL
x 3JLPD[WKHPD[LPDOSRZHURXWSXWRIJHQHUDWRUL
x 1*WKHQXPEHURIJHQHUDWRUV
x 'WKHSRZHUGHPDQGYDOXH
x 7WKHWLPHSHULRGRIWKHVPDUWJULGRSHUDWLRQ

6PDUWJULGHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKUHVXOWV

7KH 6*(' ZLOO EH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH WHVW V\VWHP IURP )LJ  WKDW FRPSULVHV IRXU JHQHUDWRUV DQG RQH EDWWHU\
VWRUDJH GHYLFH D  0: K\GURJHQ VWRUDJH XQLW  FRQVLGHULQJ WKH SRZHU GHPDQG RI WKH FRQVXPHU 7KH QHWZRUN
HTXDOLW\VHFXULW\FRQVWUDLQWV EDWWHU\FRQVWUDLQWV ZLOOQRWEHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKH6*('


)LJ2QHOLQHGLDJUDPRIWKHWHVWV\VWHP

,Q7DEOHDUHSUHVHQWHGWKHJHQHUDWRUVGDWD


744 Lucian Ioan Dulău et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 740 – 745

7DEOH*HQHUDWRUVGDWD
*HQHUDWRU 3PLQ 0:  3PD[ 0:  D  0:K   E 0:K  F K 
*HQHUDWRU     
*HQHUDWRU     
*HQHUDWRU     

7KHFRQVXPHU & SRZHUGHPDQGLV0:7KHFRQVXPHUSRZHUGHPDQGIRUWKH ZKROHGD\LVSUHVHQWHGLQ


)LJ
ϭϮϬ

ϭϬϬ
WŽǁĞƌĚĞŵĂŶĚ΀Dt΁

ϴϬ

ϲϬ

ϰϬ

ϮϬ

Ϭ
ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϭϬ ϭϭ ϭϮ ϭϯ ϭϰ ϭϱ ϭϲ ϭϳ ϭϴ ϭϵ ϮϬ Ϯϭ ϮϮ Ϯϯ Ϯϰ
,ŽƵƌ΀Ś΁


)LJ3RZHUGHPDQGRIWKHFRQVXPHUIRUWKHZKROHGD\

7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKZLOOEHSHUIRUPHGIRUWKHZKROHGD\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHDVFHQGLQJSRZHUSURGXFWLRQFRVW
7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKVLPXODWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJWKH&LWHFW6&$'$VRIWZDUH>@
7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKLVSHUIRUPHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDVFHQGLQJSRZHUSURGXFWLRQFRVW EFRHIILFLHQW SUHVHQWHG
LQ7DEOH7KHVWRUDJHXQLWLVGLVSDWFKHGLIWKHV\VWHPJHQHUDWLQJXQLWVFDQ¶WFRYHUWKHSRZHUGHPDQG

7DEOH(FRQRPLFSRZHUGLVSDWFKRUGHU
*HQHUDWRURUGHU *HQHUDWRU E 0:K 
VW *HQHUDWRU 
QG *HQHUDWRU 
UG *HQHUDWRU 

7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKUHVXOWVIRUWKH6PDUW*ULGWHVWV\VWHPDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ

&RQFOXVLRQV

6PDUW *ULGV 6*  LV D PRGHUQ W\SH SRZHU V\VWHP WKDW FDQ PRQLWRU SURWHFW DQG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ RSWLPL]H WKH
RSHUDWLRQ RI LWV LQWHUFRQQHFWHG HOHPHQWV ± IURP WKH FHQWUDO DQG GLVWULEXWHG JHQHUDWRU WKURXJK WKH KLJKYROWDJH
QHWZRUNDQGGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPWRLQGXVWULDOXVHUVDQGEXLOGLQJDXWRPDWLRQV\VWHPVWRHQHUJ\VWRUDJHLQVWDOODWLRQV
DQGWRHQGXVHFRQVXPHUVLQFOXGLQJWKHLUWKHUPRVWDWVHOHFWULFYHKLFOHVDSSOLDQFHVDQGRWKHUKRXVHKROGGHYLFHV
7KH6*LVVXLWDEOHIRUWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHSRZHUV\VWHPLQUHDOWLPHEHLQJDEOHWRUHDFWLQDVKRUWWLPHWRYDULRXV
SHUWXUEDWLRQV
$6*LVHFRQRPLFUHOLDEOHVHFXUHHIILFLHQWDQGIULHQGO\ZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KHGHYLFHVWKDWZLOOEHXVHGLQD
6*LQFOXGHHQHUJ\VWRUDJHXQLWVVPDUWPHWHUVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPV
Lucian Ioan Dulău et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 740 – 745 745

7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKZDVSHUIRUPHGIRUWKHZKROHGD\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHDVFHQGLQJSRZHUSURGXFWLRQFRVW7KH
VWRUDJHXQLWZDVGLVSDWFKHGLIWKHV\VWHPJHQHUDWLQJXQLWVFRXOGQ¶WFRYHUWKHSRZHUGHPDQG
7KHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKVLPXODWLRQHPSKDVL]HVWKDWDOOWKHJHQHUDWRUVDQGWKHVWRUDJHXQLWDUHXVHGWRFRYHUWKH
SHDNORDG$WEDVHORDGRQO\JHQHUDWRUDQGJHQHUDWRUKDGWREHGLVSDWFKHGLQRUGHUWRFRYHUWKHORDG
$VDIXWXUHVWXG\WKHHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKFDQFRQVLGHUWKHHTXDOLW\FRQVWUDLQWV

ϭϮϬ
^ƚŽƌĂŐĞ
ϭϬϬ ƵŶŝƚ

ϴϬ 'ϯ
WŽǁĞƌ΀Dt΁

ϲϬ

ϰϬ

ϮϬ 'ϭ

Ϭ
,ŽƵƌ΀Ś΁
ϭϬ

ϭϯ

ϭϲ

ϭϵ

ϮϮ
ϭ


)LJ6*('UHVXOWV

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ %DUL$-LDQJ-6DDG:DQG-DHNHO$&KDOOHQJHVLQWKH6PDUW*ULG$SSOLFDWLRQV$Q2YHUYLHZ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI'LVWULEXWHG6HQVRU
1HWZRUNV9ROXPH  
>@ %RUODVH66PDUW*ULGV,QIUDVWUXFWXUH7HFKQRORJ\DQG6ROXWLRQV&5&3UHVV
>@ &HVSHGHV53ODQQLQJWKHHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\V\VWHPZLWK6PDUW*ULGV,(((3RZHUDQG(QHUJ\6RFLHW\*HQHUDO0HHWLQJ 3(6 SS

>@ 'XOăX/,$EUXGHDQ0%LFă')XWXUHRISRZHUV\VWHPVVPDUWJULGVDQGGLVWULEXWHGJHQHUDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ(QHUJ\DQG
(QYLURQPHQW &,(0 
>@ +DVKPL0+DQQLQHQ6DQG0DNL.,(((3(6&RQIHUHQFHRQ,QQRYDWLYH6PDUW*ULG7HFKQRORJLHV ,6*7/DWLQ$PHULFD SS

>@ +LGD\DWXOODK1$3DUDFKD=-DQG.DODP$,PSDFWVRI'LVWULEXWHG*HQHUDWLRQRQ6PDUW*ULG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH(OHFWULFDO(QHUJ\
DQG,QGXVWULDO(OHFWURQLF6\VWHPV
>@ .XPEKDU001DQGJDRQNDU$%1DOEDOZDU6/DQG1DUYHNDU356PDUW*ULG1HZ(UDRI(OHFWULFLW\'LVWULEXWLRQ1HWZRUN,QWHUQDWLRQDO
3URFHHGLQJVRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO
>@ 0RPRK-6PDUW*ULG)XQGDPHQWDOVRI'HVLJQDQG$QDO\VLV:LOH\,(((3UHVV
>@ 6LRVKDQVL)36PDUW*ULG,QWHJUDWLQJ5HQHZDEOH'LVWULEXWHG (IILFLHQW(QHUJ\$FDGHPLF3UHVV(OVHYLHU
>@9DOVDPPD.06PDUW*ULGDVDGHVLGHUDWXPLQWKHHQHUJ\ODQGVFDSH.H\DVSHFWVDQGFKDOOHQJHV,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ
(QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ,QQRYDWLYH3UDFWLFHVDQG)XWXUH7UHQGV $,&(5$ SS
>@:DQQDQ.$(QKDQFHPHQWRI'LVWULEXWLRQ1HWZRUNVWKURXJKXWLOL]DWLRQRI6PDUW*ULG$YDLODEOH
KWWSZZZDXSWGHRUJ$UWLFOHB)LOHV(QKDQFHPHQWRI'LVWULEXWLRQ1HWZRUNVWKURXJKXWLOL]DWLRQRISGI
>@;L)6DW\DMD\DQW0*XROLDQJ;DQG'HMXQ<6PDUW*ULG7KH1HZDQG,PSURYHG3RZHU*ULG$6XUYH\,(((&RPPXQLFDWLRQV6XUYH\V
7XWRULDOV9RO1RSS±
>@=KX-2SWLPL]DWLRQRISRZHUV\VWHPRSHUDWLRQQG(GLWLRQ-RKQ:LOH\ 6RQV,QF
>@HFHXURSDHXHQHUJ\JDVBHOHFWULFLW\VPDUWJULGVVPDUWJULGVBHQKWP
>@ZZZFLWHFWVFKQHLGHUHOHFWULFFRPVFDGDFLWHFWVFDGD

You might also like