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Formula Sheet
Formula Sheet
R: Resistance
X: reactance
Active power (W) Reactive power (var) Apparent power Impedance (Ω) Voltage V
(VA)
P Vs I cos Q Vs I sin S Vs I * (VA) Z R jX Vs I Vs ZI R jX I
Per-unit system
For a given base voltage 𝑉𝑏 and base power 𝑆𝑏 , one can find the base impedance and the based
current as follows
Vb2 Sb
Zbase , Ibase A
Sb Vb
Three phase system
∆-connected system
∆-connected system
Active power (W) Reactive power (var) Apparent Impedance (Ω) Voltage V
power (VA)
P 3VLL I a cos Q 3VLL I a sin S 3VLL I a* Z R jX VLL I a VLL Z I a R jX I a
Per-unit system
For a given base voltage 𝑉𝑏 and base power 𝑆𝑏 , one can find the base impedance and the based
current as follows
3Vb2( LL ) Sb,3
Zbase I base A
Sb,3 3Vb ( LL )
Three phase system
Y-connected system
Y-connected system
Per-unit system
For a given base voltage 𝑉𝑏 and base power 𝑆𝑏 , one can find the base impedance and the based
current as follows
Vb2( LL ) Sb,3
Zbase , I base A
Sb,3 3Vb ( LL )
The following are valid for both single and three phase systems
Active power (W) Reactive power (var) Apparent power (VA) Impedance (Ω) Voltage V
P S cos Q S sin S P jQ
P Q tan Q P tan
Q> 0 if X is inductive Q> 0 if X is
inductive
X L L 2 f
Q<0 if X is capacitive Q<0 if X is
capacitive
1 1
X
C C 2 f
Per-unit system
Transformer base voltage
The base voltage at the blue color side of the transformer is called 𝑣𝑏1 and it is given (known).
The objective is to calculate the base voltage 𝑣𝑏2 at the red color side of the transformer, and it can be
calculated as
V2
Vb 2 Vb1
V1
Now, if 𝑣𝑏2 is known, and if you want to calculate the base voltage 𝑣𝑏1 , we can use the formula
V2
Vb 2 Vb1
V1
For example find the per unit equivalent circuit on the base of 130 MVA and 180 kV as the base voltage
for the motor side.
Base voltage
1) It is clear that the base value for the motor side and the line side are the same, because
there is no transformer between them; Therefore, 𝑉𝑏𝑀 = 𝑉𝑏𝐿 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻𝑉 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑽.
2) For the generator side, we have
V1 V V 50
VbG Vb 2 1 VTHV 1 VbM 180 52.94 kV
V2 V2 V2 170
VbL2 1802
ZbL
Sb 130