Republica bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del poder popular para la educación

Introducción
Origin of structures
The Paleolithic human groups were nomads, a good part of the
Neolithic groups were also, or they were semisedentary. They must
have existed, in addition to the caves in the caves
This dichotomy between history and structure has been criticized by
many intellectuals and even by anthropologists, for example the
Levi-Strauss structuralism shows us that the culture of a certain
people must be studied synchronically and not diachronically, this
means that study the culture in a certain "state" this means that the
time variable is not important, as opposed to the diachronic study
that is the study of how the culture studied has changed over time.
Although Marshall Sahlins was trained in the structuralist school, for
him the history and structure is highly related, for example Sahlins
says: "History is ordered by culture, in different ways in different
societies, according to significant patterns of The opposite is also
true: cultural patterns are ordered by history, since to a greater or
lesser degree meanings are revalued as they are carried out in
practice "(Sahlins, 1997: 9), if we select this we see that there is a
marked difference with the positions of other structuralists
Need for protection and security of the architectural fact
the security architecture in buildings includes the installation projects
of passive protection elements against theft and vandalism. At
Estudio Heritage We design plans for the installation of alarms and
CCTV camera systems (Closed Circuit
of TV). We work with companies that have a long career in the
private control and security sector in order to install advanced
technology systems (next generation cameras, motion presence
sensors, frequency inhibitor detectors, etc.)
Fire protection system
Before approaching a project of architecture of protection in
buildings, from Heritage Study we carried out a previous analysis to
determine which are the systems of protection against fires that
better adjust to the needs of each client. We adapt the solutions to
the environment in which we are going to act in question. The
technical department of Estudio Heritage will draw up a plan in order
to comply with the codes and the strict regulations in force. We offer
a wide range of fire protection systems: from detection systems, to
extinguishing and evacuation systems.
Passive protection
In any building, the best way to defend against a fire, is to precede it
happens. Fire protection consists mainly of preventing the event to
reduce the risk of damage and loss. Passive protection systems are
those that provide measures that contribute to the extinction,
prevention and evacuation of fire, such as fire escapes, insulating
walls and smoke extraction ducts.
At the same time, passive protection is also composed of elements
or structures that prevent the start of the fire and that it spreads. The
fireproofing of materials and the design of compartments (fire
barriers such as partitions, screens, enclosures and seals) must be
part of the protection architecture of any building in order to comply
with the strict regulations in force in the Technical Building Code
(CTE) and the Regulation of Fire Safety of Industrial Buildings
(RSCIEI).
The passive fire protection does not require auxiliary elements such
as systems or electronic equipment, since it is a protection found in
the construction elements.
Active protection
The active fire protection is the set of systems, equipment and
means that are installed in order to warn about a fire and prevent it
from spreading to avoid loss and damage.
In Estudio Heritage we carry out a meticulous analysis to determine
what types of systems or equipment are best suited to each
construction.
Automatic sprinkler systems, water spray, foam and
by gas, are the most common in industrial plants. On the other hand,
for farms, houses and commercial or catering premises, the most
common is the installation of extinguishing equipment (appropriate
to the type of fire that may occur in that place).
Characteristics of the systems
A system is a set of objects united by some form of interaction or
Interdependence. Any set of parts joined together can be considered
a system, since the relations between the parties and the behavior
of the whole are the focus of attention. A set of parts that attract
each other (such as the solar system), or a group of people in an
organization, an industrial network, an electrical circuit, a computer
or a living being can be visualized as systems.
Actually, it is difficult to say where a certain system starts and ends.
The limits (boundaries) between the system and its environment
admit a certain arbitrariness. The universe itself seems to be
composed of multiple systems that interpenetrate. It is possible to
move from one system to another that covers it, as well as move to
a smaller version contained in it.
From the definition of Bertalanffy, according to which the system is a
set of reciprocally related units, two concepts are deduced: the
purpose (or objective) and the globalization (or totality.) These two
concepts reflect two basic characteristics in a system. Other
characteristics given below are derived from these two concepts.
a) Purpose or objective:
Every system has one or some purposes or objectives. Units or
elements (u
Objects. , as well as relationships, define a distribution that always
tries to reach an objective.
b) Globalism or totality: every system has an organic nature, by
which an action that produces change in one of the units of the
system, with much probability, will produce changes in all the other
units of the system. In other words, any stimulation in any unit of the
system will affect all other units, due to the relationship between
them. The total effect of those changes or alterations will be
presented as an adjustment of the whole to the system. The system
will always react globally to any stimulus produced in any part or
unit. There is a cause and effect relationship between the different
parts of the system. Thus, the System undergoes changes and the
systematic adjustment is continuous. Changes and continuous
adjustments of the system result in two phenomena, that of entropy
and that of homeostasis.
e) Entropy:
It is the trend that systems have to wear, to disintegration, to the
relaxation of standards and to an increase in randomness. As
entropy increases, systems decompose into simpler states. The
second law of thermodynamics explains that entropy in systems
increases with the passage of time, as we saw in the chapter on
cybernetics.
As information increases, entropy decreases, because information is
the basis of configuration and order. If due to lack of communication
or ignorance, authority standards, functions, hierarchy, etc. of a
formal organization gradually become abandoned, entropy
increases and organization is reduced to gradually simpler and more
rudimentary forms of individuals and groups. Hence the concept of
negentropy, that is, information as a means or instrument for
ordering the system.
d) Homeostasis:
It is the dynamic balance between the parts of the system. The
systems have a tendency to adapt in order to reach an internal
balance in front of the external changes of the environment.
The definition of a system depends on the interest of the person who
intends to analyze it. An organization, for example, can be
understood as a system or subsystem, or even a supersystem,
depending on the analysis you want to make: that the system
Have a degree of autonomy greater than the subsystem and less
than the supersystem.
Therefore, it is a matter of focus. Thus, a department can be
visualized as a system, composed of various subsystems (sections
or sectors) and integrated into a supersystem (the company), as it
can also be visualized as a subsystem composed of other
subsystems (sections or sectors), belonging to a system
(The company), which is integrated into a supersystem (the market
or the community.) It all depends on the way you approach it.
The total system that represented by all the components and
relationships necessary for the realization of an objective, given a
certain number of restrictions. The objective of the total system
defines the purpose for which all the components and relationships
of the system were ordered, while the constraints of the system are
the limitations introduced in its operation that define the boundaries
(boundaries) of the system and make it possible to explain the
conditions under the system. which must operate
The term system is generally used in the sense of total system.
Architectural design
Church plans with elevations, sections, floor (in the lower left
corner), details and perspectives.
At present, the architectural design must satisfy the needs of
habitable spaces for the human being, both aesthetically and
technologically. Understanding design as a creative process
directed toward a certain goal, there are certain bases that support
its development and creativity. These bases have not been
formulated as a regulation to be followed to the letter, because they
are governed by creativity.
To attribute certain characteristics to a design, it is necessary to use
a language based on concepts, rather than definitions. A designed
work can have one or several attributes interacting with each other
to achieve an objective. The architectural design has the task of
satisfying the demands for living spaces, both aesthetically and
technologically. It presents technical and constructive solutions for
architectural projects. Among the elements to take into account for
architectural design are creativity, organization, physical
environment, construction.
The systems can operate simultaneously in series or in parallel.
There are no systems outside of a specific medium (environment):
systems exist in a medium and are conditioned by it.
Medium (environment) is the set of all objects that, within a specific
limit, may have some influence on the operation of the System.
The boundaries (boundaries) are the environmental condition within
which the system must operate.
Aesthetics
Treatment of beauty, art and taste to establish a meaning and
critical values related to works of art.
Lenguaje y simbolismo del diseño structural
VAULTED
(arch.) Concave molding, especially between the ceiling and the
cornice of a room. In the form of a vault.
TO
(arch.) Body protruding from a main building. Lateral part of the
atrium of the old Roman house.
EAVES
(arch) Lower edge of a roof projecting from the wall.
CRENELLATED
(arch.) Decoration of a building with crenellated battlements, like a
castle.
TO
RBOTANTE
(arq.) Arch spread freely between two walls that transmits the thrust
of a vault to an external support.
ARCADE
(arch) Continuous series of arches supported by columns or pillars,
open in a wall.
ARC
(arch.) Curved architectural structure formed by brick or stone
wedges held under pressure and supported only on the sides.
ARGAMASA
(arq.) Mixture for construction made of lime, sand, white plaster and
fibrous materials mixed with water and forge by hydration or
carbonization. The term may refer to this mixture in the wet state or
any other mixture of similar characteristics that is used to join bricks.
ARCHITECTURE
In its most general sense, it can be considered as a certain relation
between volume and space. The primary function of architecture is
the protection against weathering and other hostile forces of the
environment. (Fight for existence). Secondary function is to satisfy
private and public needs.
CLOSING
(arch.) Architectural element. It is used to delimit interior or exterior
spaces. It can be real (wall, fence) or virtual (pillars or other
elements that indicate the limits of a space).
COLUMN
(arch) Elongated cylindrical body that can be isolated or decorative
oservir to support another architectural element. In classical
architecture it is formed by a base, a shaft and a capital.
BUTTRESS
(arq.) Reinforced, protruding wall, usually on the outside of a
building, which serves as a reinforcement to it at a point of tension.
Elarbotante transmits the push of a vault to an external support.
CORONATION
(arq.) Line of ornamentation that serves as an auction to a roof or a
wall.
DOME
(arch) Convex cover placed on a circular or polygonal base
LINTEL
(arch.) Horizontal beam lying on a door or a window.
PLASTER
(arch.) Material used to cover walls, usually indoors. It is obtained by
mixing various dry materials, among them clay, sand and gypsum,
mixed with water. Apply to the wall and let it set.
ARCHITECTURAL SPACE
It constitutes a three-dimensional place, created by the human being
composed of interior and exterior environments. Involves the
perceptual experience of aspects such as their organization,
distances, sizes, movements and shapes, positions, directions or
volumes in relation. The appreciation of architectural space involves
the permanence and displacement of the observer through it.
FACADE
(arch.) Exterior part of a building. The main façade is the one that
corresponds to the most important access, the rest are called
laterals and are also identified by their geographical orientation
(north, south, east, west). It is also used to designate them as "front"
(main), "posterior" (the one opposed to the main) and lateral
façades. In an architectural project they are represented by
drawings called elevations.
FRIEZE
(arch) Part of an entablature located between the architrave and the
cornice and which is sometimes decorated in relief. Horizontal band
of decoration located along the top of a wall or a piece of furniture.
SHANK
(arch) Part of a column that is between the base and the capital.
HABITAT
(arq.) In architecture can be understood as "space made habitable
through human intervention." That is, it can be interpreted as an
environment (volume) organized materially to fulfill the tasks of
everyday life or otherwise.
MODEL
(arch) Volumetric model, of reduced size, that reproduces at scale a
monument, building, construction, etc. (or a part of them).
FURNITURE
(arq.) Set of furniture and, by extension, of the objects that occupy
and decode a dependency.
MODULE
(arq.) Standard element that is used in the construction of
architecture, furniture, etc., and that allows the reiteration of forms or
structures, currently can be prefabricated.
MOLDING
(arq.) Stone or wooden band, smooth or decorated, used to hang a
wall or a piece of furniture.
SIDE SHIP
(arq.) Lateral spaces, arranged parallel to the central nave of a
church and separated from it by pillars or arcades.
PILLAR
(arch) Vertical support, unlike a column can be square.
PILASTER
(arch) Rectangular rectangular column protruding from a wall in less
than a third of its width.
PLANT
(arch) Plane of a building seen from above.
PORTICO
(arch.) Covered entrance, usually the main door of a building.
VAIN
(arch) Space on a wall where you can insert a door or a window or
leave it open as a transit area or passage of light.
BEAM
(arch) Structural support element. It can be used to support a tuft, a
soil, etc. They are usually made of sturdy wood or steel.
Lectura e interpretacion de planos estructurales
1. STRUCTURAL PLANS
The structural plans are a graphic representation of structural
elements, which follow certain standards for their drawing and
subsequent interpretation. They allow us to guide us in the
materialization of any work, for that reason, it must have the
sequential order of the constructive process, stating, each stage in a
general way, also showing the details of each structural element that
forms it or that are built together.

FOUNDATION (A), with its general plan and detail of each of its
structural elements, such as: PLINTOS and / or SHOES,
RIOSTRAS and / or SHOE BEAMS, WALLS, or elements that are
built together, such as: CISTERAS, STARTING STAIRS,
COLUMNS, etc.
Other constructive stages could be, according to the building: LOSA
OF THE 1st LEVEL, with a plant of the slab in general and the
details of the BEAMS, NERVES, SECTION TYPE, COLUMNS and /
or WALLS, etc., and thus, 2º, 3º ... LEVEL and COVERING BEAMS
if applicable.

2. FORMAT
It is the size of the sheet or paper of the plane, in which the
construction elements are represented, it is defined by its width and
height. The most common measures in our environment are those of
the ISO Format.

3. INDIVIDUALITY OF THE STRUCTURAL PLANS

The structural plans are individual (one for each work), because they
are the result of the specific and unique characteristics of each
building, which respond to the type of soil, the load that will support
during its useful life and the seismic response that it is expected,
according, among other things, to its use.

4. CONTENTS OF THE DRAWINGS

As in the architectural plans, the structural ones must have the

name of the drawing, example: E 1/3, E 2/3, E 3/3, which means
that the work has three structural planes and that is read: Plano
Structural one of three, Structural Plane two of three and Structural
Plane three of three. They also have a sign, which shows mainly the
name of the work and the technical managers, both in the structural
design, which must necessarily be a civil engineer, and the person
responsible for the construction, who may be civil engineers or
architects This information must be found in all the plans, without
exception.
The structural plans are divided into Plans of Set or Plans and Plans
of Details and Specifications.

5. PLANS OF SET OR PLANTS

The structural plants are drawings of horizontal planes bounded,

which are represented in a general and together, the different
elements that make up the structure in the different stages of
construction, usually represented by the different levels of the
building, from the foundation to the roof .

6. DETAILS AND SPECIFICATION PLANS

The detail plans and specifications mainly include:

to. CUTS (INTERIOR VIEW) of the different structural elements that

make up the general structure.

b. DETAIL OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE GROUND TO

SUPPORT THE FOUNDATION, with specifications of the type of
material and height of layers of filling, as well as the percentage of
compaction required on site.

c. RESISTANCE TO COMPRESSION OF THE CONCRETE (f'c),

after 28 days of setting, for which each part of the structure is
designed. This resistance is expressed in Kg / cm2 (Kilogram per
square centimeter) or MPa (Mega Pascal). A MPa = 10.2 Kg / cm2.

d. RESISTANCE OF THE STEEL OF THE ARMOR (fy) also

expressed in Kg / cm2 (Kilogram per square centimeter) or in MPa
(Mega Pascal).
and. SIZE AND POSITION OF ALL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS and
the number, diameter, spacing and location of the reinforcing steel.

F. ANCHORING LENGTH OF THE ARMOR, position and length of

the overlap joints.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: Plinths, braces, columns, beams,
slabs, etc.

F'C: It symbolizes the resistance that the concrete should have after
28 days of casting.

FY: It symbolizes the resistance of the reinforcing steel used in the

work.

ANCHORAGE: Hooks at 90º, also called squares and hooks at

180º, that reinforce the rods inside the concrete, they are generally
used at the ends of the structural elements.

TRASLAPO: length of a rod that overlaps with another, when the

lengths of each of them are less than the total length of the
structural element they reinforce, thus giving continuity.
Basicos de la estructur
Compression :occurs when a body is subjected to two forces in
opposite directions that tend to crush it.We can take as an example
the following image of the Greek temple and its pillars, these
elements must sustain the great load of weight that makes force
towards them, likewise the resistance force reacts in a sense
contrary to the previous one, they make the element yield until
disfigured, crushed by the weight it carries, reducing its height.
FLEXION: A body is subjected to Flexion when it receives one or
more forces that tend to bend it.In this example we can notice how
the structure of the bridge has been subjected to bending, a body
has applied a great force to its center, causing the structure to give
way, bending.
CUT: By applying two forces perpendicular to the length, in the
same direction and opposite direction, the body tends to cut.When
we use the scissors, we can witness the cutting state of a body, two
forces act in the same direction on it, but both with opposite senses,
causing this body to react by cutting itself.