Chesson-Riedel 1

Brooke Chesson-Riedel

ENG 1201

Casey Flores

28 April 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My research paper will attempt to answer why certain parts of the United States are

against legalization of marijuana or its byproducts for medical use. It will also illustrate the uses

and benefits of medical marijuana or its byproducts specifically in relation to the hospice and

palliative care field. Within the hospice and palliative care field, I will discuss possible uses

such as pain control, proper diet control, limiting fatigue and nausea, psychological and

physiological benefits, effects of treatments short or long term, and more.

Assaf, Jessica. “A Plea for Cannabis in Hospitals.” Healthcare in America”, 5 January 2018,

https://healthcareinamerica.us/a-plea-for-cannabis-in-hospitals-4497c1048a5a. Accessed

24 April 2019.

Medical cannabis provides a more natural option for the patient than drugs and provides

potentially an effective alternative treatment solution for hospice and palliative care patients.

The writer of this article has a purpose to help people understand ways to improve health

and provide alternative treatment options to those in need. The audience for this article is

potentially professionals in the medical field working with patients who are suffering. In

addition, those that have loved ones and are looking for an alternative solution to treat them can

also be educated on the topic of medical cannabis in hospitals.

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The author has credibility because she has written many pieces in this field of study. She

also has done pieces for the counterarguments on medical cannabis that are available and

solutions to those counterarguments.

I plan on using the graphic in this article to illustrate that there is another option aside

from opioids and prescription drugs. Medical cannabis is a more natural option for patients and

can be used effectively in the correct medical setting.

Bridgeman, Mary Barna; Abazia, Daniel T. “Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, and

Implications for the Acute Care Setting.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, vol. 42, no. 3, 2017, pp. 180-

184, 186. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312634.

Cannabis has a history of use that goes back more than five thousand years. There was

evidence of THC as early as 400 A.D. and evidence of use in the United States in the 1800 and

1900s. In history, cannabis was proprietary use and marketed under a patent, while available

without a prescription primarily for pain and as a mood stabilizer. Federal restrictions and laws

starting in 1937 halted much of its use. As of January 2017, twenty-eight states in conjunction

with Washington D.C., Guam, and Puerto Rico have passed legislation governing medical

cannabis sale and distribution. Cannabis is becoming more prevalent again. In addition, there

are three most common methods of administration. They are smoking, vaporization, and

ingestion of edible products. The method of administration can impact the onset, intensity, and

duration of psychoactive effects; effects on organ systems; addictive potential; and negative

consequences associated with use.

The writers’ purpose in this article is to provide a history of cannabis and its uses and

ways to administer for a desired effect, intensity, and consequence. The audience for this source
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includes those that read the journal in which this was published in, medical professionals, and

anyone interested in learning more about cannabis and its medical uses or potential.

The authors are credible due to their knowledge and education on the topic. They are

both clinical professors and have medical degrees. The source is reliable because it was

published in the last few years in a peer-reviewed medical journal that is reputable and respected.

I plan on discussing the history of cannabis and how it was used. Also, this source will

provide information on federal restrictions of cannabis and legalization at the state level. By

using this source, there will also be information about the three most common methods of

administration and how the method used effects the onset, intensity, and duration of

psychoactive effects; effects on organ systems; addictive potential; and negative consequences

associated with its use.

Caines, Shari. Personal interview. 1 April 2019.

Mrs. Caines is a Registered Nurse who suffered a major medical condition. She has over

30 years of experience in the medical field and is a believer for the use of Cannabis, CBD oil and

marijuana for people where traditional medicine do not work.

The purpose of this interview was to take a viewpoint directly from a medical professional.

Mrs. Caines suffered a Hemorrhagic stroke in late 2013. She tried many different types of

conventional medicine and none worked for her. She spent 4 years trying to find things that

worked, and finally on a trip to Colorado decided to break down and try CBD oil after reading

and researching.

Mrs. Caines is a Registered nurse with a bachelor’s degree. She has over 30 years of

experience in the medical field. Mrs. Caines is very credible because she has a life debilitating
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condition that she tried to correct with conventional methods. She did many years of research

before trying CBD oil and Cannabis for her medical condition.

Working for Hospice it is very important for me to tell the story of why this is an

important consideration. This will help me create a “face” for this article, not to just have

scholarly articles and impersonal interviews. It will help bring humanity into this paper.

Carter, Gregory T.; Flanagan, Aaron M.; Earleywine, Mitchell; Abrams, Donald I.; Aggarwal,

Sunil K. and Grinspoon, Lester. “Cannabis in Palliative Medicine: Improving Care and

Reducing Opioid-Related Morbidity.” American Journal of Hospice and Palliative

Medicine, 28 Mar. 2011, www.ajh.sagepub.com/content/28/5/297.

Opioids have a more addictive nature than cannabis. It would be beneficial to

reclassify cannabis down from a Schedule 1 drug. Cannabis is safer and less addictive

than opioids. It has been around for many years and needs to be reconsidered for hospice

and palliative care. Knowing that this is coming from the journal of Hospice and

Palliative medicine I believe that they are very concerned for their patients, and it is

coming from an educational viewpoint on new ways to help patients that are in pain.

The writers of this article are trying to convey the message that cannabis is safer than

opioids, that it should be reclassified to a lower scheduled drug and that there are many uses for

cannabis in palliative care. The audience for this article is other medical professionals seeking

out information concerning this topic.

There are multiple writers for this article. All the writers that contributed to this article are

Medical Doctors. The authors are credible because they have education to back them up. I

know that this source is reliable for the fact that it is peer reviewed.
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By using this article, I will be able to give examples that cannabis is another option for use

of opioids. There is a high overdose rate that comes with using opioids that is not found with the

use of cannabis. There are many false beliefs when it comes to cannabis, we need to educate and

rethink the use of it.

Chan, Alex; Iglesias, Miguel; Molloy, Luke; Pertile, Joy. “A review for Australian nurses:

Cannabis use for anti-emesis among terminally ill patients in Australia.” Australian

Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 34, no. 3, 2017, pp. 43-44.

The main point of this source provides information about cannabis use to decrease the

symptoms of vomiting and nausea in terminally ill patients. The goal in cannabis use is to

improve the quality of life for patients living with terminal illnesses.

The purpose of this article is to provide evidence and information of symptom relief

through medical cannabis use in terminally ill patients. The audience is other medical

professionals, and anyone affected by a terminal illness, whether it be self or family.

The writers of this article are all medical professionals who have gained credibility in the

medical field through their educational degrees and experience. The article is from a scholarly

journal, which is reviewed by peers, well-known, and respected.

I am using the definition of palliative care from this source as it is one of the best ones

that I found to describe what palliative care is. It was important to find a definition that best

encompasses palliative care as not everyone knows what type of care it is.
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Cyr, Claude; Fernanda Arboleda, Maria; Aggarwal, Sunil Kamar; Balneaves, Lynda G.;

Daeninck, Paul; Neron, Andre; Prosk, Erin; and Antonio Vigano. “Cannabis in Palliative

Care: Current Challenges and Practical Recommendations.” Annals of Palliative

Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2018, pp. 463-473,

dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm.2018.06.04.

This source discusses the hope of integrating medical cannabis into clinical practice with a

focus palliative care. The authors write about the challenges and barriers of making this option

available as another type of treatment. The article goes on to discuss recommendations

regarding patient assessment for using medical cannabis, suggestions to inform the patient of the

expectations and possible outcomes or precautions to take when preparing for this type of

treatment, assist in selecting the appropriate strain of cannabis, and best route of administration.

Finally, the authors write about therapeutic psychoactive effects of cannabis.

The purpose of the writers in this article is to bring information and education to its

audience or anyone reading this medical journal about medical cannabis and its potential role in

palliative care. The context that this article was written brings validity to the information

presented because it is current and written by multiple people with medical experience.

The writers, as listed above, come from a wide array of departments such as family

medicine, oncology, pharmacy, and more. I know the authors are credible based on the

education they have obtained and the professional positions that they hold. The credibility of

this information is reinforced in that it is part of a reputable medical journal and much of the info

is peer reviewed.

I plan to use most of this information to expand upon my questions about medical

cannabis use for the means of pain control, psychological and physiological benefits, diet
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control, and possible effect caused by this treatment. I also will discuss the probable levels of

dosage for effectiveness and factors that could affect usage. Finally, this source will help me to

bring more awareness to the barriers of implementing this solution as a treatment and possible

outlook of this treatment long term.

A Life of Its Own: The Truth About Medical Marijuana. Directed by Helen Kapalos. Ronin

Films. 2017. Netflix, www.alifeofitsown.com.au.

This source focuses primarily on the legalization pros and cons of medical cannabis.

This documentary utilizes testimonials of medical professionals, scientists, lawyers, and

politicians to discuss the topic. It discusses issues facing the use of medical cannabis and an

inside look at the research being carried out in Israel, who is recognized as a world leader in the

development of strains of medical cannabis and their uses in various treatments.

The writer’s purpose in this documentary is to inform those watching about medical

cannabis. The target audience is anyone interested in learning more about the topic. The

documentary is recent and the inside look at this topic lends well to bring a strong level of

knowledge and insight to medical cannabis.

The writer is an Australian journalist. She has a lot of experience in presenting news and

facts. She has had a long career, so her credibility is higher than someone just starting out and

less proven. The writer brings in multitude of qualified medical professionals and others that

work closely to the medical field. This brings credibility because the information is provided

from those that have experience surrounding the topic.

I thought it was important to show some different angles about the topic such as the

unique inside about cannabis research in Israel. I also will use more information of the pros and
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cons of legalization, discuss issues facing the topic, and talk about the testimonies of many

qualified individuals to add various perspectives to my paper.

Mendoza, Kelly S., and Mary Lynn Mcpherson. “Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes Regarding

the Use of Medical Cannabis in the Hospice Population: An Educational Intervention.”

American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, vol. 35, no. 5, 2017, pp. 759–766.,

doi:10.1177/1049909117738246.

This article discusses what cannabis is, legalization outlook, benefits that have been

demonstrated in the medical field due to cannabis use, and provides information of a study

conducted involving healthcare professionals. The study tested their knowledge, self-perceived

skills, and attitudes of hospice providers regarding medical cannabis before and after completing

educational materials online. The results showed that the participants knowledge significantly

increased upon completion of the online materials.

The writer’s purpose for this source is to demonstrate how those in various medical

profession settings understand and view medical cannabis, along with discussing briefly what

cannabis is. The writer also wanted to bring awareness to legalization status of medical cannabis

and the benefits for treatment. The audience for this source would be anyone interested in

learning more about how medical cannabis is viewed and comfort levels of medical professionals

in relation to this type of treatment. This source is current in that it was written within the last

two years and provides effective information because it is recent.

There are two writers of this article. Kelly S. Mendoza, MS, PharmD and Mary Lynn

McPherson, PharmD, MA, MDE, BCPS, CPE. The writers have multiple degrees around the

medical field of study and the article is from the American Journal of Hospice and Palliative
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Medicine. This journal is very reputable, and the authors are very well educated in this field of

study. The research was very specific, so the information can be trusted.

I plan to use this source in my paper as it helps to answer my research proposal questions.

A brief description of cannabis will help establish its composition. Information from the source

will help lay the foundation as to why some states in the United States have not legalized

medical marijuana. This information also will assist in answering my questions about medical

uses and benefits of medical marijuana. Lastly, the study that was performed helps bring insight

specifically about education levels on this topic.

Uritsky, Tanya J.; McPherson, Mary Lynn and Pradel, Francoise. Journal of Palliative Medicine,

vol. 13, no. 12, 2011, pp. 78-83., doi: 10.1089.jpm.2011.0113.

This article states that there are many uses for medical marijuana. There is a long history

that documents the use of it for many conditions and diseases. Society has become more

acceptive of the use of cannabis and we need to change to bring it into use for the general

populous.

The writers’ purpose for writing this article is to show that there is a growing percentage of

society that agrees with the use of medical marijuana for many types of conditions. It stated that

over 90% of the hospice care professionals polled were in favor of the use of cannabis for their

patients. This is from a scholarly article. The purpose is to educate and inform health care

workers of another avenue available to patients.

The writers are medical professionals who have doctorate degrees in the healthcare field. I

believe that this article is credible for the simple fact that these journals are peer reviewed.

This article will help me demonstrate that many medical professionals believe that

cannabis has a positive effect for hospice patients. It gives a detailed poll that was done for
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health care professionals and their approval for allowing patients to look for unconventional

therapies and medications. It also presents another side that doctors were a bit hesitant at times

for the consideration of cannabis and its byproducts.

Wilkinson, Samuel T. “Medical and Recreational Marijuana: Commentary and Review of the

Literature”. Missouri Medicine, vol. 110, no. 6, 2013, pp. 524-528.

This source discusses reasons not to legalize marijuana. The source gives reasons to not

legalize marijuana such as lack of evidence of therapeutic benefit, inconsistencies of the potential

approval process compared to drugs, negative effects from use, potential addiction, risks

involved, and other negative health effects.

The writer’s purpose of the article is to bring awareness to the potential cons of legalizing

medical marijuana. The audience targeted with this source are those subscribed to this journal

and are interested in medical information about this topic. The context in which this source was

written was from 2013. While I realize that it is an older source and missing the current, updated

information about the topic, I still believe that it is beneficial because it was peer reviewed and

part of an award-winning medical publication.

Samuel T. Wilkinson is a doctor and is employed at the Yale School of Medicine in New

Haven, CT. His credentials add to his credibility and he also is writing the source, which is peer

reviewed. Credibility is also added because he is writing for a reputable source.

This source discussed the cons side of the legalization debate. I believe it is important to

discuss the pros and cons in my paper. The writer makes good points about the inconsistencies

of the approval process between medical marijuana and drugs. I plan to use this and discuss the
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reasons mentioned as to why medical marijuana should not be legalized to provide both sides of

the story.