Animal Cells and Tissues

Four tissue types:

 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscle
 Nervous

Cells, Tissues and Organs

Epithelial Tissue
 Simple epithelium made up of only one cell layer
 Stratified epithelium has more than a single layer of
cells
Simple (Squamous)

Stratified (Squamous)

Epithelial Tissue
 Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
 Three types:
 Squamous epithelium comprised of flattened
cells
 Cuboidal epithelium is made up of cube-
shaped cells
 Columnar epithelium consists of elongated
cells
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Squamous Epithelial Cells
 Movement of materials into, out of, or around the
 Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat
body
plates
 Protection of the internal environment against the
 Have horizontally flattened, elliptical nuclei because
external environment
of the thin flattened form of the cell
 Secretion of a product
 Form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood
Examples of Epithelial Tissues
vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layers
 Glands:
of the skin
 Intestinal goblet cells (single epithelial cells)
 Endocrine glands (multicellular)
 Many animals have skin that is composed of
epithelium
 Vertebrates have keratin in their epithelial cells to
reduce water loss
 Many invertebrates secrete mucus or other materials
from their skin (earthworms)
Connective Tissue
Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
Serve many purposes in the body including:
 Cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape
 Support
 Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the center
 Protection
 Found in glands and in the lining of the kidney tubules
 Binding
 Blood formation
 Fat storage
 Fill space
Connective Tissue
 Cells are separated from one another by a non-
cellular matrix
 This matrix may be:
Columnar Epithelial Cells  Solid as in bone
 Cells are elongated and column-shaped  Soft as in loose connective tissue
 Nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the  Liquid as in blood
base of the cells Types of Connective Tissue
 Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach  There are 3 main types of connective tissue
and intestines  Loose Connective Tissue
 Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory  Fibrous Connective Tissue
reception such as in the nose, ears and the taste  Specialized Connective Tissues
buds of the tongue  Adipose Tissue (Fat)
 Cartilage
 Bone
  Blood
Loose Connective Tissue (LCT)
 Fibroblasts are separated by a collagen fiber-
containing matrix
 Collagen provides elasticity and flexibility
 Occurs beneath epithelium in skin and many internal
organs
 Forms a protective layer over muscle, nerves and
blood vessels
Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT)
 Consists of many collagen fibers closely packed Blood
together  Connective tissue separated by a liquid matrix called
 Occurs in tendons, connecting muscle to bone plasma
 Make up ligaments, connecting bone-to-bone at a  Red blood cells
joint (erythrocytes) carry
Specialized Connective Tissue: Fat oxygen
 White blood cells
(leukocytes)
function in the
immune system
 Platelets are cell
fragments important
in blood clotting
 Plasma transports
glucose, wastes, CO2,
hormones and
regulate water
balance for the blood

Muscle Tissue
 Facilitates movement by contraction of individual
Cartilage muscle cells referred to as muscle fibers
 Soft  Found only in members of the animal kingdom
 Structural proteins deposited in the matrix between  Three types:
cells  Skeletal (Striated)
 Forms embryonic skeletons  Smooth
 Occurs in mature human adults in ears, joints and tip  Cardiac
of nose Muscle Fibers
Cartilage  Multinucleated with nuclei just beneath the plasma
membrane
 Prominent striated, thread-like myofibrils
 The fundamental unit of the muscle is the sarcomere
 Each sarcomere consists of:
 Thick filaments made of myosin at the
center
 Thin filaments made of actin attached to
the Z line
Muscle

Bone
 Hard
 Calcium salts deposited in matrix
 Serve as a sink for calcium
 Proteins provide elasticity while minerals provide
strength
 Dense bone has osteocytes located in lacunae
(Haversian canals)
 Spongy bone occurs at the end of bones and absorb
stress
Skeletal Muscle
 Function in conjunction with the skeletal system in
voluntary muscle movement
 Striated with alternating bands at right angles to the
long axis of the cell
 The bands are areas of actin and myosin deposition
  Dendrites receive information from other cells and
direct them to
the cell body

Smooth Muscle
 Lack banding
 Spindle shaped cells that form masses
 Function in involuntary movements and/or
autonomic responses like breathing, secretion, etc. Neuron
 Make up structures in the digestive system, Structure
reproductive tract and blood vessels

Cardiac Muscle
 Striated
 Limited to the heart
 Cells are forked, with nucleus near the center
 Cells are connected together by disks
 Intercalated disks

Nervous Tissue
 Important in the integration of stimulus and control
of the response to that stimulus
 Made of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells
(helper cells)
 Neurons transmit nerve messages
 Glial cells are in direct contact with neurons
and often surround them
 The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous
system
 Variable in size and shape
 Humans have about 100,000,000,000 (100 billion)
neurons in their brain! Wow!
 Each neuron has a cell body, an axon and many
dendrites
 The cell body contains the nucleus, mitochondria
and other organelles
 The axon conducts messages away from the cell
body