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Lymphoid System
Lymphoid System
TRANSCRIBERS: Group 6A – Steph Bautista, Red Dela Cruz, Rig Es trella, Nica Garcia, Ma ra Mercado, Randell Sioson, Asa Tanaka 1
SUBTRANSHEAD: RJ Beltran
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES macrophages and dendritic cells;
binds antigens to their receptors
1. HUMORAL
Mediated by antibodies (involves o Must first present antigen to naïve
formation and action of antibodies) CD4+T cells because
Function of B cells Na ïve B ce lls will not react to
Important in containing viral and antigen unless activated by T h2
bacterial infections cells
Type of response elicited by vaccines Na ïve CD8-T cells will not
differentiate into Tc and Ts cells
2. CELL-MEDIATED unless activated by APCs and/or
Not antibody mediated T h1 cells
Function mainly of T cells CD4+T cells will not differentiate
Confers immunity to microorganisms into Th1 , T h2, and Th3 cells unless
that are located intracellularly and antigen is presented to them
protected from antibodies They proliferate and
Also responsible for delayed differentiated into T h cells
hypersensitivity reaction and organ
transplant rejection In cellular immunity
o Cytokines from Th1 cells activate naïve
CATEGORIES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE CD8+T cells, which then proliferate
and differentiate (effector cells below)
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Tc cells – destroys pathogen,
Elicited when new antigen enters body effector cells
Long induction phase (takes a while to Memory T cells – responsible for
develop) secondary immune response
Takes days to weeks to eliminate antigen (takes a “photograph” of the
Key aspect is memory pathogen and remembers it)
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APCs) Suppressor T cells (Ts cells)
o Are all over the body and include: Note: some antigens can be
endothelial cells, NK cells, and other presented directly to CD8+T cells by
cells APCs
o Professional APCs able to deliver
antigen signal and co-stimulatory In humoral immunity
signal to naïve CD4+T cells = o Cytokines from T h2 cells activate naïve
macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells B cells, which then proliferate and
Macrophages – engulf antigen by progenies differentiate
endocytosis, and process Plasma cells – produce antibodies
antigen, and display and present Memory B ce lls – responsible for
antigenic material on their secondary immune response
surfaces to naïve CD4+T cell Note: some antigens are T
Dendritic ce lls – most potent independent. They are able t o
APCs, which present antigen to activate naïve B cells on their own
naïve CD4+T cell the same way
as macrophage. o When T h2 cells encounter naïve B cells
that have the same antigen
Myeloid-related de ndritic
cell (mDC) – Langerhans
cell from Colony-Forming Produce cytokines…
Unit -Macrophage Dendritic
Th1 cells Needed for cell-mediated
Cell (CFU-M/DC)
immunity
Lymphoid-re lated
Th2 cells Needed for humoral immunity
dendritic cell
Th3 cells Mediate inflammatory process
(plasmocytoid de ndritic
cell; pDC) – Origin not
definite yet; probably
hemopoietic stem cell
directly
B cells – endocytose and present
antigen the same way as SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary
o Cells are evenly distributed throughout
nodule
o Small lymphocytes with no mitotic
figures visible
LYMPH NODE
Branches of several arteries
Bean-shaped organ
o Internal thoracic
Along course of lymphatic vessels
o Anterior intercostal
Encapsulated collection of lymphoid tissue
o Inferior thyroid
Size: pinhead to 3cm in diameter
Penetrate capsule and ramify in trabeculae
Number: 500-600
and septa
Filters lymph for pa rtic ulate matter
At corticomedullary junction, break up into
and microorganisms
capillaries:
o Macrophages
o Supply cortex and medulla
o APCs
o Anastomose extensively
Site of lymphopoiesis
Capillaries of cortex drain into post -
o Activated B and T cells proliferate and
capillary venules w hich unite with those in
differentiate into various functional
medulla
types in organ
Post-capillary venule of medulla is where T
Parts of the Lymph Node
cells join in recirculating pool
o HILUS
Medullary venules unite int o bigger veins
Indented area
that follow septa and trabeculae exit at
Entry and exit point of blood
capsule.
vessels
Exit point of efferent lymphatic
vessel
TOPIC: 1. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 6
LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
o CONVEX SIDE Dendritic cells with
Entry point of afferent lymphatic polymorphic nuclei and
vessels processes that interdigitate
o MEDULLA
HISTOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF LYMPH Inner region
NODE Deeper paler area
Dense lymphoid tissue arranged in
strands (medullary cords)
Between cords are
medullary sinuses
Seldom have lymphoid nodules,
but cells are mostly B cells a nd
plasma cells
CAPSULE
o Dense connective tissue
TRABECULAE
o From capsule
o Incompletely subdivide organ into
compartments
STROMA
o From supporting meshwork for interior
of organ
o Reticular fibers and reticular cells
PARENCHYMA
o OUTER CORTEX
Composed mostly of lymphoid
nodules (primary and
secondary) imbedded in dense o Post-capilla ry venules – drain
lymphoid tissue capillaries of cortex
Mostly B cells o Medulla ry venules – drain capillaries
Follicular dendritic cells of medullary cords
Dendritic cells in outer cortex o Trabeculae venules – Union of post-
Large, pale, nucleus capillary venules and medullary
Indistinct cell borders with venules
long cytoplasmic processes, o Vein leaves at hilus
which are linked by
desmosomes with those of
neighbors Note: Lymphocytes enter lymph node
o INNER (DEEP) CORTEX mainly through vessels in inner cortex (T
Consists of dense lymphoid rich area) to ensure that B cells entering
tissue will interact with T cells
Mostly T cells
Interdigitating dendritic cells
SPLENIC ARTERY
o Branch of celiac artery
o Divides as it approaches spleen
o Branches enter spleen at hilus
o Traverses capsule and give rise to
trabecular arteries
TRABECULAR ARTERY
Figure 7. Spleen x40 o Muscular artery (medium-sized)
o Gives off branches to white pulp
(central artery)
PARENCHYMA
CENTRAL ARTERY or ARTERY OF
o Splenic pulp
WHITE PULP
Red pulp
TOPIC: 1. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 8
LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
o Tunica adventitia replaced by sleeve of o Usually loose or dense diffuse
dense lymphoid tissue (PALS; lymphoid tissue with occasional
periarterial; lymphoid sheath solitary nodule
o Gives off follicular arte ries that o Sometimes, nodules form aggregates
supply white pulp as in Peyer’s Patches in ileum
o Terminates by entering marginal zone o Form a ring (Waldeyer’s ring) around
and sending branches to red pulp entrance to respiratory and digestive
(arteries of red pulp; penicillar tracts
arteries; penicilli)
PENICILLAR ARTERIES OR PENICILLI TONSILS
o Gives off sheathed arteries or ellipsoid
Covered by concentric layers of
reticular cells (sheath of
Schweigger-Seidel)
Surrounded by macrophages –
filtering starts at this level
o Penicillar arteries drain into splenic
sinusoids – how?
Closed circulation theory
Capillaries from penicillar
arteries are continuous with
venous sinusoids
Open circulation theory
Better developed in children than in adults
Favored by evidence;
Start to involute at about age 15
Capillaries from penicillar
In old people, largely atrophied
arteries open at their ends to
Histologically:
interstitial spaces among
O ncomplete capsule
reticular cells of splenic cords
O Separated from underlying structures
(of Billroth) then percolates
by a layer of dense connective tissue
into sinusoids.
O Dense lymphoid tissue w here lymphoid
SPLENIC SINUSOIDS
nodules are embedded
o Interconnect with each other and
O Nodules may have germinal centers
separated only by cords of Billroth
o Fill red pulp
o Large irregular lumens (up to 40 µm)
o Very thin walls.
o Endothelial cells
fusiform
rest on discontinuous basal lamina
limited phagocytosis
o Perisinusoidal macrophages
External to endothelial cells
Processes extend to lumen of
sinusoids.
o Collecting veins – drain sinusoids
o Trabecular veins - drain collecting
veins
o Splenic veins - union of trabecular
veins; exit at hilus
PHARYNGEAL TONSILS
O Central area of posterior and superior
nasopharynx
O When enlarged, it’s called adenoid
O Epithelium
Respiratory epithelium with
patches of nonkeratinized
stratified squamous
Forms shallow folds.
LINGUAL TONSILS
o Several on dorsum of tongue; 2-3 mm Figure 12. Tubal tonsil
diameter each
O Also covered by nonkeratinized
TUBAL TONSILS
stratified squamous epithelium
o Masses of lymphoid tissue in
O May have one deep crypt which
contains dead epithelial cells and nasopharynx near openings of
lymphocytes. Eustachian tube
o Extensions of pharyngeal tonsil
o Covered by respiratory epithelium.
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