Indian Journal of Positive Psychology © 2015 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare

2015, 6(2), 166-170 ISSN-p-2229-4937e-2321-368X

http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/19#list

Adapting to natural disasters: A potrait of resilience and

psychosocial support to the people living in disaster
prone areas of west Sumatra in Indonesia
Wanda Fitri
Department of Psychology, IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang
Jl. Prof. Mahmud Yunus, Lubuk Lintah Padang, Sumatera Barat
Zulrizka Iskandar, Rismijati and Zainal Abidin
Faculty of Psychology, Padjadjaran University
Indonesia

A natural disaster is an event whose occurrence and impact cannot be predicted. The traumatic events of the disaster
may trigger biological and psychological disorders, which may emerge as a result of Post-Trauma Stress Disorder
(PTSD). However, since natural disasters are destructive, traumatic and endanger lives, disaster hit communities
should be encouraged to be optimistic and also maintain a strong desire to revive from the divastating events. Being
optimistic and having a strong spirit to revive is referred to as resilience. Resilience during disaster times, is a
situation whereby communities are able to revive from the worst situation, rebuild their communities and are also
able to develop the ability to think positively in relation to the disaster experienced. Resilience is one of the
characteristic that can help survivors to overcome the shock and trauma they face after a disaster. An analysis
towards survivers' capacity of resilience shows a strong relationship with the social support offerred to victims of a
disaster. Psychological intervention, by means of psychosocial support in a group, also reveals that psycho-therapy
is a very useful approach and it can help survivors return to their normal life situation. It tames emotional unrest and
also arouses optimism among the groups faced with difficulties during or after the event has taken place.

Keywords: resilience, psychosocial support, and disaster

An earthquake struck West Sumatra in 2009 (the Sumatera
Eartquake) and inflicted deep psychological impacts, not only on
survivor communities (victims) but also people living around them.
Padang, Pariaman, Agam, South Pesisir, and Mentawai Island were
among the places hardest hit by the disaster and officially announced
by Earthquake National Team (Tim Gempa Nasional) and
Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) as the
most susceptible areas to Earthquake and Tsunami. Then, a 'small
scale' tsunami hit Mentawai Island in November 2010 made people's
psychological condition more worsened. The people, who especially
stayed along the seashore, always panicked when the ground shook,
even though it is only on a small scale.
Areas along the seashore were the places hardest hit by the
earthquake, so many people living there then decided to abandon
their houses. For example, many people in kampuang cino (China
town), which is also known as a big trading center in Padang, left
their houses since they were afraid of triggered earthquake. At that
time, Padang resembled a 'dead' town. Some scholars explained this
condition as “town in suspended animation” (Padangonline,
12/12/2009). Some changes, either in economy, social, or psycholo-
gical life of society could be easily observed. For example, when
personal anxiety for something uncertain is increasing, the people
are more likely to panic, be it stress, or anger or suddenly suffer from
a heart attack. Besides that, there was also an increasing number of
medical patients who suffered from asthma and fatigue (data was
taken from The Red Cross West Sumatra Chapter in Padang, 2010).
However, a year after the earthquake hit Sumatera (post-
earthquake), people's activities along the seashore returned to normal
situation. In addition, the cost of the property near the beach became
Correspondence should be sent to Wanda Fitri, Department of
Psychology, IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang, Jl. Prof. Mahmud Yunus
Lubuk Lintah, Padang, Sumatera Barat telp 0751-35711
higher because there were so many investors interested to expand
their business of Hotel and Restaurants (Department of Industry and
Trade of Padang regional, 2011). This situation indicated that the
survivors had recovered from their psychological trauma as time
went by, although earthquakes sometimes still strike and also other
kinds of natural disasters such as high tides, flood, storm, and
landslides still overwhelm them. Furthermore, the issue of tsunamis
still spread among the people, although it does not disturb their
activities or make them move to safer places anymore. As admitted
by some people, alot of information from the government as well as
media makes them aware of signs of a tsunami so that they can be
well prepared, even to the worst situation that can possibly happen
(Fitri, 2012).
On the commemoration year for post Padang earthquake on
September 30, 2009, it was seen that social support and the existence
of support groups hasd become an influential determinant towards
the survivor's resilience in removing 'the feeling of loss' and
recovering from the traumatic events, so that they could get up soon
from such kind of situation and go back to normal activities (Fitri,
2012; Bakti, 2010). Hence, this research then aims to analyze how
social support and the existence of support groups in the society can
improve survivors' resilience, especially in reducing or removing
post-traumatic stress disorder. Even though there is no reliable data
on the number of people suffering from mental illness (Department
of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, WHO, 2005) estimates that
so many problems occured such as socio-cultural problems and
inappropriate assessment methods were used.
Natural disaster (as the conflict can do) can destroy structure of
human life entirely. For example, a large amount of social-cost must
be paid by survivor communities. Source of living is thoroughly
shattered, and the situation becoming worse and uncertain, and it is
more aggravated by the poverty factors which may also lead to other
forms of social problems. Most people lost their property and even
167 Indian Journal of Positive Psychology 2015, 6(2), 166-170
family members. They had to leave their jobs; they lost their means of
livelihood, and some left school, others evacuated, and were terrified
by the life threatening situation. Besides that, some people also had
crisis of self-confidence, seemed to be apprehensive at the
occurrence of triggered disaster and felt uncertain for their future life
after losing family. Moreover, women had more complex
responsibilities after losing the head of their households. They also
had to take over their husband's responsibilities to support their
family lifestyles. Beside that, in the cases of reproduction, many
pregnant women did not get sufficient health service.
Individual's pain and psychological disorder has strong relation to
his environment or social conditions. Therefore, psycho-social
restoration, for individuals as well as social groups, needs to be re-
enacted in order to go back to their daily normal life life and be
productive again after suffering from those traumatic events. In the
context of community, it is seen that the ways a community
responded to this situation may be different from another. Hence,
traumating mapping can be done in order to describe about the
symptons (individual, family, or community). By doing this, a
program of recovery as well as reinforcement can be well arranged.
Disaster
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the
functioning of a community or society and causes human, material,
and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's
or society's ability to cope using its own resources. Though often
caused by nature, disasters can have human origins. A natural
disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of
the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause
loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic
damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected
population's resilience, or ability to recover (Bankoff & Frerks,
2003). An adverse event will not arise to the level of a disaster if it
occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area,
however, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave
a lasting damage, requiring years to repair.
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human, material,
economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the
ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the
consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the
product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards
that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become
disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions (Qurantelli, 1998).
In 2012, there were a total of 905 natural disasters worldwide, 93%
of which were weather-related disasters. Overall costs were US$170
billion and insured losses $70 billion. 2012 was a moderate year.
45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods),
12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts,
wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events (earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions). U.S Weather Extremes Worldwatch Institute
(2013) noted that between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events
accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophes. Developing countries
suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits more than 95 percent of
all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and
losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of
GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.
The Psychological effect of the natural disaster: Millions of people
are affected by natural disasters every year, and the impact can be
disastrous. From the destruction of buildings to the spread of
diseases, natural disasters can devastate entire countries overnight.
Tsunamis, earthquakes and typhoons do not just wreak havoc on
land; they also disrupt people's lives, especially for those living in
remote regions.
Shock: In the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster, the first
reaction is often a combination of shock and denial. Sometimes this
can make it challenging to take the necessary steps to begin picking
up the pieces calling insurance, assessing what property was lost,
even finding temporary housing. But shock tends to give way to
much stronger feelings, which can hit days, weeks, or months after a
disaster strikes.
Feelings of Insecurity: Home is a place that most people spend their
entire lives believing is a place of safety and refuge. But when a
storm comes tearing through your house, this security can go out the
window. People who have survived storms may experience night-
mares, anxiety, extreme concerns about storm safety, or obsessive
preparation to avoid the next disaster. The insecurity can be
especially pronounced in children, who may feel constantly unsafe.
Posttraumatic Stress: Extreme stress is common in the aftermath of
a storm. But when it persists for months, it can lead to posttraumatic
stress (PTSD). People with PTSD may experience flashbacks to the
storms, panic attacks, an extreme startle reflex, persistent avoidance
of things that remind them of the storm, and anxiety and depression.
PTSD can also interfere with a person's ability to control emotions,
leading to angry outbursts or crying spells, for example.
Other Mental Health Conditions: PTSD isn't the only long-term
consequence of surviving a natural disaster. For people already
experiencing a mental illness, a traumatic event can make symptoms
worse. And for others, a natural disaster can spark depression,
extreme stress, generalized anxiety, eating and food issues,
obsessive-compulsion, and a host of other problems. Sometimes
these issues arise as a result of a person's attempts to control the
environment after a storm takes away control.
Defining Resilience: Reivich and Shatte (2002) defined resilience as
the ability to prosevere and adapt when things go awry. Resilience is
the human capacity to face, overcome, be strengthened by, and even
be transformed by experience of adversity (Grotberg, 1995).
Resilience refers to individual differences or life experiences that
help people to cope positively with adversity make them better able
to deal with stress in the future, and confer protection from the
development of mental disorders under stress (Richardson, 2002).
Generally, resilience is a process of successful adaptation to
adversity (Zautra, Hall, & Murray, 2008). Successful adaptation is
defined somewhat differently, depending on whether the adversity is
acute or cronic. But Grotberg (1995) suggested that all humans have
the capacity to become resilient, everyone is able to learn how to
face the inevitable adversities of life, everyone is able to overcome
adversities and be strengthtened by them. In our review, resilience is
best defined as an outcome of successful adaptation to adversity.
Characteristic of People Resilient: While people vary dramatically
in the coping skills they use when confronting a crisis, researchers
have identified some key characteristics of resilience. Many of these
skills can be developed and strengthened, which can improve ability
to deal with life's setbacks (Grotberg, 1995; Reivich & Satte, 2002;
Al Siebert, 2005), among others:
 FITRI ET AL./ ADAPTING TO NATURAL DISASTERS: A POTRAIT OF RESILIENCE
Ability to adapt: Resilient people are able to adapt to the stressor and
able to anticipate the unexpected events in the future so as to obtain
the best result. In addition, they are able to stay healthy even though
they remained in a chaotic environment.
Awareness: Resilient people are aware of the situation, their own
emotional reactions and the behavior of those around them. In order
to manage feelings, it is essential to understand what is causing them
and why. By remaining aware, resilient people can maintain their
control of the situation and think of new ways to tackle problems.
An Understanding that Setbacks are Part of Life: Another
characteristic of resilience is the understanding that life is full of
challenges. While we cannot avoid many of these problems, we can
remain open, flexible, and willing to adapt to change.
Strong Problem-Solving Skills: When a crisis emerges, resilient
people are able to spot the solution that will lead to a safe outcome. In
danger situations, people sometimes develop tunnel vision. They fail
to note important details or take advantages of opportunities.
Resilient individuals, on the other hand, are able to calm down and
rationally look at the problem and envision a successful solution.
Having Strong Social Connections: Whenever you're dealing with a
problem, it is important to have people who can offer support.
Talking about the challenges you are facing can be an excellent way
to gain perspective, look for new solutions, or simply express your
emotions. Friends, family member, co-workers, and online support
groups can all be potential sources of social connectivity.
Identifying as a Survivor, Not a Victim: When dealing with any
potential crisis, it is essential to view yourself as a survivor. Avoid
thinking like a victim of circumstance and instead look for ways to
resolve the problem. While the situation may be unavoidable, you
can still stay focused on a positive outcome.
Being Able to Ask for Help: While being resourceful is an important
part of resilience, it is also essential to know when to ask for help.
During a crisis, people can benefit from the help of psychologists and
counselors specially trained to deal with crisis situations.
Psychosocial Support and Preparation for Facing Disaster:
Disasters, conflicts and health problems have severe psychosocial
consequences. The emotional wounds may be less visible than the
destruction of homes, but it often takes far longer to recover from
emotional impact than to overcome material losses. Early support
and adaptation processes - which respect local customs in mental
health or psychosocial healing - allow an affected population to cope
better with a difficult situation. Social effects are the shared
experiences caused by disruptive events and consequent death,
separation, sense of loss and feeling of helplessness. The term
psychosocial refers to the close relationship between the individual
and the collective aspects of any social entity. Psychosocial support
can be adapted in particular situations to respond to the
psychological and physical needs of the people concerned, by
helping them to accept the situation and cope with it.
Psychosocial support is an integral part of the crisis centre's
emergency response. It helps individuals and communities to heal
the psychological wounds and rebuild social structures after an
emergency or a critical event. It can help change people into active
survivors rather than passive victims. The presence of support groups
is an important part of the psychosocial support. In a support group,
members provide each other with various types of help, usually non-
professional and non-material, for a particular shared, and usually
burdensome, characteristic. Members with the same issues can come
168
together for sharing coping strategies, to feel more empowered and
for a sense of community. The help may take the form of providing
and evaluating relevant information, relating personal experiences,
listening to and accepting others' experiences, providing
sympathetic understanding and establishing social networks. A
support group may also work to inform the public or engage in
advocacy.
Support groups maintain interpersonal contacts among their
members in a variety of ways. Traditionally, groups met in person in
sizes that allowed conversational interaction. Support groups also
maintain contact through printed newsletters, telephone chains,
internet forums, and mailing lists. Some support groups are
exclusively online.
Support Group is a group which consists of individuals with
similar experiences (Poerwandari, 2003). This group is very
important for psycho-social reinforcement and may also be referred
to social activities done by groups of people which do not
accidentally come into contact with the disaster. According to
Poerwandari, the main purposes of support group are: first, to
provide a place for sharing experience in order to reduce burden and
stress, and make members of group realize that others also have
similar experiences. Second, to provide medium of mutual support
in which it is more effective to do with their fellows than the
professional one. Lastly, is to prepare medium of discussion to share
ideas, hopes, and strategies, and to face difficulties. Even though, it
may trigger the development of sequel group activities as joint
agreement, like developing collective business.
Activities of the support groups can be more flexible by making
use of previous social activities. These can also revive tradition and
survivor's sense of 'place'. The social activities include Islamic
activities, social gathering, gymnastics group, traditional arts, and
so on so forth. Other activities which can also involve more people
are voluntary labor service, religious activities, and engaging in
deliberations. These activities are expected to be able to return sense
of place back and start their normal life. During these activities,
people can interact to each other and share story and experience. By
doing these activities continually, they can transfer their feelings of
grief to meaningful activities which can finally improve resilience.
Psychosocial emphasizes on close relationship between
psychological aspects (thought, emotion, and behavior) and social
experiences (social relation, tradition, and culture). Human being is
unique social creatures that practice outgoing system and mutual
interaction. They do their best efforts to retain their balanced life.
Someone will be said to be healthy if they can adjust to their
environment. On the contrary, they will get trouble if they fail to
adjust themselves with their environment. In order to achieve
contented life, human beings have to be able to build positive
interpersonal relationship. Therefore, if there is something wrong or
threatening one's mental health, then he will need other's support in
form of psychosocial intervention. Psychosocial intervention is a
process that may facilitate individual to achieve optimal level of
autonomous life in his/her community. Sumampouw (2009)
explains that community is not a static entity, but a dynamic one. It
is implied in the psycho-social intervention that the goal of
intervention does not only to restore community to their previous
life but also to improve their ability in using the available resources
efficiently in order to face the dynamic life. So finally, without
external support, they are still able to be up against various
difficulties independently.
169 Indian Journal of Positive Psychology 2015, 6(2), 166-170

Method social role (participate actively in various social activities); 3) ability

to make religion as a form of coping strategy. After an year since the
Data was collected through interviews with the chief of district in earthquake occured, among the 187 adult-survivors, there were
Sungai Batang and FGD with 29 local people who still settled in the about 70 of them who relocated. Most of them were still sad and
epicenters of the disaster areas. The participants were picked by their traumatized, even though they did not show socio-emotional
characteristics, so the researcher could be sure that they had faced the disorders. The condition was worsened when the landslide
disaster. The chief of district was also taken because he is local leader happened at the beginning of 2013. However, there were no
that gave disaster command so that the society could safely move. significant changes found in their psychological function.
Digital recorder was used for recording data. Data was collected by Furthermore, there were 49 people (23 males and 26 females) who
using interview technique, observation sheet and Focus Group showed high levels of adaptation and resilience behaviour. They
Discussion (FGD). Observation and interview were done in order to could build good relationship with the people around them and their
get clear description of the subject's abilities to survive and live in environment. For example, they remained close to their family
harmony with the disaster through reinforcement community which members, showed their own responsibility to themselves, fulfilled
is available around them. FGD was conducted to obtain deeper and their needs, and had the ability to adapt to the changes.
far-ranging opinion of the subject. Before conducting FGD, the
researcher had previously observed the situation as well as gathered Discussion
background information which had influenced the survivors'
In general, survivors with positive coping behaviors were not only
condition. Besides that, the researcher also paid serious attention to
able to show their ability to adapt to adversity, but were also able to
their daily activities at home, and their relationship with family
accept as well as make an understanding all of adversity events in
members and the others in order to see their own positive coping
positive ways. They did not show serious level of depression
style. Based on those indicators and after doing 10-months
although they had lost their family members or houses. There were
observations and open interviews, the researcher found 49
no changes in social structure, but rather relationship among the
participants who had high resilience levels.
survivors was getting stronger. Besides that, the level of their
Results religious knowledge was becoming higher in accordance with the
increasing religious service through meaningful programs such as
The result of interview with the chief of Sungai Batang district and trauma-healing programs which were done by volunteers,
FGD with the local people of Sungai Batang district can see at the governments, or NGO. Moreover, they also participated actively in
table 1 below: various social activities and offered help through various humanity
Table 1: Result of interview with the chief of Sungai Batang district programs.
and discussion (FGD) with the local people Resilient subjects also showed their high gratitude to God by
taking lessons from this traumatic event. In daily life, people might
Pointer Local people Chief of district
face good and bad conditions and the ways they responded to this
Meaning Very horrible Natural disaster kind of conditions might vary. People might accept the condition by
of Something that could destroy the livelihood Destroyer showing their 'own' positive emotion: they could be calm by facing
disaster Something that can not be inevitable must Very horrible but the worst situation and thanking God to have escaped from mortal
be able to accept as conscequence living must be keep stand danger and more serious damage. On the other hand, other people
in epicentrum disaster areas might suffer from negative emotions: they were in deep sadness for
Has been the will of God losing family members and houses, depression, trauma, and so on.
Just live in harmony with nature When talking about the survivors here, it was seen that most of them
Something terrible but must be reconciled showed their positive emotions by always thanking God for giving
with the disaster them and family members second chance to live a life and helping
Belief Did not want to leave society must move each other.
Did not want to move to another place but can not The spirit of cooperation, which is possessed by the survivors
Believe the disaster is everywhere because it will (Minangkabau people), is one of important factors that influences
Considered a disaster as a warning usually lead to
resilience and a determinant of psycho-social reinforcement as well.
from God structural conflict
The traumatic impact for each individual might be different
between the
depending on his/her coping strategy. Internal processes, congenital
government and
society factors, pre-disposition, sensitivity and vulnerability may influence
Advan- Many sources of support around Many sources of individual to behave as well as to make understanding of the disaster
tage support around and its impact.
Disad- Missing things Many sources of As Minangkabau people who held on to their cultural values and
vantage Missing the job support around philosophical teaching of masyarakat sakato , the survivors try to
Lack of money Large social cost support and help each other in order to be revived from this
oppressive situation. They overcome this kind of situation by
From the FGD result, it can be concluded that resilience of the applying cultural values in the principles of saiyo-sakato
survivor included positive coping style and ability to learn from (togetherness), sapikue-sajinjiang (tolerance), ka gurun samo
those experiences. Positive coping styles can be measured through mandaki ka lambah samo manurun (cooperative). These principles
some indicators, namely; 1) ability to communicate and interact with can also function as spiritual values for inspiring spirit to live a
each other without showing risk-behaviours; 2) ability to play good future life. Besides that, making such support groups as Islamic
 FITRI ET AL./ ADAPTING TO NATURAL DISASTERS: A POTRAIT OF RESILIENCE
activities group, social gathering, youth organizations, and social
organizations to function may give contributions to the survivors'
life, whether it is in material or psychological form (emotional
support). Support groups, which were able to do their duty well,
helped the survivors to get out of psychological, social or economic
problems. They may share experience and help each other to go
beyond adversity conditions of the disaster.
Some forms of psycho-social reinforcement programs in support
group are: constructing joint business, developing home industry,
making group of Islamic studies, and sharing experience. Indeed,
psycho-social reinforcement (social intervention) is more developed
by the support group rather than the experts. It is related to minimum
number of the experts involved during recovery or emergency time.
Hence, a good psycho-social reinforcement may help people
preparing themselves to face bigger, unexpected and unavoided
impacts of the disaster.
Neglecting the impact of natural disaster may bring about another
social problem like structural conflict, as it is experienced by
survivors living in area of Sungai Batang (Agam regency).
Relocating the survivors to a new area still becomes a social conflict
nowadays. Besides thinking about the area where large number of
survivors may live there, the government also needs to consider
about the reinstating the people's sources of income. As it is known,
people in the area of Sungai Batang are mostly farmers. Although
they are ready to be relocated, however, different condition between
the new settlement and the old one may occur new problems.
Theoretically, natural disasters may bring up psychological
impacts to the survivors such as shock, anger, sadness, worried, and
listlessness. Besides that, the survivors experience cognitive impacts
such as lack of concentration, loss of memory, difficulty to make
decision, and loss of rationality. The opinion above is actually
supported by empirical findings in field researches conducted by
Bonanno (2004), Masykur (2006), Bornoer and Jopp (2010) and Fitri
(2011). Moreover, some of them also suffer from physical impacts
such as wound, fracture, physical- strain, insomnia, and etc.
Based on the above situation, participation of support groups and
its social function is becoming more important in enhancing
resilience toward psychological trauma. The hypothesis is if
individual's stamina could be strengthened by good social resources,
then he/she would soon recover from adverse conditions such as
disasters or conflicts. On the other hand, if individual/community has
no stamina, then it tends to produce pathological problems.
Reconstructing life in form of physical infrastructure without
ignoring psychological rehabilitation are two most important things
that should be done. They will accelerate the process of recovery for
the survivors' towards better future life. Hence, community-based
psycho-social reinforcement is becoming an important step in facing
the social impacts of the disaster. Considering the large number of
victims, psycho-social interventions may be a coping-strategy model
to be used in strengthening people's stamina in order to face any
disaster.
Conclusion
An individual who cannot accept his or her fate as a victim of an
earthquake seems to suffer from psychological and social disorder,
and may be furthermore disturbed in his or her psycho-social life. On
the contrary, an individual who is able to accept as well as make
170
understanding of physical and psychological impacts of the disaster
can soon recover and be well adjusted to his/her environment.
Those who are successful enough to do positive coping strategy can
reduce their stress. They also get more social support from their
environment or support group. These supports are important to
recovering the survivors' psycho-social life.
Positive coping can be seen from resilience groups and shows that
some survivors actually have internal strengths to make peace with
various adversities after experiencing traumatic events. Some
institutions and agencies have offered to help, but the existence of
support groups and their social function have given it a more
significant effectiveness, especially in facing adversity conditions.
Support groups have played an important role in reinforcing psycho-
social life of the community. Psycho-social intervention in the
survivors' community in the area of Sungai Batang has given a
significant contribution in the process of survivors' recovery in
accordance with the local traditions.
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