Japanse Era: I. Invasion of Japan

JAPAN AND MODERN Group 4 4C-BIOCHEMISTRY 1
Febby Anne Abuzo, Victor Amores, Edward Ashley Arcilla, Jarmaine Barrameda,
Julian Custodio, Tinuviel Esguerra, Lanz Pacis, Anish Phabiani, Aubrey Ramos,
Michelle Sia, Paulene Soriano, Monique Tuazon
JAPANSE ERA
I. INVASION OF JAPAN
● Attack on Pearl Harbor

○ The Attack on Pearl Harbor was the invitation of the United States to
join the second World War because of the direct attack by the
Japanese. This was held on a Sunday Morning, December 7, 1941,
where Japan concurrently began their invasion of South East Asia,
including Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Malaya, Singapore, and
Hong Kong.
○ This was done as a preventive measure for the security of Japan’s plan
for domination of South East Asia. Six aircraft carriers were used in this
attack resulting in 2,000 American soldier deaths.
○ This was followed by a declaration of war from Japan, Germany, and
Italy.
○ Manila was declared an open city during December of 1941 and was
occupied by Japan during January 2, 1942. General MacArthur, along
with President Quezon and Sergio Osmeña were brought to Corregidor.
● Causes of Outbreak of War between Japan and the United States

○ Japan had many economic collisions with the US over the years. The
halt of aviation gasoline and other machineries and equipments caused
Japan to reconsider their peaceful history with the US.
○ The attack on the USS Panay by Japanese military caused a stir but
was quickly resolved by Japan’s apology.
○ John M. Allison, ambassador from the US for Japan, was struck in the
face during the events of the Nanking Massacre. Several lootings on
American property also furthered tension between these two nations.
● Battle of Bataan
○ The Battle of Bataan was a 3 month long battle with the Japanese
wherein Filipinos and Americans were forced to defend the only
unclaimed area of South East Asia. This was characterized by being
greatly outnumbered and numerous retreats.
○ Surrender was met by 76,000 soldiers both American and Filipino. This
ended the Battle and symbolized the beginning of the Bataan Death
March on April 9, 1942.
○ General MacArthur was designated to Australia where he uttered his
famous words “I shall return.”
○ President Quezon flew over to the United States where he built a
government in exile.
● Bataan Death March
○ The Bataan Death March symbolized the cruelty and harsh conditions
the Japanese military put the Filipino and American soldiers through.
For an estimated 100 kilometers, 60,000-80,000 soldiers were
transferred from Bagac, Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O’Donnell,
Capas Tarlac by passing through San Fernando.
○ 5,000 to 18,000 estimated Filipino soldier deaths were recorded whilst
500 American soldier deaths were recorded.
○ The most notable event was Colonel Masanobu Tsuji’s Pantingan River
Massacre. This is where 350-400 Filipino officers and NCOs were
executed acting against direct orders of keeping prisoners of war.
○ The march ended on May 6, 1942 with 54,000 survivors out of 70,000
initial marchers.
II. Government System

Commonwealth Government
● At the time of the Japanese invasion, the Philippines was under the
Commonwealth government with Manuel L. Quezon as president
● Commonwealth government was exiled in Washington, D.C. through the
invitation of U.S. President Roosevelt
● Exile from 1942-1945
● The Japanese entered Manila on January 2, 1942 and before the entrance,
President Quezon declared Manila as an “Open City” to save the lives of the
people
Philippine Executive Commission (PEC)

● Following the instructions given by current president Manuel L. Quezon,
Jorge B. Vargas, the Mayor of Manila, together with other Filipino officials in
the city were advised to enter into agreements and arrangements with the
Japanese officials to mitigate the sufferings of the Filipino people under the
Japanese occupation
● Jorge B. Vargas, the Mayor of Manila during the Japanese invasion was
appointed by Japanese General Masahora Homma as the first chairman of
the PEC
● On January 23, 1942, the Philippine Executive Commision (PEC) was
established. The PEC was a provisional government set up to govern the
Philippine archipelago during World War II. Established with approval from
the Japanese forces as a temporary governing body prior to the Second
Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines but
also known as Japanese-sponsored Philippine republic.
● The Philippine Executive Commission assumed government functions during
the Japanese occupation under the authority of the Japanese Military
Administration. Jorge B. Vargas was appointed as the first chairman of the
commission. The appointed department heads to lead government agencies
are the following:
· Benigno S. Aquino Sr.- Department of the Interior
· Antonio De Las Alas- Department of Finance
· Jose P. Laurel- Department of Justice
· Claro M. Recto- Department of Education, Health, and Public
Welfare
· Jose Yulo- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
● After the establishment of the PEC, all political parties were banned except
the KALIBAPI- Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
● The creation of the PEC and the disbanding of political parties were
considered the early accomplishments of the Japanese invasion
Preparatory Commision for Philippine Independence (PCPI)

● The new government of the country also had plans for independence
● As part of the preparation, PCPI was established with all of the 20 members
coming from KALIBAPI
● The purpose of the commission was to draw up a constitution for a free
Philippines
● PCPI was headed by Jose P. Laurel
● The new constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943
Philippine National Assembly

● On September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI under the leadership of Benigno
Aquino Sr. elected 54 members of the Philippine National Assembly
● It is the law-making body of the Philippines under the Japanese puppet
government
● On October 14, 1943, Jose P. Laurel was elected president of the Second
Philippine Republic by the assembly
● Laurel’s function was to follow the orders of the Japanese, hence, the Puppet
president
III. Influence of Japanese
○ Culture
● Language
○ Filipinos were encouraged to use Tagalog and not English
○ Filipino journalists were required to write in Tagalog because
the Japanese wanted to discover the beauty in the Filipino
language rather than English. They wanted the Filipinos to
discover potentialities of the mother tongue.
● Entertainment
○ While Filipinos were suffering during the Japanese era,
satisfaction was merely achieved by watching the Japanese
“censored films”.
○ Various movie houses and theaters showed Japanese
“glorious films” such as successful Japanese lifestyles and
victories during the war.
○ The popular English drama in different countries were only
allowed to be watched by the Filipinos when they were
translated in Tagalog.
○ Renowned plays for the mere satisfaction of the Filipinos during
their suffering were Golden Boy, Isang Kuwartang Abaka, Julius
Cesar, The Husband of Mrs. Cruz, Sa Pula Sa Puti, etc.
○ 1942-1944: Four comic art or “komiks” or “komik strips” during

the Japanese occupation were published in the Philippine local
newspaper, the “Tribune”. It is controlled by the Japanese
Propaganda Corps. This can be dismissed easily as blatant
Japanese propaganda, but it is actually different strategies that
the Filipino artists use in presenting images as a lighthearted
social commentary on the situation that confronted the Filipinos
during the Japanese occupation.
○ Komiks provide glimpses on the lives of ordinary people during
the Japanese era. It not only influences the readers’ mindsets,
but it also attempts to influence the readers’ actions. It is deeply
interwoven with Filipino life and most of the stories portrayed
happy endings or situations that are far better than reality.
○ The four komik strips that appeared in the Tribune include: “The
Philosopher of the Sidewalk” by Gat, “Now I’ve Seen
Everything” by Ros, “The Boy ‘Pilipino’” by Keizo Simada, and
“The Kalibapi Family” by Tony Velasquez.
○ During 1942, all radio stations were closed except for KZRH
(renamed as PIAM) that is used by the Japanese for their
broadcasts.
● Transportation
○ Before the Japanese occupation, a lot of Filipinos already
owned a car. However, during the arrival of the Japanese, all
Filipino car holders were stolen, and all other forms of
transportation.
○ The Japanese promised to pay back the stolen cars, but the
Filipinos only received one cigarette paper with no value in it.
● Money
○ The Japanese currency was called piat, but the Filipinos called
it Mickey mouse money because it looked like “play money”.
When the Japanese government issued the official use of piat,
the economy of the Philippines greatly suffered from inflation.
● Education
○ The Japanese government wanted the Philippines to be a part
in the progress of Asia. They needed to remove all of the
Western influences of the Filipinos. Suppression of everything
that belonged to America and Spain were taken away. Their
goal was to propagate the Filipino culture.
○ The teaching style was delivered in Nippongo because the
Japanese wanted the Filipinos to master the language.
○ Both elementary and high school were offered a vocational
education. This is for the sole purpose of letting the Filipino to
implant the love of labor.
○ Schools were reopened in 1942, and priority was given to
vocation schools, high school and high education with specific
courses such as medicine, fisheries and agriculture, and
engineering.
○Law school was not reopened as the Japanese believed that

lawyers were not important during their era.
● Economic Condition
○ Japanese controlled the commodity prices which includes rice
distribution and other cereals, as well as tobacco manufacturing.
During this period, poor domestication of animals and less
production was observed.
○ Bigasan ng Bayan was organized as it functioned to solve the
problem in controlling the distribution. President Laurel highly
encouraged the Filipinos to undergo into alternative food
production. The Filipinos were forced to eat Kangkong and the
president ordered them to plant any vegetable in their
backyards. Also, smokers turned dried papaya leaves into
cigarettes, coffee drinkers toasted uncooked rice and boiled it
into an alternative to coffee and mango leaves to tea.
IV. RESISTANCE DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION
There were many Filipinos who either formed guerrilla groups or joined one. Some of
the Filipinos who were separated by the invasion of Bataan and Corregidor who managed to
escape the Japanese troops reorganized in the mountains, forming a guerrilla, yet loyal to the
U.S. Army Forces Far East. An example of which is the guerrilla unit where the late Ramon
Magsaysay was part of, which served us one of the supply and intelligence unit. Magsaysay’s
unit later on grew to a 10,000-man force by the end of war.
- Resistance in Luzon
Hunters ROTC was also one of the guerrillas that were formed during
the occupation. After the dissolution of the Philippine Military Academy, Cadet
Terry Adivoso refused to simply quit his military life and began recruiting other
Filipinos who were willing to go the guerrilla route against the Japanese. They
provided intelligence to the American forces and participated in some of the
battles such as the Raid at Los Banos.
Many of the guerrillas were not so successful such as the guerrilla
movement in Bicol by Wenceslaso Vinzons, who was betrayed by a Japanese
collaborator. Upon his capture, he was tortured to give up information about his
guerrilla movement but he refused to give any information which lead to his
death and of his family by being bayoneted by the Japanese.
One of the more known guerrilla movements was the Hukbong Bayan
Laban sa mga Hapon or the Hukbalahap. Their slogan was “Anti-Japanese
Above All.” Luis Taruc, a communist leader, was elected as the head of the
movement and became the first Huk commander known as “El Supremo.” They
started with a five 100-man units. The movement did not quickly grow due to
the heavy recruitment by the USAFFE yet continued the battle. By the end of
war, the Hukbalahap grew into 15,000-armed fighters.
- Resistance in Visayas
Resistance was also evident in the Visayas. One of which is the

Cebuano guerrilla led by Lt. Col. James M. Cushing who were able to capture
the “Koga Papers” which contained important battle plans of the Japanese
Navy. These Papers were obtained by the Cebuano fishermen that were
washed ashore from the crash of the seaplane of Admiral Koga. This lead to
the capture of 12 high-ranking officers including the Chief of Staff of the
Combined Fleet Vice, Admiral Shigeru Fukodome. This resulted to the
merciless burning of villages by the Japanese. It also played a role in the
strategy of MacArthur to move his invasion from Mindanao to Leyte and helped
the Allies in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
There were also Waray guerrillas formed by Captain Nieves Fernandez

who later on fought against the Japanese in Tacloban. Even though there were
only 110 men under the guerrilla, they managed to kill more than 200 Japanese
soldiers during the occupation. While on the Island of Leyte a movement was
formed by Ruperto Kangleon, this became known as the Black Army. They
were successful in significantly delaying the advancement of the Japanese
troops towards the mainland. One of their notable acts was their assistance to
the Filipinos, especially the girls who were raped by the Japanese.
During the Battle for Cebu City, guerrillas under Lieutenant James M.
Cushing and Basilio J. Valdes were successful in the capture of Maj. Gen.
Takeo Manjom and his 2,000 soldiers. While in Panay, the Guerrillas under
Col. Macario Peralta were able to seize the Tiring Landing Field and
Mandurriao district airfield.
- Resistance in Mindanao and other significant resistance
In Mindanao, Moro rebels were also formed against the Japanese. One
of which is the Moro-Bolo Battalion led by Datu Gumbay Piang which was
composed of 20,000 Muslim and Christian men. They used bolos and kris as
their main weapon. Major Hiramatsu tried to convince Datu Busran Kalaw of
Marano to join their side but upon their refusal, Japanese soldiers were sent to
attack him. All of these Japanese soldiers died from the battle.
The Juramentados who were infamous for their battles with the Spanish
and Americans focused on attacking the Japanese. The Americans, Filipinos,
and Japanese largely feared the Moros. It was known that Moro Datu Pino
traded a pair of ears of a Japanese in exchange of one bullet and 20 centavos.
There was also resistance from the Filipino-Chinese who formed Wa

Chi Guerilla, and Sy Tiao guerrillas that participated in various battles against
the Japanese.
V. END OF OCCUPATION
● Defeat of Japan in the Philippines

○ Philippines was the site of some of the most vicious fighting in
the Pacific theater.
- 320,000 Japanese occupation troops on the Philippines
had died.
- American force of over 300,000 that occupied the
archipelago, 15,000 died and 48,000 were wounded
- The hardest hits were taken by the people of the
Philippines.
- Philippines lost more than five percent of its total
population (1 million dead out of 18 million people in the
Philippines).
○ Some scholars have argued that the Philippines could have
been bypassed in a direct assault on Japan.
- As one Filipino veteran of the Battle of Leyte told William
Branigin of the Washington Post, "There would have
been no fighting, no damage, no casualties. But who
would dare contradict MacArthur? An American veteran
added, "MacArthur wouldn't let us bypass the
Philippines. He had a sacred pledge."
- By some estimates over 1.1 million Filipinos were killed
during World War II.
● Heading to the Philippines

○ Ray Anderson, a gunner on a navy ship, wrote: Our ship then
joined a huge task force of 700 ships that for 38 days were
underway almost continuously.
- There was a nervous tension on our ship as we began
the long sea journey to our first invasion. The ship was
made ready for sea and all hands tried on their life
jackets, helmets and gas masks. With painstaking care
we took every precaution to see that gas masks fit
exactly.
- The objective was Yap and for a week we carefully
studied all the top-secret material and poured over
maps, pictures, and intelligence reports until we were
familiar with every part of Yap and knew our job
thoroughly.
● Bordment of Leyte
○ The Leyte operation began with a viscous naval bombardment
creating enough space on the shore for the landing of 200,000
American troops using landing crafts. It took place after a 1,500-
mile seaborne operation that has been called "one of the most
daring amphibious landings ever conceived."
○ Ray Anderson, a gunner on a navy ship at Leyte, wrote: “On

October 19th, we remained at our battle stations all day long
and went to condition 2 watches (Port and Starboard), four
hours on and our hours off. At dawn on October 20th we could
see the Island of Leyte - our objective - and more than 700 ships
passed between two islands to go into the Gulf. Japs had fled
taking only their rifles with them. At midnight we passed through
the entrance into the Gulf. The convoy kept changing speed and
course which made it very difficult to keep in station. We almost
rammed the ship ahead of us once. For three days previously
larger ships in our convoy had begun the initial bombardment
and fleet minesweepers had swept the Gulf. We could see
tracer shells from battleships, carriers, cruisers and destroyers
blasting away at the beach. When the sun came over the
horizon our planes appeared overhead en route to the beach on
bombing missions. The Naval bombardment and aircraft
bombing became heavier and heavier. The noise was terrific.
○ “At 0900 we headed toward the beach escorting numerous
landing crafts that were loaded with invasion troops and
amphibious vehicles. We also were firing our mortars and
rockets on the beach and farther inland for 15 minutes after the
first wave hit the beach. As we neared the beach we began firing
20MM shells strafing the beach and soon from this combined
firing the beach was covered by a cloud of smoke. Despite the
terrific concentration of fire power there were a few Japs left
alive (dug in) and our troops promptly killed them. After we
ceased firing we followed the troops as they pushed ahead on
the beach. Naval bombardment continued all day and troops
kept pouring ashore and LST's (landing ships, tank) beached
and unloaded their supplies. Tacloban Airfield and Catmon Hill,
the main objectives, were captured that day. Filipinos were
running toward the troops waving their arms so our soldiers
wouldn't shoot them. We were about 1,000 yards from the beach
and ready to give our troops fire support if they needed it.
● Land Battle of Leyte
○ On October 20, 1944, the U.S. Sixth Army supported by the
Seventh and Third fleet landed on Leyte island, beginning the
campaign to liberate the Philippines. MacArthur's Allied forces
were accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the
Philippine presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1,
1944. Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and
around the Lingayen Gulf on the west side of Luzon, and the
push toward Manila was initiated.
○ American troops on Leyte not only had to deal with Japanese
troops, they also had to contend with jungles, diseases, gooey
swamps, three typhoons and an earthquake. The fighting for a
while was touch and go for the American forces.
○ During the first month of fighting, typhoons dropped 30 inches

of rain. "Our fatigues rotted off of us," a veteran of the battle told
the Washington Post. "We had more illness casualties than
battle casualties on Leyte---jungle rot, dengue fever, dysentery,
you name it."
○ "The Japanese fought to die, the Americans to live," one
observer wrote of the Battle of Leyte. Only a handful
surrendered. More than 65,000 Japanese soldiers, including
almost an entire garrison of 50,000 men, fought to the death at
Leyte. Slightly more than 3,500 American GIs were killed and
12,000 were wounded.
○ A key moment in the battle came when American soldiers were
pinned down by machine gun fire below a hill dubbed "Bloody
Ridge." A squad leader, who was part of a company that lost
half of its men and ran out of ammunition, later told William
Branigin of the Washington Post, "At that moment, when the
Japanese could have come over and wiped us out, they quit and
retreated. It was like an act of God."
● MacArthur Says "I Have Returned"

○ In a radio broadcast, delivered from the landing beach, over a
mobile-radio hookup, MacArthur said: "People of the
Philippines, I have returned. The hour of your redemption is
here...Rally to me. Let the indomitable spirit of Bataan and
Corregidor lead one...Let every area be steeled...As the lines of
the battle roll forward to bring you within the zones of operations,
rise and strike...For your homes and hearths, strike! For future
generations of your sons and daughters strike! In the name of
your sacred dead, strike!"
○ After hearing the broadcast, a radio columnist who was 18 at
the time later told Branigin, "My reaction then was to cry for joy."
All around him "soldiers and civilians alike...had tears flowing
down their cheeks." The broadcast fueled a sudden burst of
guerilla activity, which in turn led to the massacre of thousands
of civilians by the Japanese.
○ When MacArthur returned to the Philippines in 1961 three years
before his death at 84 to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the
nation's independence some two million people filled the streets
of Manila to welcome him back.
● Battle of Luzon
○ After the Battle of Leyte civilian government was restored in the
Philippines. But at that time there were 350,000 Japanese still
occupying the Philippines, most of them in Luzon, and about
180,000 Filipino guerilla fighting them.
○ Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern
Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila,
where they put up a last-ditch resistance. Guerrilla forces rose
up everywhere for the final offensive.
○ In an effort to take Luzon the U.S. army landed at Lingayen Gulf

on January 9, 1945, Subic Bay on January 20 and Batangas on
January 31. These attacks trapped the Japanese in giant
pincers. The Japanese fought back fiercely in Manila, at Balete
Pass and in the Cagayan Valley. Without authorization
MacArthur "liberated the central and southern Philippines in a
series of costly campaigns that some critics believed
unnecessary." The Americans followed the same route the
Japanese had used to drive them out. Organized Japanese
fighting ended on June 28, but pockets of resistance continued
fighting for months after that. American prisoners were freed at
Santo Tomás, Cabanatuan, Los Baños and Baguio.
○ Ray Anderson, a gunner on a navy ship, wrote: Our second
invasion was January 9th when an invasion force of more than
850 vessels entered the Lingayen Gulf north of Manila. Several
days later our sister ship the LCI(M) 974 was sunk by a
Japanese suicide torpedo boat. There were 29 survivors
including Captain Brown with a broken back. One day we were
lying to about 2,500 yards from the beach near the Cruiser
Nashville, the one that took MacArthur to the invasion of Leyte,
when two Jap fighters came out of the sun with machine guns
blazing away. We opened fire and believed we hit one plane
which then turned and went into a suicide dive hitting the Cruiser
Nashville exploding in a great billow of flame. It was a horrible
sight. The Nashville's flag went down to half-mast indicating that
personnel had been killed.
○ F. Sionil Jose wrote in the New York Times: I was in Manila
during the first American air raid in September 1944. By that
November, people in the city were starving; some were forced
to eat rats. My mother, a cousin and I returned to Rosales---we
walked all the way, passing empty towns. In the daytime, the
skies were full of American planes flying so low we could see
the pilots. At night, the Japanese marched---we could hear them
as we camped in the abandoned houses along the highway.
○ “We reached Rosales after a week and shortly after, the
Americans landed in Lingayen. I immediately joined the U.S.
Army as a civilian medical technician. Since our unit was with
the combat engineers, we were often the first to reach liberated
towns and villages. We would be met by grateful and starving
Filipinos as we offered gifts of fresh eggs and live chickens.
● Battle of Manila
○ The bloodiest fighting of the Philippines campaign occurred in
the Battle of Manila between February 3rd and March 3rd, 1945.
Manila residents suffered horrifically. Street fighting there left
the capital in ruins. An estimated 100,000 to 150,000 Filipino
civilians, in a city of 1 million, died. Many residents were killed
by U.S. shells or slaughtered by Japanese marines "in a

bloodbath that rivaled the 1937 rape of Nanking in China."
○ By the time MacArthur marched into the city a city that had been
one of the finest in Asia was a smoldering heap. The historian
William Manchester wrote, "The devastation of Manila was one
of the great tragedies of World War II. Of Allied cities in those
war years, only Warsaw suffered more. Seventy percent of the
utilities, 75 percent of the factories, 80 percent of southern
residential district and 100 percent of the business district were
razed."
○ Manila was captured by American forces through bloody street
to street fighting. Fort Santiago, at the bayside end of
Intramuros, gained notoriety in 1945 when Americans staged an
eight-day siege. After pounding their way through dirt and
concrete barriers two stories high and 40 feet thick, victorious
GI's found the bodies of 600 Filipinos and Americans in the
dungeons of Fort Santiago.
○ Corregidor was retaken in February 1945. In an assault lead by
America paratroopers dropped from cargo planes, bombers
blasted the fortress so heavily that an American soldier
remarked, "We had the impression of standing on jelly." When
the 15-day campaign was over 210 American were killed and
790 were wounded (280 of these in landing mishaps). Of the
5,200 Japanese who guarded the fortress only 50 were believed
to have survived. There are so many bomb fragments and
shrapnel in the soil around Corregidor that one boy scout troop
on a camping trip found their compasses to be useless.
○ The 513 prisoners who remained alive in the Bataan Death
March Prison were dramatically rescued by the 8th Ranger
Battalion, which slipped through the jungles, with the help of
Filipino guerrillas, past Japanese encampments to the prison. In
a hail of gunfire the Rangers fought their way into the prison and
loaded the prisoners onto water buffalo that carried them to
safety. The daring rescue is recalled in the book Ghost Soldiers
by Hampton Sides (Doubleday, 2001).
○ Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on
September 2, 1945. The Philippines had suffered great loss of
life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war
was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a
large proportion during the final months of the war.
○ Books: 1) Aluit, Alfonso. “By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of
Manila in World War II." Makati City: Geba Printing, 1994; 2)
Connaughton, Richard, Pimlott, John, and Anderson, Duncan,
“The Battle for Manila," Makati City: Platypus Publishing, Inc.,
1995. 3) Lichauco, Marcial P., “Dear Mother Putnam: A Diary of
the Second World War in the Philippines, “ Hong Kong: C.B.L.
Fung, 1997. 4) Lopez, Salvador P., Elpidio Quirino: “The
Judgment of History. Manila: President," Elpidio Quirino

Foundation, 1990. 5) Office of the Inspector General, XIV Corps.
● Japan’s Exploitation of the Philippine Economy After World War II

○ Carlos H. Conde wrote in the New York Times, “Historians point
out that Japan never ceased trying to win back the Philippines'
sympathy after the war. It poured in tremendous amounts of
money and resources - more than any other country, including
America - as part of its postwar diplomacy. To this day, Japan
is the Philippines' top donor of so-called official development
assistance. Japan is also the Philippines' top foreign investor.
Japan is among the top countries in the world in sponsoring the
education of Filipino scholars, while its cultural diplomacy is
among the most extensive. "Our neighbors did not receive the
same amount of aid and assistance from Japan," said the
historian Manuel Quezon 3rd.
○ “According to one study, Japanese "reparation payments to the
Philippines were relatively less efficient than in other countries."
In fact, according to another study, the reparations "provided
investment mainly to private-sector projects for reaping short-
term profits, leaving long-term profitable key industries with
insufficient capital." The result is that the Philippines did not
develop its industries, a defect whose impact is still felt today.
Worse, according to historians, the way the loans and
reparations money and goods were utilized ushered in the era
of bureaucratic corruption that is now so prevalent here.
○ “Japan increased its engagement with the Philippines after
Washington shifted its attention to the Cold War. During the
Korean War, Washington actually gave more support to Japan
than it did to the Philippines, because of Japan's strategic
relevance, Quezon said, even though Filipino guerrillas had
fought side by side with Americans against the Japanese.
○ “While Tokyo had little success in repairing relations with
Philippine presidents immediately after the war, things changed
when Ferdinand Marcos took power in the 1960s. Marcos
repaired relations with Japan, ingratiating himself with Tokyo,
which was only too happy to pour in more loan money. Marcos,
in turn, used the loans to prop up an economy that was
becoming increasingly weak because of his mismanagement.
Some historians even point out that the Japanese loans allowed
Marcos to fatten his and his cronies' wallets and, perhaps more
important, prolong his brutal regime. The loans Marcos incurred
contributed to the foreign debts that are still choking the
Philippines to this day. The debts prevent the government from
developing industries and creating more jobs, thus pushing
Filipinos to seek a better life abroad, even in countries their
loved ones loathe."
● Japanese Dead, Filipino Bones

○ It is said around 500,000 Japanese soldiers died in the
Philippines during WWII, with the bodies of around 380,000 yet
to be recovered. In the late 2000s reports began to emerge that
the bones of Filipinos were being passed off as Japanese World
War II dead. In 2011, AFP reported:Grave robbers have dug up
the remains of Philippine tribesmen and passed them off as the
bodies of Japanese soldiers killed in World War II, tribal leaders
said Wednesday. The skeletons of hundreds of Mangyan and
Ifugao tribesmen have been shipped to Japan since 2008 after
being unearthed by looters paid by a Japanese group, they
claimed.
MODERN PERIOD (1946 - present)
I. POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
Elected Presidents during and after Japanese Occupation
5th President: Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) Nacionalista Party
Contributions and Achievements:
● inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II because the
Philippines was finally free after the WW I
● under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were
accepted by Congress
○ On April 30, 1946, the Philippine Rehabilitation or the Tydings Act of 1946,
passed by the US Congress, was approved by the US President. This Act
created the US Philippine War Damage Commission, authorized it to expend a
total of $400,000,000 in payment of private war-damage claims and another
$120,000,000 for the restoration of public property
○ The Philippine Trade Act, commonly known as the Bell Trade Act, passed
by the United States Congress in 1946, and approved by the Philippine
legislature on July 2, stipulated that free trade be continued until 1954,
thereafter, tariffs would be increased 5 percent annually until 1974.
6th President: Elpidio Quirino, (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) Nacionalista Party
● under his term in the Japanese occupation, HUKBALAHAP movement (Hukbong

Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) was active
● he created Social Security Commission now SSS (Social Security System)
○ On July 7, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino created a Social Security
Commission (precursor of SSS), his first official act as president. This
commission drafted the Social Security Act that was submitted to Congress.
However, it was only on September 1, 1957 that the Social Security Act of
1954 or the Social Security Law (SS Law) was finally implemented adopting
the social insurance approach to social security, covering the employed
segment of the labor force in the private sector.
● an important historical fact is during 1948, Quezon City was still the capital of the
Philippines and not Manila
● an important figure of inflation / depletion is that in his regime, the peso and dollar
exchange rate was 1 US = P2.00, a rate we can never regain from today's presidents
7th President: Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)
● was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs

○ In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington as
Chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs, to help to secure passage
of the Rogers Veterans Bill, giving benefits to Philippine veterans.
● Popularly known as the "President Of The Masses"
● was the first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his inauguration
● his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest
and zero-corruption
● the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries
● allowed common Filipino masses to enter the president's house
● he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)
among his agrarian reforms
○ · Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954—Abolished the LASEDECO and
established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed
at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and

Mindanao.
8th President: Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)
● known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign
investors
○ The Filipino First Policy was introduced favoring Philippine economic
interests over American interests. The effects of the policy were seen in
investment in Philippine industry, the creation of new businesses, and rising
local investment in local initiatives. However, the policy was strongly opposed
by the United States government and was characterized as pro-communist.
The policy was dismantled by pro-American Diosdado Macapagal.
● established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce and
Bohlen–Serrano Agreement
○ The Bohlen-Serrano Agreement was the law that shortened the original 99
year lease of US bases here in the Philippines to 25 years, the agreement was
renewable for periods only up to 5 years.
○ Austerity Program was implemented in order to curt the rampant graft and
corruption within the country. He also urged people to avoid luxury items and
to live a simple life and reminded government officials and employees’
corruption destroys the peoples trust in the government.
● known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
● cultural arts was strongly promoted during his term of tenure which was his nature as
a leader
○ The Garcia administration also put emphasis on cultural revival, due to the
colonization of many countries he felt that the revival of the Filipino culture was
needed. The award was given to Filipino artists, scientist, historians and
writers.
● was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
9th President: Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)
● established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland
to be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
● was popular with farmers in his time
○ Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963: Abolished share tendency on rice
and corn farmlands and establishment of a leasehold system where farmers
would pay rentals to landlords instead of harvests.
● he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange market
● declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ official Independence Day
○ Changed the date of the Philippine Independence from June 12 to July 4
● created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
Issues and Controversies:

■ Graft and Corruption (Stonehill Scandal)
10th President: Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)
● first president to win a second term

● declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
○ Martial Law is administered by military forces that is invoked by a government
in an emergency when the civilian law enforcement agencies are unable to
maintain public order and safety.
● by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
● awakened the Filipino to put up the EDSA revolution during the 80's
○ Juan Ponce Enrile was the paramount leader of that revolt 33 years ago
● empowered and increased military population to fuel his dictatorship intents in the
armed forces
● the only president who had a record of building more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals
and infrastructures
● the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt to preserve his
legacy by the family
■ Assassination of Benigno Aquino

■ Marcos Ill-gotten wealth
■ Martial Law Declaration
11th President: Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)
● first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

○ Controversies spread that Cory Aquino had lost the February 7, 1986 snap
presidential election to Marcos
● she’s known to bring back democracy in the country through a peaceful revolution
known in world history as EDSA revolution
○ The EDSA I revolt spanned three days - February 22 to 24 - only. He
described February 25, the day Cory Aquino took her oath at Club Filipino as
"revolutionary President".
● initiated the abolition of the repressive 1973 Marcos Constitution and brought about
the making of the new Constitution of the Philippines for the FIlipino people
○ Under both the 1935 and 1973 Constitution, Corazon Aquino was not
qualified to run for president in the 1986 “snap elections”. Both the 1935 and
1973 constitutions specified that a president must be a “resident of the
Philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding the election.” Cory
had left the Philippines together with her husband – voluntarily – to live in
Boston in 1980
● signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government
Code, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
● named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine after EDSA revolution (People
Power)
● brought back the song "tie a yellow ribbon" and turned the color yellow as a symbol for
freedom and democracy
● became popular with the term "filipino people" in her reign as Philippine president
● being compared and cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by political critics
Received honors and awards including:
● 100 Women Who Shaped World History

● 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
● 65 Great Asian Heroes
● J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding
■ Hacienda Luisita
○ Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the
Province of Tarlac, which she inherited from her family.
She was scored for allowing Hacienda Luisita, which
was now owned by the Tarlac Development
Corporation, to opt for stock distribution, instead of land
redistribution.
■ Farmers of Mendiola being massacred.
12th President: Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)
● presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998

○ The Centennial Expo was one of his notable contributions to the Philippines
and the people.
● hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the
Philippines in 1996
● signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front
● during his reign, the country was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger because he
brought back economic growth
● the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom,
bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and
St. George)
● his “Philippines 2000” vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best
improving and rising economies in the world during mid-90s
○ Philippines 2000
-Peace and Stability
-Economic Growth and Development
-Energy and Power Generation
-Environmental Protection
-Streamlined Bureaucracy
-Agrarian Reform Program
-Restatement of the Death Penalty
● enactment of Republic Act 8042: This act protects Filipino workers abroad.
● Death Penalty was reinstated in his time
■ PEA-AMARI Scam Manila Bay Reclamation Deal

■ Centennial Expo and Conversion of Military Base in Fort Bonifacio
for Private Development
13th President: Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)
● during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were
captured
● joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
● cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
● among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S.
control of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base
● popularized the "erap para sa mahirap" slogan which played a major role to his winning
the presidency after the general (FVR) reign
● supported against the Charter Change
○ CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development- Unlike Charter
change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal, according to its
proponents, would only amend the ‘restrictive’ economic provisions of the
constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign
investments in the Philippines.
■ Plunder
■ Impeachment Trial
14th President: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010)
● first president to take oath outside Luzon

● former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current
president Benigno Aquino III was one of her students
● ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh
School of Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status
● eVAT Law was implemented under her term
○ RA 9337, the EVAT law was passed on May 11, 2005 by the Senate. This
newly law implemented taxation on commodities that in the past were tax-
exempt, such as petroleum, electricity and services. Aside from this, the law
also increased sin taxes, or taxes on alcoholic beverages and cigarettes.
■ Hello “Garci” Controversy (June 2005)

■ Oakwood Mutiny (July 27, 2003)
■ NBN-ZTE Controversy (April 2007)
15th President: Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016)
● created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

● initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
○ K–12 education, a 12-year basic education cycle, is used in the United States,
Canada and Australia.
● has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement
● Cyber Crime Law
○ Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, officially recorded as Republic Act No.
10175, is a law in the Philippines approved on September 12, 2012. It aims to
address legal issues concerning online interactions and the Internet in the
Philippines.
● Reproductive Health Bill
○ the plan to distribute and give Filipino couples the choice to use contraceptives
for artificial birth control
● responsible for restructuring of many government systems to his "tuwid na daan"
progressive move
■ Manila hostage crisis

■ Hacienda Luisita
16th President: Rodrigo Duterte (June 30, 2016-present)

● first from Mindanao

● Anti-Drug Campaign
● Battle of Marawi
■ Extrajudicial killings
■ Rape comments
■ Personal killings
■ Polygamy
II. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
Granting Philippine Independence

Laws that lead to Phil. Independence.
1. Jones Law in 1916
- It is an act passed by the Americans to grant the Philippines independence only

as a stable government can be established and the Filipinos have proven their
capability for self-government.
2. Tydings- Mcduffie Law (Philippine Independence Act of 1934)
- It is also a law passed by the Americans that states that the Philippines, will
become an independent country after a ten-year transition period from the
Commonwealth period.
July 4, 1946 - Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated, that showed a peaceful
campaign for Philippine Independence.
June 12, 1898 - Formal Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit Cavite.
1946 - 1961 - Independence Day celebrated on July 4.
1962 - present - Independence Day celebrated on June 12.
Roxas Administration
● Manuel Roxas First SONA
○ The main points of Roxas’ first SONA are the challenges the Philippines of
facing after the aftermath of the war.
○ A government “without financial means to support even its basic functions”
means that there is scarcity in basic commodities of the people which includes
food, hyperinflation and the “tragic destruction” of a productive economy, and
still-ongoing rehabilitation among the different sectors of the society.
● Rehabilitation Finance Corporation
○ In 1958 - present known as the “Development Bank of the Philippines”
○ It is established to solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period.
● Campaign for the parity amendment to the 1935 Constitution.
○ Parity Amendment - It is an amendment ordered by the Bell Trade Act that
would give the Americans and Filipinos equal rights in the utilization of natural
resources and operation of public utilities in return for rehabilitation support
from the United States.
■ This was needed to attract rehabilitation funds and investments to run
a “cash-starved environment.
○ On March 11, 1947, the amendment was approved where 78.89% of the
electorate were in favor of it. There were a lot of speculations on how this
amendment was approved, where only three-quarters of the sitting members
and not the full House and the Senate agreed upon the approval of the said
amendment.
○ After the approval, The United States gave 620 million Dollars as a war damage
compensation. The Philippine Peso and Dollar were tied at a fixed rate of 2 to
1. This only shows that despite the Independence we received, the Philippines
is still dependent on the United States economically. This amendment also
gives monopoly to only a number of large producers and manufacturers. Its
main goal is for the benefit of the American nation and not the Philippine Nation.
● US- Philippine Military Bases Agreement of 1947.
○ It is signed on March 16, 1947, where it is a joint agreement of the Philippines
and the US, where the latter has the right to retain the use of twenty-three
bases, free of rent with a term of 99 years, in return of the future security of the
Philippines. The most important bases were the Clark Air Base in Pampanga
and Subic Naval Base in Zambales. This also shows that the Philippines was
still very reliant to the United States Militarily.
● Pioneered the foreign policy of the Republic.
○ Vice President Elpidio Quirino- Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
○ General Carlos P. Romulo- permanent representative of the Philippines to the
United Nations.
■ He helped shape the country’s international identity in the newly
established stage for international diplomacy and relations.
○ Diplomatic ties and membership of international organizations.
■ World Health Organization (WHO)
■ International Labor Organization (ILO)
■ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
■ United Nations General Assembly.
Quirino Administration
● Quirino’s First SONA
○ Elpidio Quirino focuses on how the Filipinos must earn the trust to the
government by strengthening the people’s confidence in the government. In
order to do that, he travelled around the country to experience and inspect
firsthand of the situation of the community. With this he established the Action
Committee on Social Amelioration through Administrative Order No. 68, where
to goal is to efficiently promote the welfare of the citizens in the rural area.
○ He also focuses on the restoration of peace in the country.
● Problem on Insurgency
○ Two groups namely the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP)
and the Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (PKM) were the main
reasons of insurgency, the Quirino administration reached out to their members
and leaders, Luis Taruc and Juan Feleo, respectively, to negotiate peace and
put an end to the insurgency.
○ With this, Proclamation No. 76 was passed, where the government granted
amnesty to the insurgents that surrendered arms, but it failed because the
insurgents registered but never disarmed
○ After Proclamation No. 76, the administration exerted efforts in reforming the
nation’s Armed Forces and promoting the welfare of citizens in the rural areas
through the Economic Development Corps (EDC) and Land Settlement and
Development Corporation (LADESCO). This gave improvement to the
insurgency problem of the country.
Magsaysay Administration
● MAIN GOAL OF THE ADMINISTRATION
○ It is to help the rural masses by communicating and meeting with his people,
where he is clarifying his intentions.
○ It is to also boost the confidence of the people with its government, made
possible by the Presidential Complaint and Action Commision, where it
investigated various citizen complaints and recommended remedial actions
through government agencies. This Commision supported his claim in making
a government for the people, by giving the masses a voice.
● Achieved victory over the insurgency.

○ The insurgency of the HUKBALAHAP became a major problem, several
programs and reforms were done by the administration to dry up civilian
support for the insurgency, decreasing government and military corruption, and
through the U.S. financial and military support, they succeeded in putting in an
end of the HUKBALAHAP. In 1954, Luis Taruc, Huk leader, surrendered and
agreed to a 15-year imprisonment.
● Laurel-Langley Agreement
○ It is signed as a replacement of the Bell Trade Act, since the latter, serve only
the American interest, and worsening poverty within the Philippines. Laurel-
Langley Agreement gave the Philippines a preferential trade system not only
with the United States but with other countries as well. In this agreement, the
Philippines has the right to impose quotas on non-quota articles and export
taxes. This agreement is for the masses by allowing goods made by Filipino
people to have preferential purchase from international goods and set more
taxes on international goods.
Garcia Administration
● Inaugural address
○ Carlos P. Garcia sought the help and support of the masses in accomplishing
responsibilities as a president. His goal was to simply follow and a continuation
of the legacy of the previous administration.
● Establishment of the Social Security System
○ Since his goal is to continue the legacy of the Magsaysay administration, he
used the campaign on social welfare and signed the amendment of the Social
Security Law through Republic Act 1792 on September 1, 1957.
● First time where both the president and vice-president do not come from one
party
○ President Garcia - Nacionalista
○ Vice President Diosdado Macapagal - Liberal
○ This is showing that Philippines is an active democratic country.
● Promoted the “Filipino First” Policy
○ This was done to regain economic independence, a national effort by Filipinos
to “obtain major and dominant participation in their economy”. This only means
that Filipinos must support our own products and services to favor our own
industries than the international ones.
● Austerity Program
○ It was implemented by the administration to abrupt the graft and corruption of
the country. The program urge people to live a simple life and avoid luxury
items, and is centered on wise spending thrift and trustworthiness. But despite
this, corruption during the administration was still rampant.
● Bohlen-Serrano Agreement
○ It is a law that shorten the US-Philippine Military Bases Agreement from 99
year lease to 25 years.
Macapagal Administration
● Inaugural address
○ Macapagal emphasized about the responsibilities and goals that his

administration has for the term. His main points are to eradicate corruption, as
he assures that honesty will predominate during his term. He also aimed at
self-proficiency and the promotion of every citizen’s welfare, and also to lessen
poverty in the country through employment. A well-formulated socioeconomic
program is also one of his targets.
● Changing the commemoration of Philippine Independence Day
○ He signed a proclamation which declared June 12 of every year as the
celebration of Independence day from July 4. July 12 was when the Spain
declared independence, while July 4 was the date the Philippines was declared
independent by the United States. July 4 now is celebrated as Philippine-
American friendship day.
● North Borneo Claim
○ North Borneo (which is now known as Sabah), was said to be the gift of
Sultanate of Brunei to the Sultanate of Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail
Kiram I, for the help in fighting its enemy. In this administration, Sabah was
officially considered as a territory of the Philippines.
Marcos Administration
● First Inaugural Address
○ Focused on the revival of the greatness of the nation
● Reorganization and formation of different bureaus
○ Reorganized Armed Forces of the Philippines
○ Philippine Constabulary
○ Bureau of Internal Revenues
Ferdinand E. Marcos Administration

● Martial Law
○ The proclamation of Martial Law was on September 21, 1972 by President
Ferdinand E. Marcos which was issued under Proclamation 1081 which
suspended the civil rights imposed military authority in the country. Marcos
defended the declaration stressing the need for extra powers to quell the rising
wave of violence allegedly caused by communists.
● Investment Incentive Act of 1967
○ Aims to encourage Filipino and foreign investments to develop agricultural,
mining and manufacturing industries which increase national income most at
the least cost, increase exports, bring about greater economic stability, provide
more opportunities for employment, raise the standards of living of the people,
and provide for an equitable distribution of wealth.
● Decentralisation Act
○ Decentralisation as a concept has two features which are political and
administrative. While political decentralisation involves devolution of powers,
administrative decentralisation focuses on deconcentration of functions.
Present trends seem to indicate the recognition of the regional level, not simply
as an operation level for administrative decentralisation, but as a separate level
in Philippine local government.
○ Decentralisation during the Marcos regime from 1972 to 1986 had a political
decentralisation where the country suffered a setback with the concentration of
decision making powers in the hands of Marcos. Marcos abolished congress

and then went on to suspend national and local elections, arrogating unto
himself the power to appoint local officials. This was never considered truly
reflective of the people’s will because of the prevailing conditions of
dictatorship.
● 1971 Constitutional Convention Act
○ The Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 was called to change the
1935 Constitution of the Philippines. The constitution plebiscite of 1973 was
called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was
brought to question because Marcos replaced the method of voting through
secret ballot with a system of viva voce voting by “citizen’s assemblies”. The
ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the
Ratification cases. This resulted Marcos laying the foundation for the legal
justifications to extend his term past the two four-year terms.
● New People’s Army (NPA)
○ “Bagong Hukbong Bayan”
○ The armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines, formed and
founded by Jose Maria Sison and Lucio Manlapaz on March 29, 1969. The
NPA conducts its armed guerrilla struggle based on the strategic line of
protracted people’s war.
● “First quarter storm”
○ This was the period of civil unrest in the Philippines which composed of a series
of heavy demonstrations, protests, and marches against the government from
January to March 1970 caused by various local students.
● Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
○ August 21, 1983, Benigno S. Aquino Jr. was fatally shot as he exited the plane
by the alleged assassin, Rolando Galman, who was immediately gunned down
by personnel of the Aviation Security Command.
● Presidential Election of 1986
○ February 7, 1986 – The Snap Elections were held on this day where the two
main candidates were Corazon C. Aquino and Ferdinand E. Marcos. This is
subject to debate due to many discrepancies on the number of votes and the
winner of the elections. It is believed that Marcos committed fraud in the tallying
of votes. This event is known to be the catalyst for the end of Martial Law and
the Marcos Regime as it brought about the the People Power Revolution.
● People Power Revolution
○ EDSA Revolution/ Philippine revolution of 1986
○ Series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines that began in 1983 and
culminated on Feb. 22-25, 1986 where there was a sustained campaign of civil
resistances against regime violence and electoral fraud. This nonviolent
revolution led to the departure of President Marcos and restoration of
democracy in the Philippines.
○ Yellow Revolution – presence of yellow ribbons following the assassination of
Senator Benigno Aquino Jr.
Corazon “Cory” Aquino Administration (1986)

● The Marcos Regime which lasted for 21 years of dictatorial rule ended in 1986,
following a popular uprising that forced them to exile to Hawaii.
● Corazon Aquino was installed as president and restored civil liberties, initiated the
formation of a new constitution and the restoration of Congress.
● September 16, 1991 – the Senate rejected a new treaty that would allow a 10-year
extension of the US military bases in the country
● 1992 elections – Aquino endorsed Secretary of Defense Fidel Ramos as her successor
Fidel Ramos Administration (1992)

● National reconciliation
○ Laid the groundwork for the resolution of the secessionist Muslim rebels in the
southern Philippine Island of Mindanao.
● The Moro National Liberation Front
○ Led by Nur Misuai, signed a peace agreement with the government. However
a splinter group, The Moro Islamic Liberation Front led by Hashim Salamat
continued to fight for an Islamic State.
● Philippines 2000
○ Socio-economic program – The plan envisioned the Philippines achieving
newly industrialised country status by the year 2000. Ramos worked for the
economic stability of the country and the improvement of the infrastructure
facilities like telecommunications, energy and transportation.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998)

● Suceeded Ramos in 1998
● Lack of economic and management skills resulted the economy to plunge deeper as
unemployment increased and the budget deficit ballooned.
● Abolition of Pork Barrel
○ “Priority Development Assistance Fund scam” (PDAF scam/ pork barrel scam)
○ Political scandal involving the alleged misuse by several members of the
Congress of the Philippines.
○ Accused by his close friend, Luis Singson, of receiving millions of pesos from
“Jueteng”, an illegal numbers game. Estrada was impeached soon after on
grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust and culpable
violation of the constitution.
● People Power III / Edsa Revolution II
○ His impeachment trial at the Senate was however blocked by his political allies
in the Senate. Shortly after the evidence against Estrada was blocked,
thousands of people rallied up at the EDSA shrine, site of the People Power
Revolution.
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Administration (2001)

● EDSA III Uprising
○ Protest sparked by the arrest in April 25, 2011 of newly deposed Estrada which
was held for seven days in EDSA.
● Oakwood Mutiny
○ July 27, 2003 – a group of 321 armed soldiers (Bagong Katipuneros) led by
Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Lt. Sg. Antonio Trillanes IV of the Philippine
Navy took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center to show the Filipino people
the alleged corruption of Arroyo administration.
● Hello Garci Controversy
○ Gloriagate – political scandal and electoral crisis.

○ Allegedly rigged the 2004 national election in her favor where it began in June
2005 when audio recordings of a phone call conversation between President
Arroyo and Election Commissioner Virgilio Garcillano talked about the rigging
of the 2004 national election results, were released to the public.
● Presidential Proclamation No. 1017
○ Proclamation declaring a state of national emergency. This claimed an alliance
of soldiers, opposition politicians and communist rebels were plotting to
overthrow her.
● Executive order no. 464
○ September 26, 2005 – controversial executive order issued in the Philippines
by President Arroyo that prevents cabinet members, police and military
generals, senior national security officials and such other officers as may be
determined by the President, to attend congressional hearings unless the
President gives permission to those who will attend said proceedings.
○ This order was created as two officers from the military appeared during the
hearings of the Senate committee on National Defense on the hello Garci
scandal.
● Manila Peninsula siege
○ November 29, 2007 – a group of soldiers led by Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim, Senator
Antonio Trillanes IV, Captain Nicanor Faeldon and Capt. Gary Alejano, along
with 30 others, walked out of their hearing for the 2003 Oakwood Mutiny at the
Makati Regional Trial Court and went to the hotel. The group stayed at the hotel
where they expressed their sentiments against the Arroyo administration
through the media. The PNP put Metro Manila under red alert status.
Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III Administration (2010)

● Manila Hostage Crisis
o Rizal Park hostage-taking incident
o August 23, 2010 - Former disgruntled PNP officer named Rolando Mendoza
hijacked a tourist bus. Mendoza claimed that he had been unfairly dismissed from his
job and demanded a fair hearing to defend himself.
● Truth Commission (2010)
o Created to find out the truth about reports of large scale graft and corruption in
the previous government to put a closure to them by filing of the appropriate cases
against those who were involved. To restore the people’s faith and confidence in the
Government and their public servants.
● Anti-corruption crusade
Rodrigo Roa Duterte Administration (2016)

● June 30, 2016
● Strong stance against illegal drugs and crime
● Jailing of Senator Leila de Lima
○ Accused of orchestrating a drug trafficking ring when she was justice secretary
during the 2010-2015 administration of Benigno Aquino
● Burial for the dictator Ferdinand Marcos
○ November 8, 2016 – burial of late dictator at the Libingan ng mga Bayani with
full military honors
● Bloody war against drugs
III. ECONOMY
Mid 19th century

● a Filipino landowning elite developed on the basis of export of abaca (Manila hemp),
sugar and other agricultural products
● The onset of U.S. power in the Philippines (1898- 1899), this planter group was
cultivated as part of the United States military and political pacification program. The
democratic process imposed on the Philippines during the American colonial period
remained under the control of this elite
● Landowning class used their position directly to further its economic interests and to
secure a flow of resources to garner political support and ensure a position as the
political elite.
● 1940s
- 1946, the time of independence, and the aftermath of the Japanese occupation,
the Philippine reliance on the United States was even more evident
- To gain access to reconstruction assistance from the United States, the
Philippines agreed to maintain its prewar exchange rate with the United
States dollar and not to restrict imports from the United States
- For a while the aid inflow from the United States offset the negative balance
of trade, but by 1949, the economy had entered a crisis.
- The Philippine government responded by instituting import and foreign-
exchange controls that lasted until the early 1960s
● In 1950s
- Import restrictions stimulated the manufacturing sector.
- Manufacturing net domestic product (NDP) at first grew rapidly, averaging 12
percent growth per annum in real terms during the first half of the 1950s,
contributing to an average 7.7 percent growth in the GNP, a higher rate
than in any subsequent five-year period.
- The Philippines had entered an import-substitution stage of industrialization
- real GNP growth was down to 4.9 percent. Import demand outpaced exports,
and the allocation of foreign exchange was subject to corruption. Pressure
mounted for a change of policy
● In 1960s,
- the government devalued the peso and abolished import controls and
exchange licensing. The peso fell by half to P3.90 to the dollar in 1962
- Traditional exports of agricultural and mineral products increased; however,
the growth rate of manufacturing declined even further
- Manufacturing recovered slightly, growing an average of 6.1 percent per
year in the second half of the decade. However, the sector was no longer
the engine of development that it had been in the early 1950s.
- Real GNP growth averaging somewhat under 5 percent in the second half
of decade
- The limited impact of manufacturing also affected employment. The sector's

share of the employed labor force, which had risen rapidly during the 1950s
to over 12 percent, plateaued. Import substitution had run its course.
- incentive structures was improved, to move the country away from import
substitution, and to reduce tariffs. Movements to reduce tariffs, however,
met stiff resistance from industrialists, and government efforts to liberalize
the economy and emphasize export-led industrialization were largely
unsuccessful.
Philippine Economy Under Marcos

● 1970s
- The Philippines economy grew at a relatively high average annual rate of
6.4 percent during the 1970s, financed in large part by foreign-currency
borrowing
- September 1972, Marcos declared martial law.
§ gathered around him a group of businessmen, used presidential decrees
and letters of instruction to provide them with monopoly positions within
the economy, and began channeling resources to himself and his
associates, instituting what came to be called "crony capitalism."
§ Marcos's efforts to create a "New Society" were supported widely.
- Foreign investment was encouraged
- export-processing zone was opened
- a range of additional investment incentives was created
§ A general rise in world raw material prices in the early 1970s helped boost
the performance of the economy
- real GNP grew at an average of almost 7 percent per year in the five
years after the declaration of martial law
- Agriculture performed better that it did in the 1960s with new rice
technologies
- Manufactured exports, on the other hand, had a growing at a rate twice
that of the country's traditional agricultural exports.
- The public sector played a much larger role in the 1970s, with the extent
of government expenditures in GNP rising by 40 percent in the decade
after 1972. To finance the boom, the government extensively resorted
to international debt, hence the characterization of the economy of the
Marcos era as "debt driven."
- large part the consequence of the spending of government funds by
President Marcos in his reelection bid. The government, unable to meet
payments on its US$2.3 billion international debt, worked out a US$27.5
million standby credit arrangement with the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) that involved renegotiating the country's external debt and devaluing
the Philippine currency to P6.40 to the United States dollar
● 1980s the Philippine economy was hurt by political instability, authoritarianism,

increasing foreign debt, falling commodity prices, corporate mismanagement and vast
unemployment.
- declining world market for Philippine exports, trouble in borrowing on the
international capital market
- The growth rate of GNP fell dramatically, and from then the economic ills of
the Philippines proliferated
- External indebtedness grew from $2.3 billion in 1970 to $24.4 billion in
1983, much of which was owed to transnational commercial banks.
- February 1986, in the ending of Marcos's twenty-one-year rule and his flight
from the Philippines; circumstances had not improved when Marcos fled
the country
Philippine Economy Under Cory Aquino
· 1988
- Economic growth revived in 1986, reaching 6.7 percent in 1988
- the economy once again began to encounter difficulties. The trade deficit
and the government budget deficit were of particular concern.
- unemployment rate peaked at 11.4% in early 1989, and the
underemployment rate, twice that of unemployment.
- In 1988, about 470,000 Filipinos left the country to work abroad in contract
jobs or as merchant seamen.
· 1990
- economy continued to experience difficulties, a situation exacerbated by
several natural disasters, and growth declined to 3 percent
- approximately 50% of the population lived below the poverty line.
- P18,419, or US$668, per capita GNP in 1990 remained (below 1978)
- Multilateral Aid Initiative, also known as the Philippine Assistance Plan, a
multinational initiative to provide assistance to the Philippines, pledged a
total of US$6.7 billion.
Philippine Economy Under Ramos

- transformed the Philippines into an economic powerhouse that was not yet an Asian
tiger but was sometimes referred to as Asian tiger cub.
- Increases in agricultural production and in consumer and government spending
- greatest threat was power shortage; The fall in the water level in Lake Lanao
caused a 50% reduction in the power supply to Mindanao in December 1991, and the
resumption of full power was not expected until almost the end of 1992.
reactivated the contract with Westinghouse Corporation to restart construction on a 620
megawatt nuclear power plant on the Bataan Peninsula
- The growth rate during the Ramos years was a robust 5 percent a year and
inflation was in the single digits, down from 25 percent in 1990.
- The taxation system was reformed, and external debt was brought to more
manageable levels by debt restructuring and sensible fiscal management. By 1996, GNP
was growing at a rate of 7.2 percent
"Philippines 2000." Under the plan, several industries critical to economic development were
privatized, such as electricity, telecommunications, banking, domestic shipping, and oil.
Asian Economic Crisis in 1997-98, the Philippines the stock market declined by 32% and the
currency against the dollar depreciated by as much as 48% and later level off at 30% at end
of December 1997
§ Money sent home by Filipino workers abroad helped stabilize the currency. Most currency
speculators were Filipinos.
Philippine Economy Under Estrada

- Foreign investors were turned off by scandals and favoritism towards
Philippines companies.
- revived the culture of corruption
- inconsistent monetary policy, slow economic growth, and uncertainty brought
about by terrorists and insurgencies.
- . After his ouster in 2001 he left behind a huge budget deficit and debt
payments that were double what the country sent on health, education and agriculture
combined
Philippine Economy Under Arroyo

- the stock market surged 30% and businessmen praised her skills and abilities
- launched free market and anti-corruption policies that were welcomed by both the
local and international business communities.
- Investment dried up as a result of global slowdowns and security concerns. Direct
foreign investment was only $319 million in 2001 compared to $1.8 billion in 1992.
- Growth was 3.4 percent in 2001, 4.3 percent in 2002 and 4.5 percent in 2003. In
2004 the economy was hurt by high oil prices
- Inflation was less than 6% but the deficit grew at an alarming rate as the
government spending increased and tax revenues fell. Raising revenues became one of the
main problems. In 2003, the deficit reached $3.6 billion and debt was estimated to be over
$100 billion.
Second term
- reform package to fight corruption, attract foreign investment, and make the
Philippines less dependent on foreign energy.
- promised to create 10 million jobs by 2010 and announced that power rates would
be doubled to avert an energy crisis, She also promised to provide clean water and
electricity to every village in the Philippines and build 3,000 schools. The plan called for the
seemingly impossible combination of increased spending, higher taxes and a balanced
budget in five years.
Philippine Economy Under Benigno Aquino
GEOGRAPHY
Philippine archipelago - composed of about 7,100 islands

- lies strategically within the “arc of nations” through southeastward
from mainland Asia to Australia
- (TLA) Total Land Area = 300,000 km2 (92% are part of the 11
largest islands)
● Grouped geographically into 3 major islands: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
1. Luzon - 47% of total land area Luzon; largest island group; situated in north
2. Visayas - 19% of total land area; group of smaller islands between Luzon and
Mindanao
3. Mindanao - 34% of total land area; 2nd largest group; located in south
● (1993) The Philippines was divided administratively into 15 regions:
1. Luzon
➔ National Capital Region (NCR)
➔ Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
➔ Region 1 - Ilocos
➔ Region 2 - Cagayan Valley
➔ Region 3 - Central Luzon
➔ Region 4 - Southern Tagalog
➔ Region 5 - Bicol
2. Visayas
➔ Region 6 - Western Visayas
➔ Region 7 - Central Visayas
➔ Region 8 - Eastern Visayas
3. Mindanao
➔ Region 9 - Western Mindanao
➔ Region 10 - Northern Mindanao
➔ Region 11 - Southern Mindanao
➔ Region 12 - Central Mindanao
➔ Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao - ARMM
● After region(s) are the following lower administrative units:
- provinces/subprovinces
- cities
- municipalities
- barangays
● (1990) At the time there were 73 provinces, 2 subprovinces, 60 cities, 1,537
municipalities, and some 41,000 barangays.
● Urban and rural area classification are made at the barangay level using the 1970
Census urban-rural definitions.
● In the Philippines, different areas are characterized through:
diverse topography
- Mountain ranges - traverse major islands
- Adjacent valleys & plateaus - provide a sharp contrast
climatic conditions and degree of weather disturbances:
(which differ among provinces due to varied topography and geographic location)
- Northeastern Luzon provinces & Bicol Region - generally wet and more
vulnerable to typhoon than the rest of the country
- Visayan regions - with more rainy days than Luzon and Mindanao
- Mindanao - almost free from typhoon, making agriculture a very important
industry on that island
LANGUAGE
(1896-1898) The Philippine Revolution against the Spaniards

● Philippine language at the time had many borrowed Spanish words into Tagalog
- Number system: one - uno | two - dos | three - tres | four - quatro
- Household: spoon - cuchara | fork - tenedor | window - ventana | table - mesa

- Religion: God - Dios | Jesus Christ - Jesucristo | Holy spirit - Espiritu santo
(1898-1942) The American Occupation in the Philippines

● The Americans made English as the official language of the Philippines...
● due to various reasons:
- Spanish language - still unknown to many native people
- English language - wanted by the native people, asked by Taft’s commission
(established to set-up a government in the Philippines)
- Various native languages - a “united language” was desired due to volume of
different native languages (it was hard to form a government)
● early American occupation:
- English - taught in schools; available to all
- Spanish - still used in many areas
● mid American occupation:
- English - satisfied the people and adapt to the new system
- Spanish - was lost as a major influence due to years without being taught, those
who knew were either old or deceased BUT native dialects continued to use
borrowed words from Spanish
● November 1937
- under National Language Institute: Jaime C. De Veyra, a native Waray
speaker, was appointed by Pres. Manuel Quezon to chair a committee of
regional language speakers in order to select a national language
● December 1937
- Tagalog language - chosen as base language due to widely spoken and
developed local language
● 1939, By Pres. Quezon
- Tagalog language as “Wikang Pambansa”
(1942-1945) The Japanese Occupation in the Philippines

● During World War II
- Japanese language - influenced various dialects in the Philippines; the official
language of the PH was still English
ex. Jack-en-poy - jankenpon | katol - katori-senkō | (young boy) toto - otōto
(1945-1946) US and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines

● Debated repeatedly in America and in the Philippines
- If English should be the official language or one of the native languages
(1946 - present) Philippines: Modern Period

● 1946, The Treaty of Manila
The decision after ten years between the U.S. and Philippine Government
- Tagalog language - became the official language of the Philippines;
implemented in the educational system
● 1959, By Secretary of Education Jose Romero
- Tagalog language renamed as “Pilipino”
● 1973 Constitution
The Constitution of the Philippines or Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas was completed on

October 1986 and officially valid on February 1987
- Pilipino, co-official language of English
- Mandated to develop a national language of the country, to be known as
“Filipino”
● s. 1973, Presidential Decree No. 155
- Spanish - regained its status as an official language in the Philippines
● 1987 Constitution
- Filipino and English as the official languages
- Filipino to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and
other languages"
- Spanish - now the lingua franca (bridge/common/link language) of the
Philippines
● Currently, there are still various native languages. The number of individual languages
listed for Philippines is 185 (as of 2015)
- 183 are living ; 2 are extinct
- Living languages: 175 are indigenous a, 8 are non-indigenous
- 39 are institutional, 67 are developing, 38 are vigorous, 28 are in trouble, and
11 are dying
● Several English words have been adopted by the Tagalog and other Filipino
languages.
ex. "transfer" or to move
- used as "Magtransfer kami sa Maynila." or "We are moving to Manila."
Current Languages in the Philippines

Tagalog
● “Taga-ilog” or “from the river”
● An Austronesian language (a Malayo-Polynesian subfamily) with outside influences
from Malay and Chinese, and later from both Spanish and American English
● With <50 million speakers in the Philippines
● Spoken mostly in southern parts of Luzon
● Also known as “Filipino”, the official national language of the Philippines
● Tagalog-speaking communities in other countries, largest in the U.S. (ranks as the 6th
most-spoken language)
● Writing system
- Based on ancient script, Baybayin (syllabic alphabet)
- Spanish colonists (romanized)
- Changed numerous times to incorporate Spanish and English (modern
alphabet)
Other Philippine dialects

- Cebuano, Ilokano, Waray-Waray, Hiligaynon, Pangasinan, Bikol, Maranao,
Maguindanao, Tausug, and Kapampangan
Informal Languages (2000s)

● Taglish
- Mixing of Tagalog and English, esp in urban areas
- With thousand of borrowed words from Tagalog, other from Spanish
● Engalog
- Consists of mainly English words with a few Tagalog words to describe action or things
● Jejemon
● Gay lingo
● Konyo
The languages of the Philippines continue to borrow words from one another. Since the
languages come from a common root, it is often hard to distinguish which words descended
from the same roots and which are borrowed later from another Filipino language. Among
both categories, these words do not always have the same meanings in the different
languages.
Over the course of its development, Tagalog (and other languages of the Philippines) have
been influenced by Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, English, and many other languages, in trade
and in occupations by various countries. They have taken and adapted words from all of these
languages to make them part of their own languages. They have, however, still maintained
their own languages, and maintained separations from one language to another.
SOCIETY
● The Philippines is a combined society: both Singular and Plural in form.

- singular: one nation
- plural: fragmented geographically and culturally
Division in society
- between Christians, Muslims, and other religion-ethno-linguistic groups
- between urban and rural people
- between upland and lowland people
- between the rich and the poor
Unity in society
- Filipinos are very hospitable and give appropriate respect to anybody
regardless of race, culture, and belief
● Inside the mixed society, everyone differs from each other through
- looks or appearances
- cultural practices & beliefs
- with a diverse blend of people and customs
Due to inconsistent homogeneity of race, Filipinos naturally adapt and get influenced easily.
- Embraced the spirituality of the Spanish during the colonial period
- Adapted modernity of the Americans in the recent years
Despite these multifaceted customs and incongruous mixture of people, foreigners still find
Filipinos enriched with uniqueness and variants.
● The Filipino Cultural Awareness

➔ Bayanihan
- reation of association with neighbors and helping attitude whenever one is in
need.
Example: The Bayanihan spirit in action when a bus gets a flat tire. The by
standing or surrounding Filipinos would help the bus driver not just stay idle by.
➔ Close Family Ties

- Filipinos are well-known for the close family ties
- Family, Filipino’s primary social welfare system
- even as independent adults, many Filipinos libe near their family
➔ Pakikisama
- Pakikisama or harmony, getting along with others to preserve a harmonious
relationship
➔ Hiya
- Hiya or shame, a motivating factor behind behavior
- a sense of social decency and compliant to public norms of behavior
- living up to accepted standards of behavior; failing to do so they brings shame
upon themselves and their family
➔ Utang na Loob
- Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude, owed by one to a person who has helped
him through hardships or trials
- Local saying: “Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa
paroroonan.” which translates to, “One who does not look back to where he
started, will not get to where he is going.”
➔ Others
- Amor Propio: Concern for self image.
- Delicadeza: Sense of honor
- Palabra de Honor: "word of honor"
These traits are generally positive but can have an inclination to be applied in the wrong
context. Like favoritism due to close family ties or debt of gratitude will be repaid through
special favors regardless of morality.
● Folk Traditions and Beliefs

➔ Before the pre-Hispanic beliefs consists of a hierarchy of gods, goddesses, and
spirits (has similarity to that of Roman Catholicism)
➔ Bathala - supreme God of the Tagalogs; symbolized by araw or sun
➔ Gugurang - supreme God of the Bikolanos
➔ Other Tagalog Gods and Goddesses - buwan or moon, tala or stars, and even
objects such as trees, shrubs, mountains, or rocks
➔ The Spirits - consist of aswang (ghoul), tikbalang (a man with a head of a horse),
kapre (a giant that smokes with tobacco), tiyanak (vampire feeding on children's
blood), santelmo (fireball), dwende (dwarves and elves), ik-ik (witches), and a lot
of engkanto (minor spirits) and diwata (fairies/nymphs)
➔ Voodoo practices - by the pre-colonial inhabitants, pangkukulam or witchcraft
➔ Beliefs - usog (a child greeted by a stranger will get sick) and lihi (unusual craving
for something during pregnancy)
Even before the Spanish colonization and Roman Catholicism, the indigenous inhabitants
were believer of animism or the worship of nature. These beliefs still remain up until the
present generation which has directed some foreign authors to describe them as 'Pagan-
Christians'.
RELIGION
The major religion in the Philippines is the Roman Catholic Christianity, followed by an Islam
and other Christian minority. In the Philippines, all religions are protected by the law, and no
one religious belief is given priority over any other
➔ Roman Catholicism prevails throughout most of the islands, though Islam has strong
followings near Malaysia in the southwest of the country.
➔ The Manila Metropolitan Cathedral and Basilica is one of the most well-known
Catholic churches in the Philippines.
1. Roman Catholic Christianity - 70%

● The largest religion in the Philippines.
● This religion was first introduced through the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan in the early 1500s.
● Today, a large majority of the population of the Philippines - around 70% -
identifies as Roman Catholic.
2. Protestant Christianity - 17%

● The second largest religious group in the Philippines.
● Evangelical Protestantism was introduced into the Philippines by American
missionaries after the Spanish-American War between the late 18th and early
19th Centuries.
● Some Protestant groups which are affiliated with the Philippine Council of
Evangelical Churches (PCEC), however were established locally, without any
foreign influence.
3. Islam - 11%
● The third largest religion in the Philippines after Catholicism and Christianity.
● The religion existed in the region for around a century before the spread of
Christianity.
● Islam first spread to Simunul Island in the Philippines through foreign trade with
countries such as India.
● It was the Islamic cleric-Karim ul' Makhdum who first introduced the religion to
the area.
o He established the first mosque on the same Island, which is today, the
oldest mosque in the country.
4. Iglesia ni Cristo (Philippine Church of Christ) - 2%

● The Philippine Church of Christ originated from within the country itself in the
early 19th Century.
● It was founded by Felix Manalo Ysagun, who claimed that this sect was the
true religion of Christ, and all other Christian groups were not.
● This Church believes in the power of scripture and a supreme God in a fashion
similar to other Christian denominations, but rejects the doctrine of
Trinitarianism which is common among other groups.
5. Buddhists - 2%
● The time Buddhism first spread into the Philippines is unknown for the most
part, although archaeological records point towards the 6th or 7th Century.
● Through sea trade with the Srivijaya Empire of India which was predominantly
Buddhist, Vajrayana, a form of Buddhism became introduced in the Philippines.
● The adherents of this religion are primarily Chinese, Filipino-Chinese,
Japanese, and other Asian or Middle-East groups residing in the country.
● Buddhists do not believe in a creator God in the same fashion Christians do.
The main beliefs include suffering which is inherent in human existence,
impermanence of everything in the world, and the absence of a permanent
soul.
● Buddhism has had linguistic influences on Filipino culture as the origin of some
words can be traced to Sanskrit and Pali which are Buddhist languages.
6. Other - 6.6%
Other minor religions in the country include Hinduism, Judaism, the Baha'i
Faith, Indigenous Beliefs, Other Christians, and Atheists.
● Indigenous traditions predate the colonial religions of Islam and Christianity
in the Philippines. The most predominant views are that of animism, which is
the belief that even non-living entities such trees and plants have spirits.
Indigenous religions are characterized by worship of various deities, as
opposed to the monotheistic religions. With regards to influence, other
religions, even the predominant Roman Catholic, have adopted animism in
combination with their own beliefs. This blending is known as religious
syncretism.
● Other Christian groups in the country include Jehovah's witnesses, Latter
Day Saints, Assemblies of God, Seventh-day Adventists, and numerous
others. These groups were started either locally, or introduced by international
Missionaries. Some beliefs are common to mainstream Christianity, but there
are also a host of differences. For instance, Jehovah's witnesses also reject
Trinitarianism, and the Latter day Saints believe in Salvation for the dead.
Influences of these religions are mainly not on the wider society, but adherents
of these religions. For instance, Jehovah's witnesses do not receive blood
transfusions no matter how critical their health is. [Source: Anthony, D. (2016,
September 12). Religious Beliefs In The Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-the-philippines.html]
CUSTOMS
● Filipinos are originally from the southern part of Asia. However, people from countries
like China, India, the United States and Spain married Filipinos resulting in a great deal
of stock blending.
● 79 indigenous ethnic groups compose the Filipino people. The last five hundred years
of eventful history of the country added an impact to the cultural blend of the Asian and
Western population.
● The colonial reign of the Spaniards in 1570-1898 as well as the Americans in 1903-
1946, resulted in the expansion of Christian values, which gave an identity to every
Filipino, and the interaction with other countries’ cultures, like the ones from China,
India, Indonesia and Malaysia, gave a specific Asian touch to the cultural heritage of
the Philippines.
1. Family Structure
● The basic social unit of the country is the family, which also includes the
intermediate family members (aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins) and other
outside relations (godparents and close friends).
● As such, many children have several godparents and when parents are out of
the country to work, children are mostly left to the grandparents to watch over
them.
● It is common for members of the same family to work for the same company, a
practice which was influenced by the first Chinese settlers in the Philippines.
● Filipino families live in different kinds of house structures depending on their
status or area.
○ For families in rural areas, they live in a nipa hut which is made of
bamboo and roofed with leaves from palm trees or corrugated metal.
Filipinos that are ranked as “middle class” live in houses made of bricks
and stones.
2. Meals
● Filipinos are big eaters, even though it is not obviously seen in their petite
bodies. The Philippines is known as Asia’s melting pot because of the
uniqueness and variety of their food.
● Filipinos can’t go a day without including rice in their meals. They love plain
rice matched with salted fish, chicken and meat. They serve rice first followed
by the various viands they have grown to eat and cook.
● Filipinos have a very regular eating schedule: morning, mid-morning, lunch,
afternoon (merienda) and dinner.
● Enjoy a variety of sweet foods adopted from other countries which encouraged
them to make their own desserts like “maha-blanca” a dessert made of coconut
milk, corn, sugar, or “puto” and “palitaw” which are also made of coconut milk.
They also enjoy eating “halo-halo” for their afternoon snack which means
“mixture,” a popular dessert that consists of layers of cornflakes, ice cream,
small pieces of gelatin, milk and shaved ice.
● During special occasions like a town’s big event in celebration of their saint’s
feast, a favorite food called “lechon,” a suckling pig that has been roasted until
the skin turns crusty is served.
● Some street foods are also common in the country like the famous “balut,” a
boiled duck egg with an embryo, and fish and squid balls on a stick that are
dipped on spicy and sweet sauces. [Source: The Philippines: Culture and
Tradition. (2018, September 26). Retrieved from
https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2015/02/20/the-philippines-culture-
and-tradition/]
ARTS
Philippine Art in the Modern Era

● Modern art in the Philippines has evolved into a wide variety of expressions and
medium turning the country into a situation of creative confusions.
● It is a search for new – doing what no one has done before.
Modern Filipino Artists:

● They have more freedom to explore on their own the best way of expressing their art.
● The most interesting works of our contemporary artists show their love for our country
and evolving culture.
● The cross-cultural exposures in the Eastern and Western world have a great impact
on the style of a Filipino artist yet he has not forgotten his Filipino roots.
● The forms maybe universal but the content is local or distinctly Filipino in his artwork.
● Many artists use color to symbolize their emotional values rather than intellectual
values.
Some Modern Filipino Artists:

Jose T. Joya
● National Artist, Visual Arts, 2003
● Foremost Filipino Abstract painter
● He said “It’s useless to try to make out familiar objects in my paintings.
● Hills of Nikko
Vicente Manansala
● National Artist, Visual Arts, 1981
● He invested each human figure with inner fortitude, making each one a stoic figure of
human dignity.
● Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread
Napoleon Abueva
● National Artist in Sculpture, 1976
● Most outstanding modern Filipino sculptor today
● He produced towering abstract in metal, steel and wood.
● His best abstract sculpture is the Allegorical Harpoon – Its memorable, swivel piece
pegged to its rifle-shaped horizontal torso, impresses with its elegant but enigmatic
appearance.
● Sandugo - Abueva, who hailed from Bohol, created this sculpture depicting Rajah
Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi of Spain. It is located in Barangay Bool,
Tagbilaran City.
● Magdangal - One of Abueva's many sculptures in UP Diliman is "Magdangal" and it
was created in celebration of UP's centennial year in 2008.
● Tribute to Higher Education - Also in UP Diliman.
Carlos “Botong” Francisco

● National Artist in Painting, 1973
● Foremost Filipino Muralist
● He contributed towards developing a Filipino imagery drawing inspirations from the
customs and traditions of the people.
● Bayanihan – He used the people of Angono, where he lived, as his subjects for his
paintings of heroes and legends and characters of our myths.
● Kalantiao at Lubluban
Mauro Malang Santos

● He shows his highly original approach to figurative painting.
● Landscape
Hernando R. Ocampo
● National Arts, Visual Arts, 1991
● Being a neorealist, he aimed to de-emphasize a life-like representation with the natural
world.
● He was interested on how shapes, textures, lines and values interact with one another
in space rather than in capturing a realistic appearance of nature.
● Pentecostal Series – c1971
Prudencio L. Lamarroza
● He is different from the artists of his generation because of his intellectual detachment
amid all the ill-effects of technology in the world’s environment.
● Amburayan Princess – An example of Lamarrosa’s intellectual approach to paintings.
Robert Rodriguez Chabet

● A follower of Cubism and Dadaism which serves as his guiding principle
● Shanghai – This artwork is the only work in his portfolio that does not have a drop of
paint on the surface.
Ibarra dela Rosa

● Intramuros – This artwork creates a symphony of colors. The subject gives him the
basic pattern which allows him to see the effect of different color combinations – how
the same scene could bring out a different mood.

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JAPAN AND MODERN Group 4 4C-BIOCHEMISTRY 1

● Attack on Pearl Harbor

● Causes of Outbreak of War between Japan and the United States

II. Government System

Philippine Executive Commission (PEC)

Preparatory Commision for Philippine Independence (PCPI)

Philippine National Assembly

III. Influence of Japanese

○ 1942-1944: Four comic art or “komiks” or “komik strips” during

○Law school was not reopened as the Japanese believed that

IV. RESISTANCE DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Resistance was also evident in the Visayas. One of which is the

There were also Waray guerrillas formed by Captain Nieves Fernandez

- Resistance in Mindanao and other significant resistance

There was also resistance from the Filipino-Chinese who formed Wa

● Defeat of Japan in the Philippines

● Heading to the Philippines

○ Ray Anderson, a gunner on a navy ship at Leyte, wrote: “On

○ During the first month of fighting, typhoons dropped 30 inches

● MacArthur Says "I Have Returned"

○ In an effort to take Luzon the U.S. army landed at Lingayen Gulf

by U.S. shells or slaughtered by Japanese marines "in a

Judgment of History. Manila: President," Elpidio Quirino

● Japan’s Exploitation of the Philippine Economy After World War II

● Japanese Dead, Filipino Bones

MODERN PERIOD (1946 - present)

I. POLITICS & GOVERNMENT

Elected Presidents during and after Japanese Occupation

● under his term in the Japanese occupation, HUKBALAHAP movement (Hukbong

● was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs

at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and

Issues and Controversies:

■ Graft and Corruption (Stonehill Scandal)

● first president to win a second term

Issues and Controversies:

■ Assassination of Benigno Aquino

● first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

Received honors and awards including:

● 100 Women Who Shaped World History

Issues and Controversies:

Contributions and Achievements:

● presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998

● Death Penalty was reinstated in his time

Issues and Controversies:

■ PEA-AMARI Scam Manila Bay Reclamation Deal

Issues and Controversies:

● first president to take oath outside Luzon

Issues and Controversies:

■ Hello “Garci” Controversy (June 2005)

■ NBN-ZTE Controversy (April 2007)

● created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

Issues and Controversies:

■ Manila hostage crisis

16th President: Rodrigo Duterte (June 30, 2016-present)

● first from Mindanao

Issues and Controversies:

II. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Granting Philippine Independence

- It is an act passed by the Americans to grant the Philippines independence only

● Achieved victory over the insurgency.

○ Macapagal emphasized about the responsibilities and goals that his

Ferdinand E. Marcos Administration