H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Theory

Notation

Re

u
i
D

h1

h2

h h1 h2

A
a
r
g
v

Table 1 Notation

Unit Conversions

TecQuipment Ltd 11 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Water Density ( ) and Viscosity ( or )

= ---

Table 2 Viscosity of Water (mPa.s)

2
i gD
= --- -------------
u 32

User Guide 12 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Frictional Loss and the Hydraulic Gradient (i)

h l
dh dl i

dh
------ = i
dl

Figure 8 Hydraulic Gradient

Reynolds Number and Flow

uD
Re = -----------

uD
Re = -------

Re

TecQuipment Ltd 13 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Re

Re

i u

i = ku

32 32 u
i = ------------2- u i = ------------2-
gD gD

n
i u

n Re

2
4fu
i = -----------
D2g

f Re

User Guide 14 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Derivation of Poiseuille's Equation - Laminar Flow

Figure 9 Derivation of Poiseuille’s equation

l p
p r

ur

du r
= --------
dr
du r
--------
dr
du r
-------- 2 rl
dr

2 du
p r + --------r 2 rl = 0
dr

du r pr
-------- = – --------
dr 2l

ur r a

p 2 2
u r = -------- a – r
4l

TecQuipment Ltd 15 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

2
pa
u 0 = --------
4l

Q Q r
r

Q ur r r

ur

a
p 2 3
Q = -------- 2 a r – r dr
4l
0

4
p a
Q = ------------
8l

2 2
pa pD
u = -------- = -----------
8l 32l

gh p i = h
---
l

User Guide 16 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Derivation of Darcy's Equation - Turbulent Flow

Figure 10 Derivation of Darcy’s equation

2
0 = f u

u u
f

f u
l f u al
p a

a f u al

h D
gh p --- = i a = ----
l 2

2
4f u
i = ----- ------
D 2g

TecQuipment Ltd 17 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Friction Factor (f) and Blasius

iD
f = ---------------------------
2
-
4u 2g

Re f
f Re

Re u f
fu2 u
i u

n
i = ku

k n n

–0.25
f = 0.079Re

User Guide 18 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

To Find Hydraulic Gradient (i)

h 1 – h2
i = --------------------
-
l

h
i = -------
l

To Find Flow Velocity (u)

Q
u = ----
A

TecQuipment Ltd 19 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

User Guide 20 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Experiments

Useful Notes

Two People

Splashes of Water

Flow Rate and Water Temperature

Good Connections

‘Tap’ the Gauge

TecQuipment Ltd 21 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

f
Re
u
i
i
h1 – h2
h
h2
h1
u

Table 3 Blank Results Table

User Guide 22 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Procedure 1 - Lower Flow Rates

TecQuipment Ltd 23 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Procedure 2 - Higher Flow Rates

Figure 11 Use the Bleed Pipe to Bleed air from the Pressure Gauge Pipework

User Guide 24 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Results Analysis

Results Tables
h1-h2
h

i
i u

f
Re

Charts

Figure 12 Typical Results

i/u

i u

TecQuipment Ltd 25 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Figure 13 Typical Log/Log Results

n
i u

Errors

User Guide 26 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Typical Results

Low Flow Results

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
(i )

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Flow Velocity (u ) (m.s-1)

Figure 14 Typical Low Flow Results

TecQuipment Ltd 27 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

Higher Flow Results

4.5

3.5

2.5
(i )

1.5

0.5

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Flow Velocity (u ) (m.s-1)

Figure 15 Typical Higher Flow Results

Higher Flow Results (log/log)

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
(i ) (log)

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Flow Velocity (u ) (log)

Figure 16 Higher Flow Results Log/Log

User Guide 28 TecQuipment Ltd

 H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

TecQuipment Ltd 29 User Guide

H7 Friction Loss in a Pipe

User Guide 30 TecQuipment Ltd