Solution Tutorial 2:

dy
1(a): ( x  1)  y  ( x  1) 2
dx
dy y ( x  1) 2
 
dx ( x  1) ( x  1)
dy y
  ( x  1)
dx ( x  1)

1
Linear differential equation p ( x)  , q( x)  x  1
( x  1)
To find integrating factor:
dx
 p ( x ) dx 

x 1
 ln( x  1)

Then, integrating factor is  ( x)  e ln( x 1)  ( x  1)

d
  ( x) y    ( x) x  ( x  1)( x  1)  ( x  1) 2 (1)
dx
To find the general solution, integrate (1)
d
 dx   ( x) y  dx   ( x  1) dx 2

( x  1) 3
 A
3
( x  1) 3
( x  1) y  A
3
( x  1) 2 A
y 
3 ( x  1)

dy
 y cot x  cos x
(b): dx
 p( x)dx   cot x dx  ln sin x
  ( x )  sin x
y sin x 
 sin x cos xdx
1 cos 2 x

2  sin 2 xdx  
4
A

The general solution is

cos 2 x
y sin x   A
4
4 y sin x  cos 2 x  B
(c):
dx
 6t 2 x  t 2  2t 5
dt
p (t )  6t 2 and q (t )  t 2  2t 5
   e
2
6 t dt 3
 e 2t

dt

d 2t3

e x  e 2t  t 2  2t 5 
3

e 2t x   e 2t t 2 dt  2  e 2t t 5 dt ----------(i)
3 3 3

 * (**)
3
e2t
(*): e 2t t 2 dt 
3
(integrate by substitution)
6
(**):2 e 2t t 5 dt  2 e 2t t 2  t 3  dt
3 3

v '   e 2t t 2
3
let u  t 3
3
e 2t
u '  3t 2
v
6
 3 e2t 1 2t3 2 
3

 2 t   e t dt 
 6 2 
3 3
e2t e2t
t  3

3 6
From (i):
3 3 3

2t 3 e 2t e 2t e 2t
e x  t3  C
6 3 6
t3 3
 x(t )   Ce 2t
3
(f)
dy
x 2 y  x3  y 4 cos x...............(1)
dx
Divide eqn(1) with y 4
dy
 x 3 y 4  x 2 y 3  cos x........(2)
dx
dv dy
Let v  y 3 ;  3 y 4
dx dx
dy 1 dv
or   y4
dx 3 dx
dy
Substitute v and into eqn(2)
dx
x 3 dv
 x 2 v  cos x
3 dx
dv 3 3
  v  3 cos x
dx x x
dx
 p( x)dx  3 x  ln x 3

  ( x)  x 3
 The general solution in v:
vx 3   cos xdx  3sin x  A
x3
 3sin x  A
y3

2.

(a)
1 di
 10i  12
2 dt
di
  20i  24
dt
p (t )  20, q (t )  24

 20dt  20t
i. f  e 20t
d 20t
dt
 
e i  24e 20t

e 20t i  24 e 20t dt

6
 e 20t  C
5
6
 i (t )   Ce 20t
5

Impose the condition, i  0, t  0

6
C 
5
6

 i (t )  1  e 20t
5

(b)
di
2  10i  20 cos 5t
dt
di
  5i  10 cos 5t
dt
p (t )  5, q(t )  10 cos 5t

 5dt  5t
i. f  e5t
d 5t
dt
 
e i  10e5t cos 5t

e5t i  10  e5t cos 5tdt

 e5t  cos 5t  sin 5t   C
  i (t )  cos 5t  sin 5t  Ce 5t
Impose the condition, i  0, t  0
 C  1
 i (t )  cos 5t  sin 5t  e 5t

3.
(a) (e y  ye x )dx  (e x  xe y )dy  0
M
M ( x, y )  e y  ye x   e y  ex
y
N
N ( x, y )  e x  xe y   ex  ey
x
M N
 
y x
(e y  ye x )dx  (e x  xe y )dy  0 is an exact difftn. equation.
u
 e y  ye x
x (1)
u
 e x  xe y
y (2)
To find the general solution u ( x, y ) , we integrate (1) with respect to x

u
u ( x, y ) 
 x dx   (e  ye x )dx
y

 xe y  ye x   ( y )
(3)
where  ( y ) is some function in terms of y only.

Differentiate (3) with respect to y,

u
 xe y  e x   ' ( y )
y (4)
Compare (4) with (2), we have
 ' ( y)  0
Therefore
 ( y )  A , A a constant

The general solution is

u ( x, y )  xe y  ye x   ( y )
 xe y  ye x  A  k
that is
u ( x, y )  xe y  ye x  B  0, B  A  k

(b) ydx  ( x  y 2 )dy  0

M
M ( x, y )  y  1
y
 N
N ( x, y )  ( x  y 2 )   1
x
M N
 
y x
ydx  ( x  y 2 )dy  0 is not an exact diffrtn. equation.

 2  xt  dx
2

dt
x t 0
2
, x  1  2

Exact !
u
 M  2  xt 2    2  xt 2  dx
x
x 2t 2
 2x     (i )
2
(c)
u
 N   x 2t    x 2tdt
t
 x 2t 2
    (ii )
2
Rejecting the term in (ii) that already exist in (i) and then equate to the constant.
x 2t 2
 u(t,x)  2 x  k
2
or
x 2t 2
2x   C (where C any constant)
2
Impose the condition:
4
2(2)   C  C  2
2
x 2t 2
 2x  2
2