USOO67694.

85B2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,769,485 B2

Vinegar et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Aug. 3, 2004

(54) INSITU PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS (56) References Cited

FROM A COAL FORMATION THROUGH A U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
HEAT SOURCE WELLBORE
94,813 A 9/1869 Dickey
(75) Inventors: Harold J. Vinegar, Houston, TX (US); 326,439 A 9/1885 McEachen
Scott Lee Wellington, Belliare, TX 760,304. A 5/1904 Butler
(US); Eric Pierre de Rouffignac, 1269,747 A 6/1918 Rogers
Houston, TX (US); Ilya Emil 1,342,741. A 6/1920 Day
Berchenko, Friendswood, TX (US); 1457,479 A 6/1923 Wolcott
George Leo Stegemeier, Houston, TX 1,510,655 A 10/1924 Clark
1634,236 A 6/1927 Ranney
(US); Robert Martijn Van Hardeveld, 1,681,523 A 2/1928 Downey et al.
Amsterdam (NL) 1,666,488 A 4/1928 Crawshaw
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(73) Assignee: Shell Oil Company, Houston, TX (US) 2.244.256 A 6/1941 Looman
2,423,674. A 7/1947 Agren
* Y Not
Otice: Subj
ubject to anyy disclaimer,
disclai h term off thi
the this 2,444,755 A 7/1948 Steffen
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U.S.C. 154(b) by 97 days. (List continued on next page.)
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
This patent is Subject to a terminal dis
claimer. CA 1165.361 4/1984
CA 1196594 11/1985
(21) Appl. No.: 09/841,295 CA 1253555 5/1989

(22) Filed: Apr. 24, 2001 (List continued on next page.)

(65) Prior Publication Data
US 2002/0038712 A1 Apr. 4, 2002
Related U.S. Application Data
(60) Provisional application No. 60/199,215, filed on Apr. 24,
2000, provisional application No. 60/199,214, filed on Apr.
24, 2000, and provisional application No. 60/199,213, filed
on Apr. 24, 2000.
(51) Int. Cl." ....................... E21B 43/24: E21B 43/243;
E21B 43/30, E21B 43/34
(52) U.S. Cl. ......................... 166/245; 166/60; 166/261;
166/267; 166/272.1; 166/272.3; 166/302;
166/303
(58) Field of Search ............................ 166/57, 60, 245,
166/251.1, 256, 259, 260, 261, 266, 267,
272.1, 272.3, 302,303, 308; 208/108, 134;
299/2; 518/702, 703,704, 705
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Hobson, G.D., Modern Petroleum Technology, Halsted
Press, Applied Science Publishers LTD. 1973, pp. 786, 787.
(List continued on next page.)
Primary Examiner-George Suchfield
(57) ABSTRACT
A coal formation may be treated using an in Situ thermal
process. Hydrocarbons, H, and/or other formation fluids
may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied
to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the
formation to a Synthesis gas production temperature. A
Synthesis gas producing fluid may be introduced into the
formation to generate Synthesis gas. Production wells may
be operated at Selected temperatures to obtain a desired
Synthesis gas composition.
43 Claims, 104 Drawing Sheets
 US 6,769,485 B2
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Evolution of Sulfur Gases During Coal Pyrolysis, Oh et al.,
Feb. 3, 1988, (11 pages).
Coal Pyrolysis and Methane Decomposition. In the Presence
of a Hot Char Bed, Peters et al., Aug. 1983, (21 pages).
Pyrolysis Kinetics and Maturation of Coals from the San
Juan Basin, John G. Reynolds & Alan K. Burnham, Dec.
1992, (30 pages).
Numerical Model of Coal Gasification in a Packed Bed,
A.M. Winslow, Apr. 1976 (27 pages).
LLL In-Situ Coal Gasification Program, Stephens et al., Jun.
14, 1976 (12 pages).
Pyrolysis of Subbituminous Coal as it Relates to In-Situ
Coal Gasification, J.H. Campbell, Jan. 17, 1977 (20 page.
The Historical Development of Underground Coal Gasifi
cation, D. Olness & D.W. Gregg, Jun. 30, 1977 (60 pages).
Laboratory Measurements of Ground-Water Leaching and
Transport of Pollutants Produced During Underground Coal
Gasification, V.A. Dalton & J.H. Campbell, Mar. 1, 1978
(21 pages).
The Hoe Creek II Field Experiment of Underground Coal
Gasification, Preliminary Results, Aiman et al., Feb. 27 1978
(26 pages).
Ground-Water and Subsidence Investigations of the LLL In
Situ Coal Gasification Experiments, Mead et al., Jul. 17-2
1978 (31 pages).
Geotechnical Instrumentation Applied to In Situ Coal Gas
sification Induced Subsidence, Ganow et al. Jun. 21, 1978 (1
pages).
The Use of Tracers in Laboratory and Field Tests of under
ground Coal Gasification and Oil Shale Retorting, Lycz
kowski et al., Jun. 16, 1978 (19 pages).
 US 6,769,485 B2
Page 6
Underground Gasification of Rocky Mountain Coal, D.R.
Stephens and R.W. Hill, Jul. 18, 1978 (15 pages).
High-BTU Gas Via In Situ Coal Gassification, Stephens et
al., Oct. 1978 (15 pages).
A One-Dimensional Model for In Situ Coal Gassification,
Thorness et al., Aug. 25, 1978 (76 pages).
Control Aspects of Underground Coal Gasifications: LLL
Investigations of Ground-Water and Subsidence Effects,
Mead et al., Nov. 10, 1978 (21 pages).
Environmental Controls for Underground Coal Gasification:
Ground-Water Effects and Control Technologies, Warre
Mead & Allen Raber, Mar. 14, 1980 (19 pages).
Results from the Third LLL Underground Coal Gasification
Experiment at Hoe Creek, Hill et al., May 20, 1980 (12
pages).
Results From the Hoe Creek No. 3 Underground Coal
Gasification Experiment, Thorsness et al., May 1980, (11
page.
Steam Tracer Experiment at the Hoe Creek No. 3 Under
ground Coal Gasification Field Test, C.B. Thorsness, Nov.
26, 1980 (51 pages).
Computer Models to Support Investigations of Surface
Subsidence and Associated Ground Motion Induced by
Underground Coal Gasification, R.T. Langland & B.C.
Trent, Jul. 1981 (16 pages).
Burn Cavity Growth During the Hoe Creek No. 3 Under
ground Coal Gasification Experiment, R.W. Hill, Jun. 8, 198
(28 pp.).
The Controlled Retracting Injection Point (Crip) System: A
Modified Stream Method for In Site Coal Gasification, R.W.
Hill & M.J. Shannon, Apr. 15, 1981 (11 pages).
Coal Block Gasification Experiments: Laboratory Results
and Field Plans: C.B. Thorsness & R.W. Hill, Jul. 1981 (23
pages).
Laboratory Scale Simulation of Underground Coal Gasifi
cation: Experiment and Theory, J.R. Creighton & (27
pages).
Underground Coal Gasification-A Leading Contender om
the Synfuels Industry, D.R. Stephens, Oct. 27, 1981 (42
pages).
Computer Models to Support Investigations of Surface
Subsidence and Associated Ground Motion Induced by
Underground Coal Gasification, B.C. Trent & R.T. Lang
land, Aug. 1981 (40 pages).
The Hoe Creek Experiments: LLNL's Underground Coal
Gasification Project in Wyoming, D.R. Stephens, Oct. 1981
(162 pages).
Technical Underground Coal Gasification Summation: 1982
Status, Stephens et al., Jul. 1982 (22 pages).
Review of Underground Coal Gasification Field Experi
ments at Hoe Creek (34 pages).
Underground Coal Gasification Using Oxygen and Steam,
Stephens et al., Jan. 19, 1984 (37 pages).
Shale Oil Cracking Kinetics and Diagnostics, Bissell et al.,
Nov. 1983, (27 pages).
Mathematical Modeling of Modified In Situ and Above
ground Oil Shale Retorting, Robert L. Braun, Jan. 1981 (4
pages).
Progress Report on Computer Model for In Situ Oil Shale
Retorting, R.L. Braun & R.C.Y. Chin, Jul. 14, 1977 (34
pages).
Analysis of Multiple Gas-Solid Reactions. During the Gas
ification of Char in Oil Shale Blocks, Braun et al., Apr. 198
(14 pages).
Chemical Kinetics and Oil Shale Process Design, Alan K.
Burnham, Jul. 1993 (16 pages).
Reaction Kinetics and Diagnostics For Oil Shale Retorting,
Alan K. Burnham, Oct. 19, 1981 (32 pages).
Reaction Kinetics Between Steam and Oil Shale Char, A.K.
Burnham, Oct. 1978 (8 pages).
General Kinetic Model of Oil Shale Pyrolysis, Alan K.
Burnham & Robert L. Braun, Dec. 1984 (25 pages).
General Model of Oil Shale Pyrolysis, Alan K. Burnham &
Robert L. Braun, Nov. 1983 (22 pages).
Pyrolysis Kinetics for Green River Oil Shale From the
Saline Zone, Burnham et al., Feb., 1982 (33 pages).
Reaction Kinetics Between CO and Oil Shale Char, A.K.
Burnham, Mar. 22, 1978 (9 pages front & back).
Reaction Kinetics Between CO and Oil Shale Residual
Carbon. I. Effect of Heating Rate on Reactivity, Alan K.
Burnham, Jul. 11, 1978 (11 pages front and back).
High Pressure Pyrolysis of Colorado Oil Shale, Alan K.
Burnham & Mary F. Singleton, Oct. 1982 (23 pages).
A Possible Mechanism Of Alkene/Alkane Production in Oil
Shale Retorting, A.K. Burnham, R.L. Ward, Nov. 2 1980 (20
pages).
Enthalpy Relations For Eastern Oil Shale, David W. Camp,
Nov. 1987 (13 pages).
Oil Shale Retorting: Part 3 A Correlation of Shale Oil
1-Alkene/n-Alkane Ratios With Yield, Coburn et al.,
Coburn et al., Aug. 1, 1977 (18 pages).
The Composition of Green River Shale Oil, Glen L. Cook,
et al., 1968 (12 pages).
On-line, Mass Spectrometric Determination of Ammonia
From Oil Shale Pyrolysis Using Isobutane Chemical Ion
ization, Crawford et al., Mar. 1988 (16 pages).
Thermal Degradation of Green River Kerogen at 150 to 350
C Rate of Production Formation, J.J. Cummins & W.E.
Robinson, 1972 (18 pages).
Retorting of Green River Oil Shale Under High-Pressure
Hydrogen Atmospheres, LaRue et al., Jun. 1977 (28 pages).
Retorting and Combustion Processes. In Surface Oil-Shale
Retorts, A.E. Lewis & R.L. Braun, May 2, 1980 (12 pages).
Oil Shale Retorting Processes: A Technical Overview, Lewis
et al., Mar. 1984 (18 pages).
Study of Gas Evolution During Oil Shale Pyrolysis by
TQMS, Oh et al., Feb. 1988 (10 pages).
The Permittivity and Electrical Conductivity of Oil Shale,
A.J. Piwinskii & A. Duba, Apr. 28, 1975 (12 pages).
Oil Degradation During Oil Shale Retorting, J.H. Raley &
R.L. Braun, May 24, 1976 (14 pages).
Kinetic Analysis of California Oil Shale By Programmed
Temperature Microphyrolysis, John G. Reynolds & Alan K.
Burnham, Dec. 9, 1991 (14 pages).
Analysis of Oil Shale and Petroleum Source Rock Pyrolysis
by Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Comparisons Gas
Evolution at the Heating Rate of 10 C./Min., Reynolds et al.
Oct. 5, 1990 (57 pages).
Catalytic Activity of Oxidized (Combusted) Oil Shale for
Removal of Nitrogen Oxides with Ammonia as a Reductant
in Combustion Gas Streams, Part II, Reynolds et al., Jan. 4,
1993 (9 pages).
Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis of Oil Shale, J.H. Richardson &
E.B. Huss, Oct. 1981 (27 pages).
Retorting Kinetics for Oil Shale From Fluidized-Bed
Pyrolysis, Richardson et al., Dec. 1981 (30 pages).
 US 6,769,485 B2
Page 7
Recent Experimental Developments in Retorting Oil Shale
at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Albert J. Rothman
Aug. 1978 (32 pages).
The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Oil Shale Retorts,
Sandholtz et al. Sep. 18, 1978 (30 pages).
Operating Laboratory Oil Shale: Retorts in An In-Situ
Mode, W. A. Sandholtz et al., Aug. 18, 1977 (16 pages).
Some Relationships of Thermal Effects to Rubble-Bed
Structure and Gas-Flow Patterns in Oil Shale Retorts, W. A.
Sandholtz, Mar. 1980 (19 pages).
Assay Products from Green River Oil Shale, Singleton et al.,
Feb. 18, 1986 (213 pages).
Biomarkers in Oil Shale: Occurence and Applications,
Singleton et al., Oct. 1982 (28 pages).
Occurrence of Biomarkers in Green River Shale Oil, Single
ton et al., Mar. 1983 (29 pages).
An Instrumentation Proposal for Retorts in the Demonstra
tion Phase of Oil Shale Development, Clyde J. Sisemore,
Apr. 19, 1977, (34 pages).
A Laboratory Apparatus for Controlled Time/Temperature
Retorting of Oil Shale, Stout et al., Nov. 1, 1976 (19 pages).
SO Emissions from the Oxidation of Retorted Oil Shale,
Taylor et al., Nov. 1981 (9 pages).
Nitric Oxide (NO) Reduction by Retorted Oil Shale, R.W.
Taylor & C.J. Morris, Oct. 1983 (16 pages).
Coproduction of Oil and Electric Power from Colorado Oil
Shale, P. Henrik Wallman, Sep. 24, 1991 (20 pages.
'C NMR Studies of Shale Oil, Raymond L. Ward & Alan
K. Burnham, Aug. 1982 (22 pages).
Identification by CNMR of Carbon Types in Shale Oil and
Their Relationship to Pyrolysis Conditions, Raymond L.
Ward & Alan K.Burnham, Sep. 1983 (27 pages).
A Laboratory Study of Green River Oil Shale Retorting
Under Pressure In a Nitrogen Atmosphere, Wise et al., Sep.
1976 (24 pages).
Quantitative Analysis and Evolution of Sulfur-Containing
Gases from Oil Shale Pyrolysis by Triple Quadrupole Mass
Spectrometry, Wong et al., Nov. 1983 (34 pages).
Quantitative Analysis & Kinetics of Trace Sulfur Gas Spe
cies from Oil Shale Pyrolysis by Triple Quadrupole Mass
Spectrometry (TQMS), Wong et al., Jul. 5–7, 1983 (34
pages).
Application of Self-Adaptive Detector System on a Triple
Quadrupole MS/MS to High Explosives and Sulfur-Con
taining Pyrolysis Gases from Oil Shale, Carla M. Wong &
Richard W. Crawford, Oct. 1983 (17 pages).
An Evaluation of Triple Quadrupole MS/MS for On/Line
Gas Analyses of Trace Sulfur Compounds from Oil Shale
Processing, Wong et al., Jan. 1985 (30 pages).
Source and Kinetics of Sulfur Species in Oil Shale Pyrolysis
Gas by Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry, Wong et al.,
Oct. 1983(14 pages).
The Centralia Partial Seam CRIP Underground Coal Gas
ification Experiment, Cena et al., Jun. 1984 (38 pages).
Results of the Centralia Underground Coal Gasification
Field Test, Hill et al., Cena et al., Aug. 1984 (18 pages).
Excavation of the Partial Seam Crip Underground Coal
Gasification Test Site, Cena et al., Aug. 14, 1987 (11 pages.
Assessment of the CRIP Process for Underground Coal
Gasification: The Rocky Mountain I Test, Cena et al., Aug.
1988 (22 pages).
Mild Coal Gasification-Product Separation, Pilot-Unit Sup
port, Twin Screw Heat Transfer, and HS Evolution, Camp
et al., Aug. 9, 1991 (12 pages).
Underground Coal Gasification Site Selection and Charac
terization in Washington State and Gasification Test Design
Randolph Stone & R.W. Hill, Sep. 10, 1980 (62 pages).
Appalachian Coals: Potential Reservoirs for Sequestering
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Power Plants. While
Enhancing CBM Production; C.W. Byer, et al., Proceedings
of the International Coalbed Methane Symposium.
The Pros and Cons of Carbon Dioxide Dumping Global
Warming Concerns Have Stimulated a Search for Carbon
Sequestration Technologies, C. Hanisch, Environmental
Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, Eas
ton, PA.
Pilot Test Demonstrates How Carbon Dioxide Enhances
Coal Bed Methane Recovery, Lanny Schoeling and Michael
McGovern, Petroleum Technology Digest, Sep. 2000, p.
14-15.
In Situ Measurement of Some Thermoplastic Parameters of
a Granite, Berchenko et al., Poromechanics, A Tribute to
Maurice Biot, 1998, p. 545–550.
Conversion characteristics of Selected Canadian coals based
on hydrogenation and pyrolysis experiments, W. Kalkreuth,
C. Roy, and M. Steller. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper
89–8, 1989, pp. 108–114, XP001014535.
Tar and Pitch, G. Collin and H. Hoecke. Ullmann's Ency
clopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A 26, 1995, p. 91-127.
Van Krevelen, COAL: Typology-Physics-Chemistry-Con
stitution, 1993, pp. 27,42, 52,322,323,324, 325, 326,526,
527, 726.
Burnham, Alan, K. “Oil Shale Retorting Dependence of
timing and composition on temperature and heating rate',
Jan. 27, 1995, (23 pages).
Burnham et al. A Possible Mechanism of Alkene/Alkane
Production in Oil Shale Retorting, (7 pages).
Campbell, et al., “Kinetics of oil generation from Colorado
Oil Shale” IPC Business Press, Fuel, 1978, (3 pages).
Cummins et al. “Thermal Degradation of Green River
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U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972, (pp. 1-15).
Cook, et al. “The Composition of Green River Shale Oils',
United Nations Symposium on the Development and Utili
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Hill et al., “The Characteristics of a Low Temperature in situ
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Dinneen, et al. “Developments in Technology for Green
River Oil Shale' United Nations Symposium on the Devel
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De Rouffignac, E. In Situ Resistive Heating of Oil Shale for
Oil Production--A Summary of the Swedish Data, (4 pages).
Dougan, et al. “The Potential for in situ Retorting of Oil
Shale in the Piceance Creek Basin of Northwestern Colo
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Hill et al. “Direct Production of Low Pour Point High
Gravity Shale Oil I&EC Product Research and Develop
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Yen et al., “Oil Shale' Developments in Petroleum Science,
5, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1976 (pp. 187-198).
* cited by examiner
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