1 Background:-

When designing and constructing a superstructure’s foundation, the

enhancement of soft ground conditions can often eliminate the need for a deep
foundation. Specialty contractors routinely improve the performance of the ground in situ by
compacting, reinforcing, or fixing soil masses.

Fig 1.1

The benefits of these primary soil improvement techniques with a focus on applicable soil types, equipment,
procedures, the materials utilized, and quality control. soil is the direct or indirect source of nutrition
for most living things. It is constantly changing, being broken down through erosion and built up
as organic matter decomposes and inorganic matter breaks down. Soil has physical, chemical,and
biological structures that contain mineral particles, plant and animal matter, air,and water.

1.1Introduction:-
The construction activities are done on. in or with soils. As the availability of
Suitable construction sites decreases. the need to utilize poor soils for founda tion support and
earthwork construction increases: In addition, it is becoming increasingly necessary to strengthen
the ground under existing structures to ensure stability against adjacent excavation or to improve
resistance to vibratory. siesmic or other special loadings. Furthermore, many hundreds of recent
successful projects have shown that through the use of suitable reinforcement mate rials and
systems, the use of nature's most abundant material - soil - can be greatly extended . The basic
concepts of soil improvement; namely drainage. dcnsification , cementation. reinforcement. drying
and heating. were developed hundreds or thousands of years ago and remain valid to-day.
 Fig (1)

The coming of machines in the nineteenth century resulted invent increases in both the quantity
and quality of Work that could be done .' Among the most ignificant development of the past fifty
years are the introduction of vibratory methods for densification of cohesionless soils, new
injection and grouting material and procedures, and new concepts of soil reinforcements. The aim
of th is paper is to synthesize the present state-of-the-art of soil improvement into a form
presumably suitable for direct application. Because of the extensive scope of the subject, brief
coverage of the areas will be discussed.

Traditionally and widely accepted types of soil stabilization techniques use products such as
bitumen emulsions which can be used as a binding agents for producing a road base. However,
bitumen is not environmentally friendly and becomes brittle when it dries out. Portland cement has
been used as an alternative to soil stabilization. However, this can often be expensive and is not a
very good "green" alternative. Cement fly ash, lime fly ash (separately, or with cement or lime),
bitumen, tar, cement kiln dust (CKD), tree resin and ionic stabilizers are all commonly used
stabilizing agents. Other stabilization techniques include using on-site materials including sub-
soils, sands, mining waste and crushed construction waste to provide stable, dust free local roads
for complete dust control and soil stabilization.
1.2 Importance
Typically, potential reclamation sites are shallow coastal zones or marshy
lowlands. The soil in these areas often consists of thick layers of soft clay or silts. Reclamation
work increases the load on these soft layers, causing widespread settling. Waiting for the natural
settlement of this land is and thus costly and may put a project in jeopardy if it cannot be
timeconsuming accomplished in a designated period of time.

Fig 1.2

To accelerate the settlement process, dredging contractors have developed specialised solutions to
consolidate these soft soils. soil stabilization technology offers advantages in a wide variety of
road stabilization applications from unpaved roads that will remain un-surfaced to roads that will
receive running surface treatments. Roadbed stabilization treatments include native roadbed soils,
old graveled roads, or recycled roadway surface materials. We create a superior structure that
maximizes potential road strength and extends the useful life of the road bed.Both in the private
and public sectors road engineers are faced with tightening budgets and increased environmental
compliance challenges. Traditional methods of building a roadway are becoming more and more
costly. Road department budgets, particularly maintenance related are shrinking annually.
Environmental regulations demanding dust and sediment control for unpaved roadways and
shoulders continue to tighten. Common soil amendments such as gravel or road base for improving
road structure are becoming less available and increasingly expensive. In addition, newly
reclaimed soil is often in a loose state and may not meet the demands of the planned infrastructure
and therefore needs to be improved.

1.3 Objectives
Study to
 Increase of strength
 Reduce distortion under stress (Increases stress-strain modulus)
 Reduse the settlement of structure
 Improve the shear strength of soil and thus increase the bearing capacity of shallow
foundation.
 Increase the factor of safety against possible slope failure of embankment and earth dams.
 Reduce the shrinkage and swelling of soil.