THERMODYNAMICS

Lectures Notes
(2)
Dr. Mohamed Elhelw
 ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFER

 Total energy E

 Total energy classification:

The macroscopic energy

The microscopic energy

Types of Energy

•Kinetic Energy

•Potential Energy

•Internal Energy
1.Molecular Energy
2. Electron Energy
Thus the total energy (E) is given by:-

E = KE + PE + U (kJ)
•Flow Energy
•Work

and F = PA
dV= A ds

(for close system)

Work for a Cycle
Types of work

ELECTRIC WORK SHAFT WORK

 Heat Energy
Heat
It is the energy that transfer due to temperature
difference from the hotter to colder body.

Classification:
1- Sensible Heat
The heat flow associated with an
increase or decrease in temperature of a
body
2- Latent Heat
The heat flow associated with a
phase change .
Signs convention

(+)

(-)

(-)

(+)
Conservation of Energy

Energy is not created or destroyed but can be converted from

one type to another.

Energy Conversion Efficiency

Examples
 Examples

2-2 A perfect gas in a cylinder fitted with piston

expands reversibly according to the relation
PV1.5 = =constant. The initial pressure and
volume are 450kPa and 0.1 cubic meter. If the
final pressure is 200 kPa, calculate the work
done during the expansion process.
2-3 A fluid contained in a piston-cylinder device receives 500 kJ of electrical work as
the gas expands against the piston and does 600 kJ of boundary work on the
piston. What is the net work done by the fluid?

Wnet  Wnet other  Wb

Wnet  Wout  Win , ele other  Wb
Wnet   0  500 kJ   600 kJ
Wnet  100 kJ
Examples
 Examples

2-5 A piston–cylinder device, whose piston is

resting on a set of stops, initially contains 3 kg
of air at 200 kPa and 27°C. The mass of the
piston is such that a pressure of 400 kPa is
required to move it. Heat is now transferred to
the air until its volume doubles. Determine the
work done and also represent them in P-V
diagram.