THERMODYNAMICS

Lectures Notes
(6)
Dr. Mohamed Elhelw
 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS

A heat reservoir is a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium to which
and from which finite amounts of heat can be transferred without any
change in its temperature.

Heat source is a high

temperature heat reservoir from
which heat is transferred.

Heat sink is a low temperature

heat reservoir to which heat is
transferred.
HEAT ENGINES

A heat engine is a thermodynamic cycle

operating in a thermodynamic cycle to
which net heat is transferred and from
which net work is delivered.

Thermal Efficiency
Sinc Wnet = Qin - Qout
REVERSED HEAT ENGINES

The performance of a reversed engine is given by

the Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P).
 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Kelvin–Planck Statement

It is impossible for any device that operates on

a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce a net amount of work.

The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second

law of thermodynamics states that no heat
engine can produce a net amount of work
while exchanging heat with a single reservoir
only. In other words, the maximum possible
efficiency is less than 100 percent.
Clausius Statement
The Clausius statement of the second law states
that it is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-temperature body.

COP  
EQUIVALENT OF THE TWO STATMENTS
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed without

leaving any trace on the surroundings. Processes that are not reversible
are called irreversible processes.

Irreversibilities
The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called
irrevesibilities.
Common Sources of Irreversibility:
• Friction
• Sudden Expansion and compression
• Heat Transfer between bodies with a finite temperature
difference.
 THE CARNOT CYCLE

The four reversible processes that make up the Carnot cycle

are as follows:
•Reversible Isothermal Expansion
(process 1-2,TH=constant).

•Reversible Adiabatic Expansion

(process 2-3)
•Reversible Isothermal Compression
(process 3-4,TL =constant).

•Reversible Adiabatic Compression

(process 4-1)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
Carnot Cycle Efficiency (Maximum efficiency for a heat engine)

W Qh  Qc Q
   1 c
Qh Qh Qh
Isothermal processes
V2 V2
Qh  Wby gas   P dV  m R Th ln
V1 V1
V4 V
Qc  Won gas    P dV  m R Tc ln 3
V3 V4
Adiabatic processes
Th V2 1  Tc V3 1 V2 1 V3 1 V2 V3
  
Th V1 1  Tc V4 1 V1 1 V4 1 V1 V4
V2
Tc ln
Qc

V1 Tc
 W Qh  Qc Q T
V
Qh T ln 3 Th
   1 c  1 c
h
Qh Qh Qh Th
V4
Reversed Carnot Device Coefficient of Performance

If the Carnot device is caused to operate in the reversed cycle, the reversible heat pump
is created. The COP of reversible refrigerators and heat pumps are given in a similar
manner to that of the Carnot heat engine as

QH
QL 1 QH QL
COPR   COPHP  
QH  QL QH  1 QH  QL QH  1
QL QL
TH
TL 1
  TH TL
TH  TL TH  1  
TH  TL TH  1
TL TL