SEWERAGE

DESIGN
1.0 Sewerage System

1.1 Sewer System

Sewers are underground conduits to convey wastewater and storm water to a treatment plant
or to carry storm water to the point of disposal. Sewer system can be divided into two which
is separated sewer system and combined sewer system.

Separated sewer system consists of two separate types of sewers .The first sewer need
to collect domestic sewage and the other sewer used to collect storm water . Domestic sewage
consists mostly of grey-water (from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers),
black water (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes
away) ,soaps and detergents . Usually the domestic sewage will flow to treatment plant as
they need to be treat before it will discharge to the river . While sewer for storm water will
directly discharge to the river without treating .The second type of sewer system is combine
system. It only consist one conduits which convey both domestic and storm water to the
treatment plant and will be treat before discharge it to the river .

Weather the used of combined sewer system or separated sewer system , they usually
will also use the gravity sewer system together with either one of the first system as mention
above . This is because, the gravity sewer system is more economical compared to the usage
of pumps in sewerage system. By choosing this system, the cost of construction, operating
and maintenance can be reduced. This gravity sewer system is highly preferred in the
construction of sewerage systems. The design of sewerage system in this project is also based
on gravity sewer system and separate sanitary sewer system. All the sewerage pipes designs
are based on the Malaysian Standard, MS 1228:1991 (Code of practice for design and
installation of sewerage systems).

1.2 Sewerage System in Malaysia

In Malaysia, the sewerage systems are designed to collect, transfer, treat and dispose
of domestic waste and wastewater from the toilet. The sewerage systems range from simple
toilet providing little or no treatment to modern sewage treatment plants that employ
mechanicals means to treat large volume of sewage to accept by the environment standard.
There are two main types of sewerage systems in Malaysia. The premises sewerage systems
are either connecting to a public sewage treatment plant or have an individual septic tank.

Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) is the department which mainly responsible for
operating and maintaining the public sewage treatment plants and network of underground
sewerage pipelines as well as providing de-sludging services to individual septic tank.
Connected sewerage systems comprise a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations,
sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. They generally operate by gravity
and if the pipes near the logistic do it will be deeper.
2.0 Project Background

This project is to design a sewerage system for an area in „Cadangan Pembangunan

Bercampur ,Taman Nusa Indah , 81310 , Nusajaya Johor Darul Takzim”. This area includes
Bungalow Lot (14 units), Single Storey Bungalow(239 units), Double Storey Semi-D
(96units),Double Storey Terrace (112unis) , Office Shop Lot , Food Court , Petrol Station ,
Commercial Lot , Surau , Hall and Kindergarten .There is also 2 number of detention pond
and a sewer treatment plant.

In order to obtain complete municipal wastewater, the outcome system must meet the
requirement that have been set. This was also to ensure the consistency and the systematic
position of the system. These factors were extremely important in order to obtain an optimum
design of system and effective in the context of maintenance and cost of construction.

There are three main objectives to carry out the project. First, to understand basic
concept that were needed in the design of a sewerage system for a proposed area that is to be
develop. Second objective is to design and prepare an effective sewerage system (this
purpose include the strategic location of STP , detention pond ). And the third is to determine
the sizes of the sewers to be used in the sewerage system by considering the most optimum
way and cost(including the effective route ) . The design of sewerage system must comply
with Malaysian Standard codes which are:

a) MS 1228: 1991 Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage

Systems.
b) IWK Design Guidelines of Sewer Networks and Pump Stations Vol.3
c) IWK: Certification of Sewerage Works Procedures (Vol.2)
d) Sewerage Systems and Septic Tanks (Planning, Design, and Construction)
Regulations 1996.
3.0 Project Purpose

The purpose of this project is to give all of us some exposure and experience on the
design of sewerage system. Through this project, we have learn how a sewerage system has
been built in a new develop area. We were also will learn on how to design the sewer pipe
and manhole with hydraulics calculation. In this project, we were exposed to the effect of
population equivalent, sewer pipe material, size of sewer pipes and water temperature on the
flow rate estimation for the whole sewerage system of the proposal area.

During the design process, some factors needs to be considered to make sure the
sewerage system will be function very well. The factors to be consider when design a sewer
system is:

a) Creating an adequate design to carry the expected flow within the design life
and at sufficient depth to serve adjacent properties.
b) Have sufficient grade to maintain a minimum velocity when flowing half full.
c) Have sufficient structural strength to withstand all external loads which may
be imposed.
d) Materials resistant to both corrosion and erosion with a minimum design life.
e) Be economical and safe to build and maintain.
f) Prevent infiltration or inflow of ground and surface waters.
g) Provide the needed source, storage and distribution facilities system to
maintain desirable levels of service during periods of maximum use.
h) Provide the needed sewer facilities to carry all anticipated sewage flows
within a basin.
4.0 Scope of Work

These scopes of work involved in designing this sewerage reticulation system have
been decided earlier in proposal stage. The scopes of work such as identification of location
of sewerage treatment plant (STP), determination of type of STP, determination of type and
size of pipe used and proposed location of manholes. Below are the specific scopes of work
for design the sewerage reticulation system:

4.1 Design Stage

a) Network sewer planning

b) Sewerage layout plan
c) Population equivalent (PE), consist of commercial, residential, factory, industry and
others.
d) Peak flow rate calculation, types and sizes of sewer pipeline
e) Velocity calculation in pipeline
f) Positioning and fixing the manhole in the sewer pipeline

4.2 Design Drawings

a) Sewerage layout plan

b) Detail drawing for manhole and cover, bedding and others that required from
IWK/JPP

4.3 Manholes

a) Manhole made from pre-cast sections with concrete surround.

b) Maximum distance between manholes is 100 m and minimum depth is 1.2 m.
c) Cover material must be ductile iron or cast iron with 600 mm minimum diameter.
5.0Material Specification

5.1 Bedding

Bedding is needed to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and sustain the weight of
soil above the sewer and any superimposed load, especially when the sewer is buried under
the roads with heavy vehicles moving through. Based on MS 1228: 1991, Clause 4.3.4.5,
bedding can be divided into two class types which are:

i. Class A Bedding
Class A bedding made out of a pipe covered by layer of aggregates or crushed stone at
the bottom and concrete layer at the top of the pipe. The strength of Class A bedding
is high and it able to sustain high load from roadway. Grade wo of concrete is cast
above the pipe with thickness of 100mm. Beside that, it has high strength and able to
resist high loads and normally, used for sewers under main roads.

ii. Class B Bedding

Class B bedding made out of a pipe covered by layer of aggregates or crushed stone at
the bottom and layer of soil with the thickness more than 300 mm. The soil layer need
to be compacted. It is used in the road that do not need to carry high load and
pressure, which is at the road side, backlane, and ect.

In this Project , both bedding type will be used , depands on the location of the pipe .
Normally bedding Class A will be used for pipe located infront of the residential area while
bedding Class B will be used for pipe located at the back of the residential . The bedding
design for class A and B for our project can refer at drawing of cross-section.
5.2 Manhole

Manholes permits inspection and cleaning of sewers and removal of obstruction. Total of
manholes will be constructed in this sewer network are 98 manholes . The location of
manholes should propose to :-

 Every change in direction

 Every change in gradient ( top and bottom location )
 Every change in pipe of sewer ( change in diameter of the pipe)
 At intersection and junctions
 Difference distance between manhole should less or equal to 100 m for maintenance
purpose .

For our design project , the manhole are located according above propose except for the
change in pipe of sewer . This is because , the pipe that will be used are the same in size
(diameter).

i. Manhole cover

Manhole covers should be made of ductile iron or grey with minimum diameter of
600mm. The cover and the structure should be able to resist a load of 400kN. Heavy
duty C.I circular opening manhole cover with black coating , load tested up to 350
KN to SIRIM standard . Single piece circular cover , single seal medium duty C.I ,
opening manhole cover with black bitumen coating.

Type of cover Dimension Weight Usage

and frame ( lbs )
Light Duty 460mm × 620mm 54 Use in domestic premises
compound
Medium Duty Cover: 600mm diameter with internal 250 Use in domestic drives and
diameter 500mm similar areas for bearing wheel
Frame: 760mm × 760mm loads not exceeding 1 tonnes.
Heavy Duty As above 530 Use in all carriageways.

Table : Cover of Manhole

ii. Type of Manhole

a. Shallow Manhole
Shallow Manhole is a manhole that has a constant diameter or same cross-section
throughout. As stated in MS 1228: 1991 Clause 4.5.6, where the topography results
in a shallow manhole that is in the depth of invert of sewer being from 0.75 m to
0.9m, a manhole of at least 1.0 mm in internal horizontal dimension and a clear
opening of at least 900 mm shall be used.

b. Normal Manhole
Normal Manhole is a manhole that has a constant diameter or same cross-section
throughout. The topography results in a Normal manhole that is in the depth of
invert of sewer being from 0.9 m to 1.5m .

c. Deep Manhole
Deep manhole is a manhole with an access shaft of a smaller diameter or plan size
than the main shaft. As stated in MS 1228: 1991 Clause 4.5.5, where the deep
manhole are required, its internal dimension must be more than 1.5 meter and the
manhole may be tapered upwards to a section width minimum internal dimensions
of 0.75 meters.

d. Drop Manhole
Drop manhole is a shaft in which sewage is dropped from a higher to a lower level.
Based on MS 1228: 1991 Clause 4.5.7, if an incoming sewer is higher than the
outgoing sewer by 600 mm or more, a drop manhole shall be used. But, if the
difference in elevation between the incoming sewer and manhole invert is less than
600 mm, the invert shall fillet at the corners to prevent solids deposition. In the
other terms, drop manhole also known as tumbling basin. It is used when a sewer
enter a manhole at an elevation considerably higher than the outgoing pipe,
generally it is not satisfactory to let the stream merely pour into the manhole
because the structure does not provide an acceptable working space.

According to the topography analysis of site , pipe layout and calculation of data , the
type of manhole that will be construct for this project is Normal Manhole and Deep
Manhole . Although there is few rare case slope in designing our sewer system , but
the needed of the drop manhole and shallow manhole is not necessary . In addition ,
manholes made from precast concrete because it is more durable compared to brick.
The cost of construction and installation also can be saved. The using of bricks is
unnecessary because water easily infiltrate through it . The diameter for manhole cover
is 1.2 m (small-diameter pipe-constructed directly). The Frame from cast iron and
clear opening is 54 cm . The Solid covers is for sanitary sewers while open-type is
for storm water . The design for manhole cover and cross-sectional drawing for the
type of manhole refer drawing .
5.3 Pipe

Choice of material, based on :-

 Life expectancy
 Previous local experience
 resistance to internal and external corrosion and abrasion
 Roughness coefficient
 Structural strength
 Cost of supply, transport and ease of installation
 Local availability

Types of Pipe Material

i. Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP)

ii. Reinforced Concrete Pipe
iii. Cast Iron
iv. Asbestos Cement
v. Fabricated Steel with Sulphate Resistance Cement Lining
vi. Plastic : UPVC, HDPE, PE, PP

The VCP pipe will be used in designing our system due to :-

 Most of gravity sewers use this type of pipe.

 Clay pipe have safe crushing test strengths
 Have a flexible joints
 Chemical resistance

VCP products use clay as a major component in its

production, making its raw materials environmentally
friendly. VCP's resistance to a wide variety of acids
besides hydrofluoric acid make it a long lasting choice
for use in underground sewers.

Figure: VCP
Pipe Gradient
The slope of the sewer pipe should be design where the sewerage can be flow by gravity
force . The gradient of pipe is depend on the propose level of the project . The flow of the
sewer pipe is need to design properly based on proposed level to avoid pump which can
increase the cost which not contribute in sustainability .
6.0 Hydraulic Design

In Malaysia, code of practice MS 1228: 1991 were used to design sewers. Based on
MS 1228:1991, the design criteria of sewer system is like below:

 Average design flow: the average daily design flow shall be based on 225
liters per person.
 Peak flows: the hourly flow, will required in the design of sewers, pumping
stations and components of the treatment plant, shall be determined from the
following formula:
Peak flow factor = 4.7 * p-0.11, where p is estimated equivalent population, in
thousand.

 The minimum gradient to be adopted should be normally be such that the

velocity of flow does not fall below 0.8 m/sec at full bore. The maximum
gradient to be adopted should be such that the velocity of flow is not greater
than 4.0 m/sec when flowing half or full bore.

 Manning formulae had been used to calculate velocity in pipe.

υ = (R2/3S1/2) / n

Where; n = 0.0014 (verified clay pipe)

n = 0.0015 (reinforce concrete pipe)

 The equivalent population for the various types of premises given in table 1 in MS
1228:1991 can be used as the minimum, for the purpose of computing the average design
daily flows.
 Type of Premise/Establishment Population Equivalent (recommended)

Residential 5 per house

Commercial

(includes offices, entertainment/ recreational 3 per 100m2 gross area

centers, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres)

Schools/Educational Institutions 0.2 per student

- Day schools/institutions 1 per student
- Fully residential 0.2 per non-residential student
- Partial Residential 1 per student residential

Hospitals 4 per bed

Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room

Factories (excluding process wastes) 0.3 per staff

Market (wet type) 3 per stall

Market (dry type) 1 per stall

Petrol Kiosks/Service Stations 15 per W.C.

Bus Terminal 4 per bus bay

Taxi Terminal 4 per taxi bay

Mosque 0.2 per person

Church/Temple 0.2 per person

Stadium 0.2 per person

Swimming Pool/Sports Complex 0.5 per person

Public Toilet 15 per W.C.

0.2 per passenger day

Airport
0.2 per employee

Laundry 10 per machine

Table : Equivalent Population

* W.C. = Water Closet
 For calculating the flow rate (Q), dry weather flow (DWF) and peak flow (Qpeak) will
used the formulae below
Q = AV

Where Qpeak = DWF * peak flow factor

Dry weather flow (DWF) = PE * 0.225 m³/people/day

7.0 Formula

1. Velocity, V = 1/n x R2/3 x S1/2

Where: n - Roughness coefficient (0.014 for clay pipes- VCP material)

D- Pipe diameter (mm)

R- Hydraulic depth (A/P)

S- Gradient of pipe

2. Capacity, Q = AV

Where: A – Area of pipe (mm2)

V- Velocity (m/s)

Allowable between 0.8 m/s to 4.0 m/s

3. Peak Flow Factor (PFF) = 4.7 x P-0.11

Where: P – Population Equivalent (PE) in thousand

4. Dry Weather Flow (DWF) = PE x 0.225 m3/person/day (Unit in m3/day, m3/min, m3/s)

5. Peak Flow, Qpeak = DWF x PFF (Unit in m3/day, m3/min, m3/s

POPULATON EQUIVALENT CALCULATION

TYPE OF PREMISES QUANTITY (UNIT) PE POPULATION

Bungalow Lot 14 5 per houses 70
Single Storey Bungalow 239 5 per houses 1195
Double Storey Semi-D 96 5 per houses 480
Double Storey Terrace 112 5 per houses 560
Office Shop Lot 22' X 80' 79 (13378.907m2) 3per 100m2 gross area 401
Food Court 1 (1428.54m2) 3per 100m2 gross area 43
Petrol Station 1 (4 toilet) 15 per toilet 60
Commercial Lot 1 (2500.957m2) 3per 100m2 gross area 75
Surau 1 (200 people) 0.2 per person 40
Hall 1 (7632.371m2) 3per 100m2 gross area 229
Kindergarten 1 (100 students) 0.2 per students 20
TOTAL 3173

Average Daily Flow (ADF) = Design Flow rate x PE = 713.975 m3/day

Peak Flow Factor (PFF) = 4.7 p^(-0.11) = 4.139
Peak Fow Rate = PFF X ADF = 2955.398 m3/day

~ 3000 m3/day

@~ 0.034 m3/s
Pipe Computation

Type of pipe : Vitrified Clay Pipe VCP as main pipe with full flow 100%

PE = 280
Peak flow factor = 4.7 x (PE/1000)-0.11
= 5.4
3
Dry weather flow, DWF = PE x 0.225 m /day
3
= 280 x (0.225 / 24 x 60 x 60) m /s
3
= 0.00073 m /s
Peak flow, Qpeak = 5.4 x DWF
= 5.4 x 0.00073
= 0.0039 m3/s

Diameter of Pipe, D =300mm

=0.3m

Gradient , S =1/m

=1/250 =0.004

Area of Full Flow, A = D2 /4

=3.142 *(0.3)2 / 4

=0.070695 m2

Wetted Perimeter ,P = D

=3.142 (0.3) =0.9426

Hydraulic Radius , R =A/P

=0.070695 / 0.9426 =0.075 m

Velocity Of flow in pipe ,V =1/n x R2/3 x S1/2

=1/0.014 x 0.0752/3 x 0.0041/2

=0.8034 m/s

Acceptable Velocity is between 0.8 m/s to 4.0 m/s ,

Hence our V=0.8034 m/s OK!

Capacity of Pipe Q pipe =AV

=0.070695 m2 x 0.8034 m/s

=0.0568

Acceptable capacity of pipe , Q pipe > Peak Flow ,Q peak

Q pipe =0.0568 > 0.0039 m3/s

Based on calculation made , the diameter suitable to be used for this project is 300mm
because it is proved that the diameter able accumulate sewage during peak flow .

Example Computation of Manhole to Manhole

1) Flow rate in pipe

• Manhole S1 to manhole S2

Single Storey bungalow = 6 units x 5 PE/Unit

= 30 PE

Single Storey bungalow = 8 units x 5 PE/unit

= 40PE

Cumulative population = 30 PE + 40 PE

equivalent, PE = 70 PE

• Peak flow factor (PFF) = 4.7 x (PE/1000) -0.11

= 4.7 x (70/1000) -0.11

= 6.3

• Q average = PE x 0.225 m³/day

= 70 x 0.225

= 0.0002 m³/s
• Peak flow, Qpeak = peak flow factor x DWF

= 6.3 x 0.0002 m³/s

= 0.00115 m³/s

2) Design of Pipe

• Diameter pipe, D = 300 mm

• Gradient, S = 1: 250

• Cross sect.area of pipe = πd²/4

= π (0.3)²/4

= 0.0707 m²

• Hydraulic gradient, R = D/4

= 0.075

• Velocity in pipe

= 1/n x R^2/3 x S^1/2

= 1/0.014 x (0.075) ^2/3 x (1/250) ^ ½

= 0.8034 m/s

= 0.8 m/s < x < 4 … O.K!

• Pipe capacity, Q

= AV/2

= (0.0707 m² x 0.8034 m/s ) ÷ 2

= 0.0284 m³/s > 0.00115 m³/s … O.K!

3) Level and Depth of Manhole

• Manhole 1 – depth = 1.2 m

Ground level = 13.0 m

Invert level = 13.0 – 1.2 – 0.3

= 11.50 m
• Manhole 2

Ground level = 13.0 m

Gradient, S = 0.004 (1:250)

Fall = Length / Gradient

= 100 / 0.004

= 0.4

Invert level = (invert level of manhole 1) – (Fall)

= 11.10 – 0.4

= 10.70

• Then, manhole 2 depth = 13.00 m – 10.70 m

= 2.3 m > 1.2 m … OK!

8.0 Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP)

Sewerage Treatment Plant is a site design to treat sewage . The are few type of sewerage
treatment plant such Mechanical STP , Stabilization Pond and Aerated Lagoon . The
selection of the type STP to be use mostly depend on the land area requirement . Land
requirement for Mechanical STP need is less than Stabilization Pond and Aerated Lagoon .
But its construction and maintenance is more costing than other types of STP .

Class Of Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP)

Land Area Requirement

The recommended land area requirements for various sewage treatment plants capacities are
derived from relevant treatment process concepts and also taken into consideration other
design criteria. The land area requirements and buffer allowance for temporary sewage
treatment plants maybe reduced at the discretion of the Commission on a case by case basis.
Table : Land Requirement Area
Checking Land Requirement Area

The proposed project will provide a Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) that will collect
sewage from Bungalow Lot (14 units), Single Storey Bungalow(239 units), Double Storey
Semi-D (96units),Double Storey Terrace (112unis) , Office Shop Lot , Food Court , Petrol
Station , Commercial Lot , Surau , Hall and Kindergarten . The STP that will be construct is
stabilization pond with area of 100077.75 m2 . This STP will accumulate PE of 3173 for
the whole area . The selection of this STP because it:-

• Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads

• High reduction of solids, BOD and pathogens

• High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture

• Low operating cost

• No electrical energy required

• No real problems with flies or odours if designed and maintained correctly

• Can be built and repaired with locally available materials

• Effluent can be reused in aquaculture or for irrigation in agriculture

Since our total PE = 3173 refer standard A for PE =4000

Required Land Area = 2.2 arc

= 89029 m2

Provide Land Area = 100077.75 m2

Provide Land Area > Required Land Area OK!

Refer to Modularisation Requirement table , STP classification for this project is class 2
because the PE value lie between the range 1001 to 5000 . One module of STP class 2 is
suggested to accommodate sewage . Thus, the STP that will be provide is enough .
9.0 Conclusion

In conclusion , the conduit sewer system to be used for an area in “Cadangan Pembangunan
Bercampur ,Taman Nusa Indah , 81310 , Nusajaya Johor Darul Takzim”is separate sewer
system together with gravity sewerage system .The combination of rainfall water and sewage
during storm days can cause “over flow “ which will effect the efficiency treating the sewage.
Other than that , the construction of separate sewer system is low cost than construct the
combine sewerage system as they need large pipe diameter and large Sewerage Treatment
Plant ( STP) to accumulate and treat more sewage (from domestic and runoff water) . Hence,
constructing those type of sewerage system can reduce the cost of construction, operating and
maintenance. The usage of pumping is not recommended as it is because it may cause
problem in draining sewage to STP due to pressure issue. Others than then , its is highly cost
in operation and maintenance .

Other design and requirement as mention before .

10.0 Summary

1 Total population equivalent for the area is 3173 (STP CLASS 2)

2 A total of 98 manholes will be constructed in this sewer network.
3 The peak flow is estimated to be 0.083 m3/s, occurs along the routes from manhole T29-
STP.
4 The sewer pipes to be used in this project are Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP).
5 VC pipes of diameter of 300mm are used in this project.
6 Roughness coefficient of VCP is assumed as 0.014.
7 The longest sewer pipe in this project is 100 m, and the shortest sewer pipe is 30 m.
8 The steepest slope of pipes used is 1:50 at manhole T2-T3 , T8-T9 ,T11-T12 , T25-T26 ,
T23-T26 , T26-T27 , T27-T28 .
9 The maximum fall of pipe is 8.08 m, occurs from manhole C4-C13 .
10 The maximum depth of manhole is 4.74 m and the minimum depth of manhole is 1.2 m
11 Type of STP to be construct is Stabilize Pond at R.L 4.5 m.