2017 KOF Index of Globalization*

Globalization Economic Social Political

country country country country
Index Globalization Globalization Globalization
1. Netherlands 92.84 1. Singapore 97.77 1. Singapore 91.61 1. France 97.29
2. Ireland 92.15 2. Ireland 94.65 2. Switzerland 91.13 2. Italy 97.25
3. Belgium 91.75 3. Luxembourg 94.06 3. Ireland 90.99 3. Belgium 95.79
4. Austria 90.05 4. Netherlands 93.06 4. Netherlands 90.71 4. Sweden 95.56
5. Switzerland 88.79 5. Malta 91.74 5. Austria 90.62 5. Netherlands 95.41
6. Denmark 88.37 6. Belgium 90.08 6. Belgium 90.34 6. Spain 95.23
7. Sweden 87.96 7. Hungary 88.75 7. Puerto Rico 89.98 7. Austria 95.15
8. United Kingdom 87.26 8. United Arab Emirates 88.06 8. Canada 89.22 8. United Kingdom 94.67
9. France 87.19 9. Mauritius 88.01 9. Denmark 87.54 9. Brazil 94.30
10. Hungary 86.55 10. Estonia 87.54 10. Cyprus 87.17 10. Switzerland 93.40
11. Canada 86.51 11. Bahrain 87.37 11. France 87.11 11. Denmark 92.84
12. Finland 86.30 12. Slovak Republic 87.00 12. Norway 86.31 12. Norway 92.74
13. Portugal 85.04 13. Czech Republic 86.90 13. United Kingdom 85.83 13. Argentina 92.61
14. Cyprus 85.00 14. Cyprus 86.64 14. Germany 85.49 14. Egypt, Arab Rep. 92.46
15. Czech Republic 84.88 15. Denmark 85.76 15. Croatia 85.29 15. Canada 92.45
16. Germany 84.57 16. Austria 85.50 16. Sweden 84.66 16. Finland 92.34
17. Spain 84.56 17. Sweden 85.48 17. Australia 84.13 17. Turkey 91.88
18. Slovak Republic 84.36 18. Finland 84.20 18. Finland 83.81 18. Germany 91.71
19. Luxembourg 84.21 19. Georgia 83.01 19. Portugal 83.39 19. United States 91.43
20. Singapore 83.64 20. United Kingdom 82.99 20. Spain 83.38 20. Russian Federation 91.34
21. Norway 83.50 21. Latvia 82.80 21. Slovak Republic 82.76 21. Greece 91.33
22. Australia 82.97 22. Switzerland 82.76 22. Czech Republic 82.19 22. India 91.23
23. Italy 82.19 23. Portugal 82.71 23. Hungary 81.16 23. Hungary 90.94
24. Croatia 81.39 24. Montenegro 81.79 24. Greece 80.74 24. Nigeria 90.79
25. Poland 81.32 25. Qatar 81.45 25. Lithuania 80.72 25. Ireland 90.47
26. Greece 80.60 26. Seychelles 81.22 26. Qatar 80.05 26. Portugal 90.24
27. United States 79.73 27. Oman 81.02 27. Poland 79.82 27. Australia 90.17
28. Estonia 79.27 28. New Zealand 80.97 28. Luxembourg 79.39 28. Romania 89.82
29. Qatar 78.49 29. Chile 80.18 29. Italy 79.37 29. Korea, Rep. 89.58
30. New Zealand 78.29 30. France 79.41 30. United States 78.82 30. Morocco 89.50
31. Malaysia 78.14 31. Canada 79.08 31. United Arab Emirates 77.93 31. Chile 89.01
32. Lithuania 77.47 32. Brunei Darussalam 78.66 32. Andorra 77.30 32. Senegal 88.97
33. Slovenia 76.91 33. Panama 78.25 33. Kuwait 77.28 33. Poland 88.82
34. Bulgaria 76.89 34. Germany 78.06 34. Israel 77.12 34. Japan 88.10
35. Romania 76.51 35. Malaysia 77.93 35. Malta 76.59 35. South Africa 88.04
36. Malta 75.86 36. Slovenia 77.89 36. Saudi Arabia 76.24 36. Pakistan 87.30
37. United Arab Emirates 75.29 37. Spain 77.50 37. Malaysia 74.20 37. Jordan 87.17
38. Israel 72.88 38. Bulgaria 77.18 38. New Zealand 73.99 38. Indonesia 86.83
39. Japan 72.26 39. Poland 77.06 39. Estonia 73.81 39. Peru 86.38
40. Chile 72.23 40. Israel 76.48 40. Slovenia 71.93 40. Tunisia 86.02
41. Latvia 71.45 41. Australia 76.17 41. Bahrain 71.88 41. Czech Republic 85.88
42. Turkey 71.33 42. Iceland 76.02 42. Bulgaria 71.34 42. Ghana 85.72
43. Bahrain 70.80 43. Trinidad and Tobago 75.94 43. Romania 70.97 43. Ukraine 84.90
44. Thailand 70.76 44. Lithuania 75.54 44. Latvia 70.43 44. China 84.26
45. Ukraine 70.24 45. Croatia 75.37 45. Aruba 70.14 45. Kenya 83.97
46. Serbia 69.49 46. Mongolia 75.31 46. Iceland 69.85 46. Bulgaria 83.95
47. Jordan 69.19 47. Peru 75.05 47. New Caledonia 69.07 47. Croatia 83.93
48. Russian Federation 68.25 48. Italy 73.43 48. Japan 68.89 48. Uruguay 83.82
49. Kuwait 68.09 49. Norway 73.39 49. Turkey 68.22 49. Malaysia 83.69
50. Iceland 67.90 50. Lebanon 73.30 50. Macao, China 67.95 50. Slovak Republic 83.11
51. Saudi Arabia 67.74 51. Honduras 72.90 51. Brunei Darussalam 67.08 51. Guatemala 83.01
52. Brunei Darussalam 67.60 52. Greece 72.13 52. Russian Federation 66.58 52. Philippines 82.83
53. Korea, Rep. 67.03 53. Romania 71.94 53. Bahamas, The 66.30 53. Ethiopia 82.51
54. South Africa 66.72 54. United States 71.58 54. Dominican Republic 65.74 54. Slovenia 82.33
55. Uruguay 66.63 55. Thailand 71.20 55. Lebanon 65.12 55. Algeria 81.66
56. Mauritius 66.61 56. Barbados 70.67 56. Serbia 65.06 56. Ecuador 80.97
57. Bosnia and Herzegovina 66.56 57. Jordan 70.29 57. Thailand 64.23 57. New Zealand 80.57
58. Lebanon 66.52 58. Liberia 70.25 58. Virgin Islands (U.S.) 64.20 58. Colombia 80.15
59. Dominican Republic 66.45 59. Serbia 69.64 59. Bosnia and Herzegovina 62.50 59. Cyprus 79.98
60. Peru 66.27 60. South Africa 68.91 60. Mauritius 61.94 60. El Salvador 79.16
61. Morocco 65.95 61. Mauritania 68.89 61. Liechtenstein 61.60 61. Thailand 78.95
62. Panama 65.75 62. Congo, Rep. 68.52 62. Belarus 61.05 62. Paraguay 78.39
63. Montenegro 65.37 63. Ukraine 68.42 63. Ukraine 61.05 63. Luxembourg 77.98
64. El Salvador 65.01 64. Costa Rica 68.31 64. Costa Rica 60.83 64. Burkina Faso 76.88
65. Georgia 64.13 65. Armenia 68.21 65. Antigua and Barbuda 59.88 65. Bolivia 76.81
66. Egypt, Arab Rep. 63.20 66. El Salvador 67.84 66. Bermuda 59.03 66. Sri Lanka 76.67
67. Costa Rica 63.03 67. Macedonia, FYR 67.53 67. Faeroe Islands 58.36 67. Guinea 76.19
68. Trinidad and Tobago 62.79 68. Libya 67.16 68. Panama 57.92 68. Mali 75.98
69. Oman 62.66 69. Albania 66.99 69. Oman 57.65 69. Estonia 75.91
70. Mexico 62.29 70. Mexico 65.95 70. Georgia 57.44 70. Bangladesh 75.89
71. China 62.02 71. Cambodia 65.90 71. Egypt, Arab Rep. 57.42 71. Bosnia and Herzegovina 75.85
72. Honduras 61.42 72. Zambia 64.53 72. Morocco 56.78 72. Cote d'Ivoire 75.76
73. Brazil 61.40 73. Uruguay 64.51 73. Trinidad and Tobago 56.45 73. Lithuania 75.60
74. Moldova 61.39 74. Indonesia 64.02 74. Monaco 56.04 74. Serbia 75.22
75. Belarus 60.76 75. Kuwait 63.98 75. San Marino 55.89 75. Benin 75.17
76. Albania 60.65 76. Botswana 63.80 76. Uruguay 55.83 76. Niger 74.33
77. Guatemala 60.42 77. Bosnia and Herzegovina 63.57 77. Moldova 55.16 77. Togo 73.38
78. Colombia 60.34 78. Japan 63.47 78. Seychelles 55.00 78. Dominican Republic 73.31
79. Paraguay 59.92 79. Saudi Arabia 63.35 79. Jordan 54.72 79. Cameroon 73.16
80. Seychelles 59.88 80. Korea, Rep. 63.14 80. Montenegro 54.56 80. Zambia 72.93
81. Tunisia 59.74 81. Timor-Leste 63.09 81. China 54.23 81. Jamaica 72.58
82. Indonesia 59.65 82. Jamaica 62.83 82. Korea, Rep. 53.93 82. Qatar 72.57
83. Armenia 58.89 83. Guyana 62.73 83. French Polynesia 53.90 83. Gabon 72.30
84. Argentina 58.54 84. Vietnam 62.64 84. Fiji 52.82 84. Mongolia 71.89
85. Jamaica 58.43 85. Togo 62.58 85. Grenada 52.69 85. Honduras 71.84
86. Fiji 57.56 86. Moldova 61.96 86. Argentina 52.60 86. Albania 71.80
87. Mongolia 56.91 87. Dominican Republic 61.86 87. Cayman Islands 52.55 87. Mexico 71.72
88. Philippines 56.84 88. Guatemala 61.48 88. Maldives 52.08 88. Rwanda 71.53
89. Vietnam 56.69 89. Papua New Guinea 61.03 89. Chile 52.05 89. Vietnam 71.13
90. Azerbaijan 56.22 90. Swaziland 60.72 90. Mexico 51.72 90. Nepal 70.91
91. Kazakhstan 56.08 91. Tunisia 60.22 91. El Salvador 51.71 91. Uganda 70.18
 Globalization Economic Social Political
country country country country
Index Globalization Globalization Globalization
92. Gabon 55.96 92. Kiribati 60.17 92. Azerbaijan 51.45 92. Fiji 69.68
93. Barbados 55.56 93. Kazakhstan 59.94 93. Venezuela, RB 50.77 93. Zimbabwe 69.27
94. Macedonia, FYR 55.39 94. Nicaragua 59.82 94. Barbados 50.76 94. Moldova 69.00
95. Senegal 54.75 95. Paraguay 59.42 95. Palau 49.29 95. Kazakhstan 68.53
96. Bahamas, The 54.45 96. Gabon 59.40 96. West Bank and Gaza 49.01 96. Chad 67.77
97. Ghana 54.17 97. Azerbaijan 59.14 97. South Africa 48.71 97. Djibouti 67.00
98. Bolivia 53.99 98. Namibia 58.78 98. Macedonia, FYR 48.49 98. Mauritania 66.99
99. Togo 53.70 99. Bhutan 58.75 99. Greenland 47.89 99. Armenia 66.99
100. Kyrgyz Republic 53.64 100. Colombia 58.73 100. St. Kitts and Nevis 47.41 100. Kyrgyz Republic 66.35
101. Namibia 53.52 101. Turkey 58.61 101. St. Lucia 47.33 101. Iran, Islamic Rep. 66.33
102. Grenada 53.24 102. Ghana 58.39 102. Colombia 47.09 102. Congo, Dem. Rep. 65.89
103. Ecuador 52.78 103. Lesotho 58.15 103. Guam 46.76 103. Venezuela, RB 65.79
104. Nicaragua 52.77 104. Belize 57.96 104. Paraguay 46.59 104. Namibia 65.58
105. Puerto Rico 52.76 105. Belarus 57.93 105. Albania 46.24 105. Sierra Leone 65.27
106. Zambia 52.47 106. Cape Verde 57.60 106. Brazil 45.58 106. Malawi 65.12
107. India 52.38 107. Kyrgyz Republic 57.28 107. Ecuador 45.41 107. Madagascar 65.10
108. Algeria 52.33 108. Morocco 57.19 108. St. Vincent and the Grena 44.44 108. Yemen, Rep. 65.01
109. Congo, Rep. 51.83 109. Mozambique 56.99 109. Nicaragua 44.13 109. Mozambique 64.80
110. Sri Lanka 51.81 110. Vanuatu 56.67 110. Armenia 43.88 110. Gambia, The 64.15
111. Mauritania 51.45 111. Myanmar 56.58 111. Jamaica 43.63 111. Belarus 64.02
112. Venezuela, RB 51.12 112. Sierra Leone 55.76 112. Dominica 43.21 112. Liberia 63.99
113. Pakistan 51.02 113. Bolivia 55.23 113. Kazakhstan 43.07 113. Congo, Rep. 63.67
114. Libya 50.81 114. Gambia, The 55.03 114. Swaziland 42.90 114. Cuba 62.96
115. Liberia 50.80 115. Philippines 53.89 115. Peru 42.81 115. Tajikistan 62.58
116. Cambodia 50.69 116. Lao PDR 53.76 116. Honduras 42.60 116. Israel 62.56
117. Gambia, The 50.35 117. Senegal 53.63 117. Guatemala 42.52 117. Cambodia 62.36
118. Nigeria 50.24 118. Burkina Faso 53.26 118. Belize 41.73 118. Burundi 62.17
119. Djibouti 49.26 119. Fiji 53.07 119. Cape Verde 41.56 119. Saudi Arabia 62.01
120. Antigua and Barbuda 49.04 120. Suriname 53.04 120. Kyrgyz Republic 40.64 120. Guinea-Bissau 61.64
121. Cote d'Ivoire 48.82 121. China 52.84 121. Gabon 40.45 121. Kuwait 61.05
122. Burkina Faso 48.69 122. Niger 52.55 122. Philippines 40.27 122. Tanzania 60.64
123. Guyana 48.61 123. Angola 52.54 123. Vietnam 40.18 123. Panama 60.13
124. Belize 48.07 124. Brazil 52.30 124. Suriname 40.11 124. Lebanon 59.67
125. Niger 47.92 125. Russian Federation 52.06 125. Syrian Arab Republic 39.74 125. Papua New Guinea 59.24
126. Botswana 47.86 126. Haiti 51.59 126. Tunisia 39.66 126. Costa Rica 59.18
127. Swaziland 47.48 127. Syrian Arab Republic 50.60 127. Namibia 39.45 127. Azerbaijan 58.83
128. Mozambique 47.39 128. Uganda 50.03 128. Sri Lanka 39.42 128. Montenegro 58.71
129. Syrian Arab Republic 46.97 129. Rwanda 49.36 129. Samoa 39.40 129. Central African Republic 58.39
130. San Marino 46.84 130. Nigeria 49.03 130. Tonga 38.09 130. Latvia 58.20
131. Benin 46.67 131. Benin 48.36 131. Guyana 37.41 131. United Arab Emirates 55.33
132. Kenya 46.64 132. Iraq 48.31 132. Botswana 37.40 132. Nicaragua 55.26
133. Cape Verde 46.25 133. Cote d'Ivoire 48.03 133. Turkmenistan 37.31 133. Iceland 54.84
134. Cuba 46.19 134. Madagascar 47.82 134. Djibouti 36.00 134. Singapore 54.77
135. Mali 46.07 135. Malawi 47.71 135. Bolivia 35.76 135. Sudan 54.64
136. Lesotho 45.94 136. Algeria 47.02 136. Uzbekistan 35.61 136. Iraq 54.61
137. Vanuatu 45.84 137. Bahamas, The 46.58 137. Algeria 35.55 137. Malta 54.44
138. Papua New Guinea 45.79 138. Egypt, Arab Rep. 46.50 138. Gambia, The 35.54 138. Trinidad and Tobago 54.34
139. Rwanda 45.56 139. Mali 46.32 139. Indonesia 35.14 139. Lesotho 54.09
140. Palau 44.94 140. Sri Lanka 45.37 140. Libya 35.12 140. Brunei Darussalam 54.05
141. Uganda 44.90 141. Yemen, Rep. 45.09 141. Pakistan 34.93 141. Grenada 53.98
142. Sierra Leone 44.74 142. Congo, Dem. Rep. 44.97 142. Iran, Islamic Rep. 34.67 142. Syrian Arab Republic 51.99
143. Suriname 44.41 143. India 44.36 143. Vanuatu 33.72 143. Libya 50.75
144. Guinea 44.40 144. Guinea 44.25 144. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 33.71 144. Samoa 49.41
145. Malawi 44.40 145. Tanzania 42.97 145. Cuba 33.66 145. Macedonia, FYR 48.97
146. Cameroon 44.20 146. Tajikistan 42.53 146. Bhutan 32.51 146. Georgia 48.79
147. Zimbabwe 44.04 147. Cameroon 41.18 147. India 31.08 147. Bahamas, The 48.72
148. St. Lucia 43.87 148. Venezuela, RB 40.09 148. Iraq 31.00 148. Haiti 48.28
149. Samoa 43.68 149. Kenya 39.75 149. Sao Tome and Principe 30.73 149. Angola 48.27
150. Iraq 43.66 150. Zimbabwe 39.60 150. Togo 30.47 150. Vanuatu 48.13
151. Bhutan 43.58 151. Pakistan 39.57 151. Senegal 30.27 151. Bahrain 48.01
152. Yemen, Rep. 42.99 152. Chad 39.32 152. Kiribati 29.59 152. Afghanistan 46.07
153. Madagascar 42.90 153. Central African Republic 38.77 153. Zimbabwe 29.47 153. Oman 45.74
154. Tajikistan 42.87 154. Ecuador 38.54 154. Cote d'Ivoire 29.47 154. Guyana 45.41
155. Iran, Islamic Rep. 42.13 155. Argentina 38.26 155. Tajikistan 28.47 155. Mauritius 45.32
156. Maldives 42.03 156. Afghanistan 35.45 156. Lesotho 28.11 156. Myanmar 44.74
157. Aruba 41.98 157. Bangladesh 33.62 157. Mongolia 28.03 157. Uzbekistan 44.54
158. Timor-Leste 41.78 158. Guinea-Bissau 32.29 158. Comoros 27.62 158. Belize 43.81
159. New Caledonia 40.90 159. Iran, Islamic Rep. 31.09 159. Cambodia 27.34 159. Timor-Leste 42.72
160. Macao, China 40.84 160. Burundi 28.45 160. Congo, Rep. 26.94 160. Barbados 42.55
161. Bangladesh 40.82 161. Sudan 27.16 161. Ghana 26.55 161. Botswana 41.34
162. Angola 40.04 162. Ethiopia 26.90 162. Malawi 25.74 162. St. Lucia 39.23
163. Congo, Dem. Rep. 39.98 163. Nepal 24.72 163. Nepal 25.67 163. Palau 39.13
164. Dominica 39.68 164. American Samoa . 164. Zambia 25.58 164. Suriname 39.06
165. Chad 39.57 165. Andorra . 165. Cameroon 25.48 165. Seychelles 38.92
166. Uzbekistan 39.43 166. Antigua and Barbuda . 166. Kenya 25.39 166. Bhutan 38.85
167. Ethiopia 39.33 167. Aruba . 167. Lao PDR 25.21 167. Cape Verde 37.92
168. Myanmar 39.03 168. Bermuda . 168. Mozambique 25.16 168. Lao PDR 37.51
169. Haiti 38.81 169. Cayman Islands . 169. Yemen, Rep. 24.53 169. Turkmenistan 36.69
170. Lao PDR 38.74 170. Channel Islands . 170. Guinea-Bissau 24.00 170. Swaziland 36.55
171. St. Kitts and Nevis 38.65 171. Comoros . 171. Benin 23.78 171. Comoros 35.16
172. St. Vincent and the Grena 38.51 172. Cuba . 172. Niger 23.75 172. Dominica 34.94
173. Tanzania 38.45 173. Djibouti . 173. Equatorial Guinea 23.67 173. San Marino 34.71
174. Kiribati 38.11 174. Dominica . 174. Mali 23.49 174. Antigua and Barbuda 34.53
175. Nepal 37.81 175. Equatorial Guinea . 175. Eritrea 23.28 175. Somalia 32.18
176. Guinea-Bissau 37.32 176. Eritrea . 176. Burkina Faso 23.25 176. Monaco 32.16
177. Turkmenistan 37.05 177. Faeroe Islands . 177. Mauritania 23.09 177. Sao Tome and Principe 32.12
178. Central African Republic 36.34 178. French Polynesia . 178. Rwanda 22.52 178. St. Vincent and the Grena 30.57
179. Bermuda 35.50 179. Greenland . 179. Solomon Islands 22.49 179. Equatorial Guinea 29.49
180. Burundi 35.04 180. Grenada . 180. Liberia 22.24 180. Liechtenstein 29.04
181. Faeroe Islands 34.77 181. Guam . 181. Angola 21.86 181. Maldives 28.57
182. Tonga 32.66 182. Isle of Man . 182. Madagascar 21.60 182. Eritrea 27.47
183. Afghanistan 32.17 183. Korea, Dem. Rep. . 183. Bangladesh 21.56 183. St. Kitts and Nevis 26.91
184. French Polynesia 32.10 184. Liechtenstein . 184. Nigeria 21.13 184. Solomon Islands 25.97
 Globalization Economic Social Political
country country country country
Index Globalization Globalization Globalization
185. Cayman Islands 31.45 185. Macao, China . 185. Burundi 21.11 185. Korea, Dem. Rep. 25.85
186. Sudan 31.42 186. Maldives . 186. Uganda 21.10 186. Tonga 25.37
187. Sao Tome and Principe 31.32 187. Marshall Islands . 187. Papua New Guinea 21.08 187. Andorra 22.77
188. West Bank and Gaza 30.93 188. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. . 188. Guinea 20.81 188. Kiribati 21.11
189. Comoros 30.84 189. Monaco . 189. Timor-Leste 20.58 189. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 20.28
190. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 27.96 190. Netherlands Antilles . 190. Haiti 19.45 190. Marshall Islands 19.03
191. Equatorial Guinea 26.16 191. New Caledonia . 191. Ethiopia 19.04 191. West Bank and Gaza 6.72
192. Eritrea 25.07 192. Northern Mariana Islands . 192. Sierra Leone 18.82 192. Netherlands Antilles 5.56
193. Solomon Islands 23.98 193. Palau . 193. Chad 18.74 193. Macao, China 4.54
194. American Samoa . 194. Puerto Rico . 194. Afghanistan 18.64 194. Aruba 4.27
195. Andorra . 195. Samoa . 195. Sudan 18.19 195. Bermuda 4.00
196. Channel Islands . 196. San Marino . 196. Myanmar 17.87 196. Cayman Islands 3.18
197. Greenland . 197. Sao Tome and Principe . 197. Somalia 17.70 197. Faeroe Islands 3.18
198. Guam . 198. Solomon Islands . 198. Central African Republic 17.54 198. New Caledonia 3.18
199. Isle of Man . 199. Somalia . 199. Tanzania 17.52 199. French Polynesia 2.91
200. Korea, Dem. Rep. . 200. St. Kitts and Nevis . 200. Congo, Dem. Rep. 15.83 200. Greenland 2.91
201. Liechtenstein . 201. St. Lucia . 201. American Samoa . 201. Puerto Rico 2.91
202. Marshall Islands . 202. St. Vincent and the Grena . 202. Channel Islands . 202. Virgin Islands (U.S.) 2.63
203. Monaco . 203. Tonga . 203. Isle of Man . 203. American Samoa 2.09
204. Netherlands Antilles . 204. Turkmenistan . 204. Korea, Dem. Rep. . 204. Guam 2.09
205. Northern Mariana Islands . 205. Uzbekistan . 205. Marshall Islands . 205. Northern Mariana Islands 1.54
206. Somalia . 206. Virgin Islands (U.S.) . 206. Netherlands Antilles . 206. Isle of Man 1.27
207. Virgin Islands (U.S.) . 207. West Bank and Gaza . 207. Northern Mariana Islands . 207. Channel Islands 1.00

* Note: Rankings are based on the raw data for the year 2014

Source:

Dreher, Axel, 2006, Does Globalization Affect Growth? Empirical Evidence from a new Index, Applied Economics 38, 10: 1091-1110.

Updated in:
Dreher, Axel; Noel Gaston and Pim Martens, 2008, Measuring Globalization - Gauging its Consequence , New York: Springer.