History of the United Nations

1 January 1942 || The name "United Nations" is coined

The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in
the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War,
when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the
Axis Powers.

24 October 1945 || The United Nations officially comes into

existence
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the
basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and
the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944

The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was
not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.

The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified
by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other
signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year

United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain
international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-
operation and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.[3] The headquarters of the UN is
in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated
in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary
contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and
security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable
developmentand upholding international law.[4] The UN is the largest, most familiar, most
internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organizationin the world. In 24
October 1945, at the end of World War II, the organization was established with the aim of
preventing future wars.[5] At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The UN
is the successor of the ineffective
League of Nations.
On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting
the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 in the San Francisco Opera House, and
signed on 26 June 1945 in the Herbst Theatre auditorium in the Veterans War Memorial Building.
This charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operation.

Structure of United Nations

1. United Nations General Assembly
May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council
(UNSC)

 Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC;

 Adopts the budget;
 Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary
General (following his/her proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International
Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote

2. The United Nations Secretariat

 Supports the other UN bodiesadministratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the
writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget);
 Its chairperson – the UN Secretary General – is elected by the General Assembly for a
five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative
3. The International Court of Justice

 Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction;

 Issues legal opinions;
 Renders judgement by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly
for nine-year terms.

4. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

 Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security;

 May adopt compulsory resolutions;
 Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members.
5. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC

 Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters;
 Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies;
 Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates.
 6. The United Nations Trusteeship Counci

 Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations
mandates;
 Has been inactive since 1994, when Palau, the last trust territory, attained independence.

Functions of the United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization designed to make the
enforcement of international law, security, and human rights; economic
development; and social progress easier for countries around the world. The
United Nations includes 193 member countries and two permanent observer
entities that cannot vote. Its main headquarters is in New York City.
At the turn of the century, the UN established what it called its Millennium
Development Goals. Most of its member states and various international
organizations agreed to target goals relating to reducing poverty and child
mortality, fighting diseases and epidemics, and developing a global partnership
in terms of international development, by 2015.

The Role of the United Nations

As the most representative inter-governmental organization of the world today, the United Nations'
role in world affairs is irreplaceable by any other international or regional organizations. The United
Nations has made enormous positive contributions in maintaining international peace and security,
promoting cooperation among states and international development. Today, people of the world still
face the two major issues of peace and development. Only by international cooperation can mankind
meet the challenges of the global and regional issues. The United Nations can play a pivotal and
positive role in this regard. Strengthening the role of the United Nations in the new century and
promoting the establishment of a just and reasonable international political and economic order goes
along with the trend of history and is in the interest of all nations.

In order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, efforts should be made to uphold the purposes
and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. The authority of the Security Council in
maintaining international peace and security must be preserved and role of the United Nations in
development area should be strengthened. To strengthen the role of the United Nations, it is essential
to ensure to all Member States of the United Nations the right to equal participation in international
affairs and the rights and interests of the developing countries should be safeguarded.
 International Public Administration
International public administration is a field of international federal public servants. At its
most basic level, public administration seeks to understand how governments make
decisions and provides support in coming to those resolutions,
explains WorldWideLearn, a premier education guidance website. Unlike some areas of
study, public administration is not its own academic discipline,
explains InternationalStudent, but instead calls upon business, economics,
management, political theory, public policy, and sociology to inform its analysis and
decisions. International public administration widens the focus and considers how one
country’s decisions affect relations with other countries, politely or economically.

Because of the breadth of its interests, international public administration can take many
forms. Below are four positions in the international public administration sector
to consider:

What is the WTO?

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization
dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements,
negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their
parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and
importers conduct their business.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organizationthat is concerned with
the regulation of international trade between nations. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January
1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest
international economic organization in the world

Functions
At the heart of the Organisation are the WTO agreements, negotiated
and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations. The goal is to
help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers
conduct their business. The WTO’s overriding objective is to help
trade flow smoothly, frets, fairly, and predictably.
At the heart of the Organisation are the WTO agreements, negotiated
and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations. The goal is to
help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers
conduct their business. The WTO’s overriding objective is to
help trade flow smoothly, frets, fairly, and predictably.
i. It shall facilitate the implementation, administration and
operation of the WTO trade agreements, such as
multilateral trade agreements, plurilateral trade
agreements.
ii. It shall provide forum for negotiations among its
members concerning their multilateral trade relations.
iii. It shall administer the ‘Understanding on Rules and
Procedures’ so as to handle trade disputes.
iv. It shall monitor national trade policies.
v. It shall provide technical assistance and training for
members of the developing countries
vi. It shall cooperate with various international
organisations like the IMF and the WB with the aim of
achieving greater coherence in global economic policy-
making
The WTO was founded on certain guiding principles—non-
discrimination, free trade, open, fair and undistorted
competition, etc. In addition, it has special concern for
developing countries.
Organizational structure[edit]
 The General Council has the following subsidiary bodies which oversee committees
in different areas
 Council for Trade in Goods
There are 11 committees under the jurisdiction of the Goods Council each with a
specific task. All members of the WTO participate in the committees.
 Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Information on intellectual property in the WTO, news and official records of the
activities of the TRIPS Council, and details of the WTO's work with other international
organizations in the field
 Council for Trade in Services
The Council for Trade in Services operates under the guidance of the General
Council and is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the General Agreement
on Trade in Services (GATS). It is open to all WTO members, and can create
subsidiary bodies as required
  Trade Negotiations Committee
The Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) is the committee that deals with the
current trade talks round. The chair is WTO's director-general. As of June 2012 the
committee was tasked with the Doha Development Round

What is The World Bank

The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing
financing, advice and research to developing nations to aid their
economic advancement. The World Bank was created out of
the Bretton Woods agreement
The World Bank is a provider of financial and technical assistance to
developing countries around the globe. The bank considers itself a
unique financial institutionthat provides partnerships to reduce poverty
and support economic development by giving loans and offering advice
and training to both the private and public sectors. The World Bank was
established in 1944, is headquartered in Washington D.C., and has
more than 10,000 employees in over 120 offices worldwide.
The Structure of The World Bank

The World Bank has expanded from the single institution that was created in
1944 to a group of five unique and cooperative institutional organizations
1 .The first organization is the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), an institution that provides debt financing to
governments that are considered middle income.
2. The second organization within The World Bank is the International
Development Association (IDA), a group that gives interest-free loans to the
governments of poor countries.
3. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), the third organization, focuses
on theprivate sector and provides developing countries with investment
financing and financial advisory services.
4. The fourth part of The World Bank is the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA), an organization that promotes foreign direct investments in
developing countries
5. The fifth and final organization is the International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID), an entity that provides arbitration on
international investment disputes
The Goals and Benefits of The World Bank
The World Bank has two stated goals that it aims to achieve by 2030. The first is
to end extreme poverty by decreasing the amount of people living on less than
$1.90 a day to below 3% of the world population. The second is to increase
overall prosperity by increasing the income growth in the bottom 40% of the
world's population.

1. To provide long-run capital to member countries for economic

reconstruction and development.

2. To induce long-run capital investment for assuring Balance of

Payments (BoP) equilibrium and balanced development of
international trade.

3. To provide guarantee for loans granted to small and large units and
other projects of member countries.

4. To ensure the implementation of development projects so as to

bring about a smooth transference from a war-time to peace economy.

5. To promote capital investment in member countries by the

following ways;

(a) To provide guarantee on private loans or capital investment.

(b) If private capital is not available even after providing guarantee,

then IBRD provides loans for productive activities on considerate
conditions.
Functions:
World Bank is playing main role of providing loans for development
works to member countries, especially to underdeveloped countries.
The World Bank provides long-term loans for various development
projects of 5 to 20 years duration.

1. World Bank provides various technical services to the member

countries. For this purpose, the Bank has established “The Economic
Development Institute” and a Staff College in Washington.

2. Bank can grant loans to a member country up to 20% of its share in

the paid-up capital.

3. The quantities of loans, interest rate and terms and conditions are
determined by the Bank itself.

4. Generally, Bank grants loans for a particular project duly submitted

to the Bank by the member country.

5. The debtor nation has to repay either in reserve currencies or in the

currency in which the loan was sanctioned.

6. Bank also provides loan to private investors belonging to member

countries on its own guarantee, but for this loan private investors have
to seek prior permission from those counties where this amount will
be collected.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization headquartered in Washington,

D.C.,
of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial
stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that
make up its near-global membership.

The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary
system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables
countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other. The Fund's mandate was
updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on
global stability

Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter

White and John Maynard Keynes

IMF funds come from two major sources:quotas and loans. Quotas, which are pooled funds of
member nations, generate most IMF funds. The size of a member's quota depends on its economic
and financial importance in the world.

Surveillance of the global economy

The IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the
economic and financial policies of its member countries.[18] This activity is known as surveillance and
facilitates international co-operation.[19] Since the demise of the Bretton Woods system of fixed
exchange rates in the early 1970s, surveillance has evolved largely by way of changes in
procedures rather than through the adoption of new obligations.[18] The responsibilities changed from
those of guardian to those of overseer of members' policies.
The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) endorsed the guidelines for the
dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers: The General Data Dissemination
System(GDDS) and the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS).

Board of Governors
The Board of Governors consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member
country. Each member country appoints its two governors. The Board normally meets once a year
and is responsible for electing or appointing executive directors to the Executive Board. While the
Board of Governors is officially responsible for approving quota increases

Executive Board[edit]
24 Executive Directors make up the Executive Board. The Executive Directors represent all 189
member countries in a geographically based roster.[62] Countries with large economies have their
own Executive Director, but most countries are grouped in constituencies representing four or more
countries
Objectives of IMF
(i) International Monetary Co-Operation
(ii) Ensure Exchange Stability:
(iii) Balanced Growth of Trade:
(iv) Eliminate Exchange Control:
(v) Multilateral Trade and Payments
(vi) Balanced Growth:
(viii) Promote Investment of Capital

The following are the major functions of the IMF:

1. It functions as a short-term credit institution.

2. It provides machinery for the orderly adjustments of exchange

rates.

3. It is a reservoir of the currencies of all the member countries from

which a borrower nation can borrow the currency of other nations.

4. It is a sort of lending institution in foreign exchange. However, it

grants loans for financing current transactions only and not capital
transactions

6. It also provides machinery for international consultations

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the
regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia. Its member
states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9
trillion)[3] of the global economy, as of 2015.
SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.[4] Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal.
The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration.[5] It launched
the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006.[6] SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at
the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities, including
the European Union.
The member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri
Lanka.[20]
SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985. In 2005, Afghanistan began negotiating their
accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year.[21][22] The issue of
Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state, including
concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian
country.[23]
The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election;
the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005.[23] Despite initial reluctance and internal debates,
Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007
The 11 stated areas of cooperation are agriculture; education, culture, and
sports; health, population, and child welfare; the environment and
meteorology; rural development
The principles are
 Respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, political equality and independence of all
members states
 Non-interference in the internal matters is one of its objectives
 Cooperation for mutual benefit
 All decisions to be taken unanimously and need a quorum of all eight members
 All bilateral issues to be kept aside and only multilateral(involving many countries)
issues to be discussed without being prejudiced by bilateral issues.

What are the features of SAARC?

The features of SAARC: To improve the welfare and quality of lifeof the people of South Asia,
To speed up economic growth, socialprogress and cultural development, To build a mutual trust
andunderstanding of the problems of the people, To strengthenrelations with other countries.

What is the function of saarc?

Comprises the seven nations of South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka; [...] The goal is to effect economic,
technical, and cultural cooperation and to provide a forum for discussions of
South Asia political problems

Objectives of SAARC.
Major Objectives of SAARC are following.

1.To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their standards of
liviing.

2. To accelerate the economic growth,social progress and cultural development n the

region.
3. To promote collective self-reliance amonth the south seian states.

4. Mutual cooperation in specific fields and the building of trust and understanding of
each
other problems.

5. To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on the metter of

common interst.

6. Promoting of cooperation with other developing states and regional and international
organization

Causes of failure of SAARC.

1. Internal Instability.

2. Bilateral disputes.

3. Constitutional flaws.

History of ASEAN

ASEAN was created on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded

by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. On December 15,
2008, ASEAN approved a new charter, giving the organization status as a
legal entity. All member countries must ratify it.

ASEAN 3

ASEAN+3 is the term that refers to the countries of ASEAN plus China, Japan,
and South Korea. It was formed in the aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial
crisis. The East Asia Vision Group was formed to create a vision for cooperation
among all 13 countries to prevent another crisis from happening again.

AIMS AND PURPOSES

As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and purposes of ASEAN are:

1. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural

development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality
and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and
peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations;
2. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice
and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and
adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter;
3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of
common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and
administrative fields;
4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research
facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative
spheres;
5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilisation of their agriculture
and industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the
problems of international commodity trade, the improvement of their
transportation and communications facilities and the raising of the living
standards of their peoples;
6. To promote Southeast Asian studies; and
7. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and
regional organisations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for
even closer cooperation among themselves