sATI ACTSENSE

Makingsenseof the SAT/ACT

ACT
M a t hM a t e r i a l
 lvliil;t
TUTtit{lNfttl{ttiiilih li{}{lt{

GRAPil{S
AINDGhI/ARTSJ
Thelceyto answetingquestionsaboutgrapltsand.cha'tscorrectlyis pull
to thecorrectinformation
'Be fi.omthegraphor chart,
Identify the title' thex'axis, the y-axis, and anylabelsin the charlt
o'. gLapl,beforeyo., u"gi;, sureyou lcnowLxactlywhat
pay
informatiorris beingpresentecl, earefulattentlonto unitsof
measurement.
JE:ralnpne: .fiaercefs
sord at rMil<e,s
sporting Gioo<]s,
in tleousands
omen'ti j,'uvomen's
Ichildr.en,s

10
a
0
r

B
1
6
5
4.
3
2
1

1990 1.9911992 1.9931994.|sg5 1996

In this graph'fhe'r'axist'eplesentsyearsanclthey-axisiepresents
jaclcets sold (in thousands),
fire g'aphincludesth'eeclifferenttypesof jackets,
whichyour*or,iJ rlr*o to distinguish
questious aboutthe ,qraph, ro answel.

Questions abontpie chartsoftenrely on y'ur knowingthe

totaiamount'ep'esentecr
by thechar,t,
pieceof infor,mation, Be sur,eto spotthat cruciaj

lBxalnple: lPefsSeenao
Veterillary Cnireicll,as0rl,lzeek

Totalnumber.or"pets -=260
FIowmanycatswel,eseenat the veieLlnar,y
clinic la.stwr:el<?
25Voof 260, or.260.0,25=
65,
 -' {trtixL:'lti}l$lili
liiri;rliit{iNtiH
iijtirr: 8, [iATl\i\i\1\LVtiii-;:

IPIROIEABflLilT
life; in fact, many
pr.obabilityis a measuLeof the lilcelihood of all eventoccuning, You use it all the time in everyday
sense.A plobability canbe rept'csentedby a fiaction ("the
probability problems can be soLved.justby using a little common
today is uclecimal("thereis a 0,5 chaneeof t'ain to,Out",or a pe1'oent("the probabiiity of rain
*,'r,
probabilities easily into everydaylanguage: * "one chancein a hundred'"To find
today is 50vo,,).youcan tr.ansla.te, lib-
the number of possibJeoutcomes'
pr,obabilities,eount the numbel of clesilecloutcomesand clivideby

number of desiredouteorne
trlrobabililY= nuyrrberof possibleoutcolores

Example:Whar is the pr:ob;lbilityof t'hlowiriga 5 on a.six-sideddie?

each side of the clie'

Thereis one clcsirecloutcoure--throwing a 5, There are 6 possibleoutcornes--onefot'
-:
So the Probabilil:Y'=

of an eventoccut'ring(it can't
A11pr.obabilitiesar,ebetweenO and l, inclusive,A "0" pt'obabilitymeansthere is a zelo chauce
happen),A
,,1,' chaneeof occurring rrust occut:).The higher fhe probability,the
probability meansthat event has 1.O0Vo (it
probability
gr"ut*r'th" chancetha.tanevent will occnr,You can often elimingitoanswel chojceslby iraving some idea where the
of an eventoccutring falls with:in this range.

Iro:,:instance,thepr.obabiJityofttu'orvinga5onaclieis|,*otheprobabilityofnotthlowinga5isf,rn"rrforr,youha.vea
mu.chgreatel.probabilityof not throwing a 5 on a cliethan of throwing a 5,

What if you wet.eto thl,owtwo clice,one right after the other?What is the probability that the first will be a 5 and the second
will be a 4? Just muitiply the piobabilities of the sepalatecvents.Siincecach eventhas probability of U, the probability of both
oc<:un'ing,*"
U U,whichequals*'

i 233
 MII''r'l'l
6iCIujr(
00uRSF:
r'u'rernr,uo

PERMUTATilONqS
Permuta.tiortsquestionsareaboutthenurnbeto( differcntvlaysa groupcanbe otdercd,To find the numbetof diffetenr.waysa
gl'oupcall be orderecl,
multiply the numberof possibleelernentsin the first placeby thenumberof lemainingpossible
elementsin the secondp7ace,andso on.

Example: FIowmanydifl'erentways canfour booksbe arranged

in oneline on a shelf?
Any of thefour bookscouldbe in thefirst place;anyof theremaininithreecouldbe in thesecond
place;eitherof the remainingtwo couldbe in the third place;the oneremainingbooicwill be in the
lastplaee.Thol'efore,thereare4o'.)o2oI=24di.fferentpossibleanangementsofthebooks,Most
ACT permutations rluestionsaresimpieenoughthatyou canlist all thepossibleapangements:

ABCD BACD CAB]) DAI}C

ABDC .BADC CADB DAC]B
ACBD .BCAD CBA]) DBAC
ACDB BCDA CBDA DBCJA.
ADBC t3D/.C CDA]3 DCAB
ADCB 1}DCA CDlSz\ DC.BA

' .{,\
,r

234 iI
l;
8t{ St liXEtlt}I $H$
t]I $ I lttitrHlth'lrt
::!. [-titiit [: & t]ATii i\ ir]8'LY
tfif.
4$'
i.'dt
' !i"

-i.
.''...
:i:t. AIND[VilODh'
MED[A\[N
.i'

',i:
: -iJj,i
[Viecl]iam
'ffi.
thanthe
t!i..
he tet:msinto two gfoups;half of the termsatelarger
median will be-thesamoas
)le al'ean odd numberof terms'the
Ithereareaneven,numbol'ofteLms'themedianwillbehalfway

groupof numbersinto two smailerg''ollps

"1 6i-, r'j,the medianis ?, sincethisdividesthe
Fol thesetof numbersi4, 5, ,23, s,
oiirtt*t telmseach:4,5,5 andl'0'23'6'7'

[\llode
in a setof numbers,If two or more
It's just theterm with themost occul'rsnces
The modeis evensimplerthanthe merlian,
numbersaretiedforthe_mostoooutrettcbs,theneachiseonsideredamode,
it occurstwice,thegreatest
is 5 because numberof timesof anyof
FoLr:xample,for theset {4, 5,1,23,5;,6?' 10),themode
the tefms,
I

R.amge
.11: of theseconcepts.It's just theposrtivedifferencebetweenthelargestterm andthesmallest
-u is thesimptestof any
The range
just subtractthe leastfiom the grcatest'
tonrin setof numbers,1lofind the t'ange,
numbet,6?,minusthesmallest,
thegl.eatost 4,
For example, in theSet|4,5,1,23,5, 6,|,10J,therangeis 63 because
eourils63,

oi
.*u

235
 L. v t z : r ar ! ! . r t J gt \

TRIIGONONflETRV
Therearemanydefinitionsancridentities
to rememberin order.tobe
'Irigonornetry an expeltaf ACT
jilcethe sine,cosine,
questions,
cotangent, ancltangento.nacuteangles
secant'andcoseeant measured in degrees;andtheirreciprocal
funetions:

;;#frT:Tr:1:i:fl#Ti;iJ*?r':""tntt' andtansent
asrhevappJv
tarisht
triangres,
userhemnemonic
soHcAHroA,
Sineor sin = - oPPosite
hypotenuse

cosine01'cos= - gdiacent
rlypotenuse

T'angentol fan = -gPosite

asJaeent

Exampie:Lf 0 = 42oin thefigure

below,whatis thevalue
of x ?

The 42oangleis oppositethe give'

6' andthesideyoule loolcing
for is the a.diaeentside,
tan = -9..PP9si!9. so yo, eanuse
the tangentto find x,
adjacent
tan 42o* jj^
)t'
, 5
=,* 42. * 6,64
"
cosecant'secant,andcotangent
arethe reciprocatrs
of thethi.eebasictlig functions:
Cosecantof crlc= 1
* hlpotenuse/opposite
,'n
Secant
or.s€c * I .= I:rypotenuse/adjacent:.
. cos
Cotangentor cot = *1- =
adlacenf/opposite
,un
4r*
 'fiil'{ti4${{.rt]ilti$ilil:1]}ttu{( ir/i/\'E'li

IIN]
A INIUTSfi{[hN-L
INI]I/ATII.I
The mai:hon the AC'lcoversa lot o1'ground.*'from
aritfrmetic to geometryto
to al-qebrar
trigonomeIry,

Don't let yourselfbe intimidated.

We'vehighlighl"edthe 1OOmost importantoonceptsthat you,ll
needfor ACTMalh and listeclthem in tfris c;hapter,

this li:stto rem'ndyourselfoitfre ke;yareasyou'llneedto know Do four coneeptsa oay,ano

LJs;e
you'llbe roadywithina month,lf a conceptcontinually 0ausesyou trouble,circleit an<jrefer
lrerek
tO it iasyou lry to do the quesl:ions,

You'veprobablybeentaugh'i:
most oi'theseconcepi:s
in schoolalready,
{jo I:hislist is a grea.tway
i:orefreshyourmemory,

[\IIIJ [3II"RPI,R
fi\Iil OIPIE
IR'il
IIES wereoriginally
an odd numlcerof nogatives,For

1"" NumrherCategorfl@s
fReaflncryiiiheys
are all tlre numberson lhe numberIine,
[rilaginaryri'lr.urnftaers
includel, which ir:;dei'ineclas;lhe
scluarerooi:o1'-11,
r$" [olElvilDl\s
llntegersare wholenumbers;thoy inclurdc;,
negative
w h o l en u m b e r sa n dz e r o .
A rat0onaflntutt'lher
is a numb'erthat cfln be oxpressed
asia ratio of two integers,lrratflonafl
nluirnrlbens
are real
numbers"-.lheyhavcllocationson l.henunrborline^-.bui:
i:heycan'i:hreexpressedpreeisely as erfractionor
deeimal,Forthe purposesof the A0T,Ihe rnost
importantirrationalnumbersaro , {1i, and n.

2. /,r\ailolUng/ 53(rhtra@tIrng Sf,gnrec!Nunmffoens

'Tb
add a iJo$itiveand a negative,first i6jnc,re the signs
erncl find the positivedii'ference bei:ween lhe number
parts,Thenattachrlhes;ignof the originalnumberwi1:h
the largernumberpart, Forexanrplcl, i:oacld23 ancl 5" @countilng @onsecurtflve
-'3,21., llmtegers
first ignorethe minus sign and finclil^reposj.i:ive
To countoonsecutive in.[egers;,subtrac.i:rlhesmallest
dii'ft,,"rr"nce between23 ancl34-.-.that,sl-i., Then a,l.i.ach
the signof i:henumberwiih the l6rrger
from ihe larger,;Ianclac]d:l-,.fo coLrntthe integersfrom
nunrborpart___ f.i3throughill-, subi.rac.t":
i n t h i s c a s ei t ' s t h e m i n u s$ i g nf r o mt h e - j | 4 , S o , 3j, _. 1l.S" 1lil, Thenacjcl1:
tB "l' -1..,',
1-9,
23 -l (-34) =.--11,
Make subtracrtion simplerby i.urningit jn.toaddition,For
example,yott can thinkof -.LZ .,-(*21) as;*.1,7",,(+2L),
Tb add or subtracta stringof posii:ives and negatives,
lNl
tif\ilBlix
iR0lPEIRATil 0EpTS
0[\lSl{[\{D 0il\t
first l.urneverythinginto acldition,
Thencombinethe
posiiivesanclnegativesso that .i:hestring is:ireclucecl 6" Seguenaes
'lo
the sum of a singlepositivenumberancla single An al,f,tlante;tHa
sequlenaeis a sequencein whichevery
negative
nurtber, termbuIthe fjrsrlequalsthe previous
tormpiussome
constant,
u[tfipflyfng/Dfivtdfiitg SfgnerrlNr,lrm
3 " lVd bets
'fo
multiplyor dividepositivesand negatives,treatthe
nltmberparts as usualand attacha mirrusr;ignif
tlrerc.
3 8 ;
 [/lf i'll 1i! ]\ \!Li'ililltii,f

Youdon't needto memorize you

these rules.**instead,
D[VilSIBItIIlIV can try simBleodclor evennumbers(suchas 1 or 2) to
sec+what happens,
7. Faotots anoltVitlltiPles
l-he faotorsof integern are tlre positiveintegersthat :n2" tVrlultflglfles
of 2 anci4
divideinto n with no remaincler, The mtl8tila0es
o'i'nare
tho integersthaI n dividesinto with no remaindrlr, For An integeris ciivisible by 2 if its last cligitis even,An
exiample, 6 is a factorof 1-2,and 2.4 is a multipleof integeris divieiilrle by 4 if ils last two digitsform a
1"2.L2 is both a factorand a mtlltipleof itself,since rnultipleof 4..The last digitof 562 is 2, whichis even,
'"1.2,
1"2 n 1.= L2 and t2 ,, I = so 562 is a multi$leof 2. The last two riigitsforrn62,
w h i c hi s n o t d i v i s i b l b
ey 4 , s o 5 6 2 i s n o t a m u l t i B lo
ef
'the
4, integer512, however, is divisilrle by four
E" tovf,sneFaotor0zatdoris
becausetherlasttwo digitsl'ormL2, whichis a
To find the primefactorizaLion of an integer, jusl r n u l t i p l oe f 4 . ,
keopbreakingit up into factorsttntilall the i'ac;tors
arerprime,To find the primei'ilot<lrization oi'36, for
:13. lVduEtfipEes
of 3 ancl I
example,you couldbeginby krreaking it into 4 o 9:
3 6 , * 4 " 9 = 2 . o ! o f o] l . An integeris divisibleby 3 if the sum of its ctigitsis
divisiblelry 3 An integeris clivisible
by I if the sum of
(t.OtM] ii:scJigits
is cllvisible
by 9, The sum of the digitsin 957
9" l"east Oormsmon
fVlultflp0es
is 21",whichis divisibleby f3but not by 0, so 957 is
is a numberthat is a n]ultipleol'
A oomnlorirmultfl6afie divisilrle
by 3 but not by 9,
tw()or moreintegers,Youcan a:lvvavs get a cornmon
multipleof two integersby multiplying them,but,
:o-2.$"
Mlu8t[p0es
of 5 analt0
unless:the two numbers are relativeprimes,[he
productwill not be the /easlcommonmultiple,Fior An integeris divisibleby 5 if the last digitis F or 0, An
'integer
exarmple,to find a commonnrultipleaf 1-2.and 1.5, is divislbleby 10 if i:helast digitis 0, T'helasi:
you couldjust multiply:L2 n :J"5=' 1.80, digitof 665 is 5, so 665 is a multipleof b but nof a
nlultiploef l-0,
To l'inclthe [@astG@trnllnori nltt[{;fi60['0,
checkout thc
mLrltiBles of the largerintegerunl.ilyou find orrethat's
'fo
alsr:a multipleof the smaller find i:heLCMof 1.2 1,5^ liRermafinclers
ano'1.5,lreginkrytakingthe multiplesof l-5: :1.5is not Therenla0mder is the numb'erlelt ovefatfterciivision,
e y L 2 . ; 3 0i s n o ' t n
d i v i s i b lb ; o ri s 4 5 . B u [t h en e x t 487 is 2 morethan 4.8S,whichis a rnultipleof b, so
multipieof :1.5, 60, is divisibleby .1^2., so it's the LOM, when 487 is dividedby 5, the remainder will be 2,

11"0" Greatest @onlrmon (G]CIF)

['=ao{:ol's
To find the greatest cclmnnon faotor of two integers,
breakdownbotlrinLegers intotheir primefactol'izartions
FlRl\CI'illl
0[\4S /t\ilJ
D DECIlifiVilf\LS
and multiplyall the primefactorsthey havein oommon,
3 6 , " 2 o 2 " 3 " 3 , a n d4 8 = 2 o 2 -o 2 o 2 . 3 , l[6" Reducf,ngFractfions
Whartthey havein oommonis two 2s arndone 3, Toreducea kactionto lowesttorms,factorout and
sotheGCFis2o2o3=1^2. cancelall ferctors
the numeratorand dcnominatorhave
in common,
fl,'d"Ornans
amei
Evems 2 t 3= -i---=-
;i-li
4o7 s':
7
50 /+ov g
Oddandevennumbers combine
according
to simple
- f .

wurrrlodC = el v e n $,7",Aciel0ng
anci$ubtraeting Fnaottons
odd :! eVen= OCld Tbaddor subtraet
frac[ions, firstfinda oommon
oVef)-l even = even denominator,
lhenaddorsubtraet thenumerators,
oddoodd=odd q . = * g o * = -*3_0 1 3
2 3 = 4 4 + - . 9
o00oeven=evcin 1It""-m 50--r"'go -
evenoeven=even

239
 'fu'i{ilitll[.i l\lli{i'}l
ijulJtrsiti t]ri{.tlt

yf,raganol EfivHcif,
5.8. IWru8tigaf lag Frac;tdons Toconverl:
a decinral to a fraction,
set the deeimal
T b m u l t i p l yf r a o t i o n s ,m u l t i p l yt h e n u m e r a t o r s a n c j overL andmultiply lhe numerator and denominai:or
multiply
the denonrinators, by 'JAratsedto the number0f dlglfsLo,theright
0f
6 r i o Q . 1 . 5 the decimalpoint,
-> o +" r= €---1. =. -_-
7 4 7 0 4 2 g Tbconvert0,625to a fraction, youwouldmultiply
To dividu.fractions,multiplythe fjrs;ttly thc reciprocalof 0,625 t n3 4n n / \
i:heser:ond, --- hY-ffi o':rt6o",

+'3,=t"3=++€=€- Thensimptify:
,-6^aE!
1
=
U U 0 !-'-12-Q-
8o1"25 B'
=.s
19" [Vifixeci
l\urnftaers
anellinrpropol, Frarotfions
Toeonvert a mixednumber to an improper 23" Repeatcf,nlg Eeefirnla0s
fraction, 'Io
trLiltiply
the wholenumberpartby the do.nomin atoraf finda particular digitin a repeating deeimal, note
thefraction, thenaddthe numerator, T'heresultjs l.he the numbelof <iigii.s in i:heclusterthal repea.ts,
newnumerator (overthe samedenominator), lf therc
Ttt are2 digitsin thatcluster,theneveryseeondcJigit
4 is the
r;onvert 7f , firstmultipiy7 by 3, thenadd :t-,to ge.t.i:he same.lf i:hetre are3 cligitsjn thatcluster,i.henovery
newnurneratsr of 22, Putthai:overthe same thirddigitis thesame,andso on.Forexample, the
rlonominai:or, 3, to get-23-, d e c i m eetql u i v a l eonft- + r -i s 0 , O 3 7 O 3 7 O B 7 , . . , wi sh i c h
3', bestwritten0,0S7,l'h6leareg di6{it$
"loconvertan improper in tne repeaung
fractionl"cla mixednumber, cluster, so overythirclcligitis t"he same:T,"1.o
divicjei:hodenominator findthe
intothe nLrrreriltorto get
wholenumberquotient 'l"ho a 50i:hdigit,lookforthe multiple of 3 jurstlessthanSO-_
witha remaind,rr. quotieni"
that's4.8,'rhe 48thdigitis 7, andwiththe4.gthdigit,
krecomes thewholenumberpartof thc,r mixednumber,
andthe remaincler becomes the newnurnerator l.hepQttern repeatswithO,Thebo.i:h digitis 3.
(withl"hesamedenominator), [iorexanrple, to convor'l
4na
..9-v, I'irstdivide5 into 1.08,whichyielcls21.with a
remaind<-.r of 3, Therefore,.{9- = t,1-3-, IPIEIiR
CI
IE
I[{lIS
2@, lRecfllorooals 2)4,"ilclernt0fuilr,lg
lpanttsancrlW&lofles
Tofincli"hr:reeiprocalof a fraction,s;witchthe The koy to solvingmoil fractionsand poreents
word
numeral:orand the denominator, Tho reciprocal prolrlemsis to icjentifythe pari:anrJthe whole,[Jsually,
a 7 you'llfind the part associatedwith the
orf is {, ffrereeiprocat
of b is f,, rn* proctucr
of verb is//are
and the wholc;associatedwiththe word of, ln
re..ciprocalrs rlhe
is 1. sentence,"l4alfof iho boys are brloncls,,, .i.he
whole is
the boyrs("af the boyr),,),and the prjrt is.theblonds
2"1"Gonmprarfl
ng lFractiloms ("arebkrnds")
one way'lr:compare fractions
is to re-express
tnenl
25. Feraeri{:fi-;orunufla
Whetheryou needto find i:hepart,the whore,
or il.te
p e r c e n lu, s e t h e s a m ef o r m u l a ;
Fart=6leroemtowfrlole
lExarirrpfiel
What is 12 percen.l,
of 2b ?
0 , 7L 4, Setupr pari.= 0.1_2?.
o 2,5
22. lleraetfirons aprcf
DeoEma0s Exarngl0el
lF is 3 Bercentof what number?
Setu6a; l_E= O,O3o whoie
Toconverta fraetion to a decimal,
dividr,r
[he numerator
bythe denominator, Examrglf,e:
4B is what percentof g ?
Toconvert OiviOe 5 lryB,
$, SetUga: 4.5'= BerCento g
y i e l d i n0g, ( i 2 5 .

240
 tNiA rillt'ii\ltir$,i.
l\Jt&'i'ri

33." Prioglottiotns
26" FeroentflncreaseanclDe<;retase
A prcunrortlora is an equationnradeof two ratios'To
s o l v ea P r o P o r t i o cnr, o s sm u l t i P l Y :
v ? t

5- 4.
4x = 3(5)
r ' = L 9 = ,3 , 7 5
" /.1
27" Fdneiing Wttoles
Orfigf;mal
percentincreraseor
To find the originalwholebeforea 32" FRates
decrease,set uP an equallon' 'fo
solvea ra'lesproblem,use the unitsto keeptnings
Exan'lpf,e: irtorease'the population
After a 5 perr:e'nl" strai$hl,
was 59,346'Whatwas the PoPulation
Exarnpfle:lf snow is fallingat the rate of one foot
beforethe increaso?
everyfour hours,how manyinchesof sin0w
Setnlp: 1.05x = 59,3216 will fall in sevenhours?
I foot = x inchesl
28" Oonnhineal Feroentflnereaseancl Dooveaset Setugl: AI:or* 76ours
To ,letermine the combinedeffectof multipleperoent :12inches'"-, x inches
PickNumbers'100 is the -Z-no-rrs
increasesand/or deoreases, 7houis
eas;iestnumber[o use, 4.x= 1-2(-l)
yc\al'ano
ExatilplelA pricewent up 1C)percentone x*2'L
tne new pricewent up 20 percent the next
year,Whatwas l"ho combined pereett[
'33^ lNerageF'lates
increase? totafl /{
Seteugu Firstyear:1.OO + (:tOprercent of J0O)r:;ff Q' $)erB'=
,1.'l
a,lvofiage
* tat"-flB
Seeondyear: 1'LA + (ilo Bercentof :11"0)
'That's 32
a comlrined Percent " = -t.tan dlst(anoe
speecil
tota8
132' €ilvefralge .taul,,ii--
in c r e a s e ,
Tb find the averagespeeclof a cali:hat
[ixar,ltpfie:
travels1.20milesat 4O mph and 120 milesa't60 mph,
clon'tjusl,averagethe two s6reeds, First,figureouttthe
ll0S,lP[R
[t#\"il [) fRA'[lF"S
0P0Rlf[0h{S,1Ah\ 'i:otal
clistance and the [otaltime, Thetotal ciistance
1?9 *
is l20 + :L2o= 2.4'amiles,l'he times are' 40 ,qlP'u-
nnPn
29" Settillg tlp F,lattos '= 2 hoursfor
* ano $p{$9
t3 hoursfor l.hefirsi:leg
To find a ratio,put the numlre}r assoeiated withthe u\J llllJll

top or left and the qurantity

associated with the secondlel{,or 5 hourstotal.Theaveragespeed,
worclof on aAh
the word to on the bottom of right and reduce'l'he then,is tEo = zlBmilesPerhour'
rai:ioof 20 orangesto 1.2applesis:fi or 20::[2which
F

to t' or b:5
reduces
IWEIRAGES
30r"foavt"to"Fart RatlosarlaiIPar'1l4o"V\/ho[e lRa'i:los
(Arfr
34. lNeragel,€orrulula thrvaetileR/deall
)
lf 1:he partsaddup to the whole,a par'c"to"part rati0
'Io
canbe turnedintotwo part''to'whole ratiosby putting oi'a set of numbers,
findthe average thesum
divicle
eachnumber ratiooverthe sumo1'
in the original of ihe numbets bythe number of numbers,
th(anumbers, Forinstance, if the ratioof males[o oorrmnG
tlile teffms
males-to-people ratiois =
at/erage
fernales is 1 to 2, then the
/'
*'*##ta*u-
1 1
= andthe females-to-people .^r^ .....(
ratiois = Tofindtfreaverage of the 5 numbers L2, !5,23, 44,
t-*Z {- :lt:2 't'
' ) 7 anri40, firstadd them: 1"2 L5 + 23 4"40 + 40 = 1.30
In otherwords,f of all llte p'36p16 arefetnalc' l"henclividethe sumbv- 5:
XP = 26,
f n

241
 You can rewrite this equation to find r:ther parts c;t the of thcmarewh\\e,\he probab\$of p\okrng
formula as we\\l a wh\\.B
s[rn1 E ifiVerage o nurmheyof ter,tttsl shirtat randomis = fniuprobability
79U f.. canalsobe
l f t h e a v e r a g eo f 1 0 n u m b e r s i s E O , exprerssedas0,7bor 75%.
then iliey add urp
t o : 1 . 0o 5 0 , o r S O O ,

35. F'ilncfingfViissiaagNuriinbeys POWERS

Ail\{E
RII}OTS
40" liitruflti6a0yf,ng
anotDfvk{fs?g
.Io Fowers
nrultiplypower$riviththe
same base, add the
, exponenils and keepthe base;
F _
" X4:; X3+4 f7
Todividepowers
withthe samebase,subtract
36" ft/leeif,an exponentsandkeepthe base: the
Theemecnian of a set of numbers yr3,,yB:y1-3*B=y5
is thervaluethatlblls
of .theset, if therearer,,.,*u*n
in the nri<lcile
of valuesin a set,simplytate number
tne arvlrage of the 2 4fl."lnlaf;siing
Fovyers
to
middie numbers, Fowers
Toraiser
a powel:oa powor,
Ii'youhaveb test:cores, nruitiply
the exponents:
andtheyare{38,86,gf (F)a"ypo4rX1"2,
and 7s, yournusrl,irsilr,sr , 94,,
th; ;;;i,,; ir,
, ,nerea.sjng
clecreasin5J
orcler:
57, Zg, 86; #:,;;. or
Themediarn 4p, SdriUlflfif.ying
Sguare Roots
is tho midclle
numtler, i3(i,
r0or,
ractor
ourrlhe
perreer
37" fVdode ffiH Yn|r;fi?,-
reradical,
simplify
resultin fr.nt, tfrem,andput
Thr+
rmoole
of atsetof numirersis the
6rppears
mc)stofren,if rherei_
ihervaiuetnat ^ h r - .h* ; A = 1 f i , { B = 2 V B
;;i;;;rhe mosr
varueina set, thes;;;;
;.#lrr nio,i,tn^nonr 43" Ada,ld,tg
anefSuftatraetfing
,llny, te.stsicores Youcanaddor Roots
wereBB,bZ, 68, sU
ti4., andfl:t, l:he Bb, I{19,9:J,9a, partunder exBressions
mod;;.,";;""';^::: th. ,a;f.T?_c,,j,ilT1 when
because'i;n;;;;;l^t^or the scores.,T!lwour{:r rs ilhosamel rhe
noreoftenttan any rre sB 2Vs t. srG=. g#"cttu
other score,
D,on'tLryt()adcl
or
j\4i:, "j#f,TTj whenrheradic
possilB dirrercni,
ilt"
t/7tES/{t\{D
pR0BAIE v , rrjd$ simplifjclrJ arpartsare
ilfi//T]/ as possij)le,
Oruntffiorg j*" ',ru,ultilvdng
6auyDtvflrolfn6g
?8" the Fossthffftfles Theproduct Roots
l-hefundarnentai of sguare roots
cor ur rneprodLrct; is
_ equal
"yus, to
r,u tl
rr)0 SQUOfe
)orGe.trem wavs tv/i fOOt
)ondeventoa; ir o V^ * VT,j*S
_ l4-E-
nc.:l events Thequoticnt
of srr,. roOtsis equat
cj Z pairsof rootof rhr ro rhesquare
;,r;;;;l:re
- ''v' 'r'
Z"=SS t /X -
r g : '. 1 6
t/s v"g'-y2
" loa,ohabddfty
loahdildry
= ;Lryar6tfia0 j5" ,V*Srffr/e
Exf)@n
uorar
posadfrp@*rffis ro findrheva/ue F?atdonaf
^*1,,11:our, Expo*ents
exanrple,tf you

,
lrave_-:
€.9lrlr! lt..l
a dlg11g1
ancr
e ruffii
:,;r
i[#yrnffi
l#,,ff
-xr
",

trtrF:
 l\lLiT$ilhl't
IVI/\{liiFI ^&'

x 'v L2
g-' ='& = tt a is a x2.+"4x + 3x + L?^= x2-+'7
the numerator of 'rhefraetlon: $"'
^ L Other Folynormfla0s
tnen x* = riG' so 4i = {/[ = 2' 52" Mrlta[t[plyfirng
nonzero number, to multiply,two
rli'=tffi' so a* =lf@
=' FOILworksonlywhenyou want with
polynomials
lf p andq areintoge'u"'n*n binomials,lf youwantito multiply
you multiplyeach
1ffi, = g. morothan two terms, makesure
term in the seconcl'
term inthe first polynomiallsy each
(x2 + 3x +-4Xx + 5)
\fAIUE
ABSOTUTE *'y21y+ 5) + 3x(xr-'5) + 4(x + 5)
= X3.t 5x2 -t'Sxtt+' 15x + 4x +"20
Va0ue
/\losotute = x3 -FBx2 s- L7x + 20
4{6"lDetermirltng
of
is the clistance two polynomials together'the number
Theahsolutevalueof a numbet' Aftermultiplying should
zeronn
rrumberrrom
1"'e of terrnsin yoururprl**iun before
simplifying
LT:ii,T[il#*";:ffifl::.
= /' *qrtr
:in* nrmbrlrof i*rms in one polynomial nnultiplied
i 7 l t h i s i s e x P r e s s e lo/ I ln the examplo'
by the numberof terms in the second' productbefore
i r.'o l r-z i s Z : l *7 1= 7, Ever y you shoulclhave3 o 2 = 6 terms in the
lluteverlue of 2 nurnl:ers; you simPlifvliketorms'

lAtG
ti{lG
li;ACITOFtI 0n\$S
CIHXPRESSil
EIERAI
CIIEXIP
EBlR,Al
AtGi ll0N[$
ESS
l'R
Oonnrmon E0vlsor's
"63"Faotorfln$
47" EvafluatlngEx$atesslions coalltermsof a polynomial canbc'
4tfactorcornmon
Jb ervaluate an iltgebraic expression'plurgin the given out,Allthreeterms in the polynomial
to faciorecl
ealculatoaccording Pullingouttne
trrr'.* i.t the unlnownsand ---6 when x = -2' Sp''''-i"lp ^ 6x containa factorof 3x'
PEN4DAS, To fincltni vatueof x2 t" 5x .o.tun factoryields3x(x2 + 4'x * 2)'
'- '-t]'
plrrlin -z for x: (^2)2"+ 5(-2) $ "2

a0s b4{"li:aetorflngoflassfio
Quaclratilas
rlg lfrfilotnorrirlfi
4E" AoldlnganciSurbtraetfi l'actorablosis the
'To,:omlrine parl: Onoof the test maker'si'avorile
like'lerms,keeptlte variable of squaresla2 - l'F= (a * b)(at+ b)'
or subtracting the clifference
whileadcling
un,,f',angtO
x2- 9, for example, factorsto (x- 3Xx+ 3)'
coerfficientsl
Yottshouldalsorecognize polynomials thataresquare$
2a+"3aa(2a"3)a=5a
ofbinomialsl
Polysnonxfla0s
Stllotraotfing
4,9",Addlngarnel etz,, Za6 + lF = (at+ h)z
eombinelike lerrms'
To add or $ubtraotpolyttomials' aP-Zah+fp\=(a-f,tJz
Forexarnple +'1'.2x
, 4'x2- + I I'aetors lo (2x "l'3)2'and
(3x2 + 5x - 7) " 6z +' 1-2) -
n2- LOn+ 215factorsto (n 5)2'
= 13x2* x2)+ 5x + (^7 - 12)
=iZx2+5x-19
55. Faotori$ng Polynorrl[als:F0[L
Otfrler' finReverse
lVilonomIa[s
50" t\llultifa[Ylng 'fo thinkaboutwhat
factora quadraticexpression,
and
tlre coefficients on to getthatquadratic
To multiplymonomials,multiply binorrials coulduseFOIL'
yor-t
tho variablesseParatelYl expreusion, TofactorP ^ gx + 6, thinkaboutwhat
= Firsttermswillproduce x2,whatLasttermswill
2ero 3a= (2 o 3)(a o a) Ssz terrnswill
Broduee+6, andwhatOuterandflnner
produee-5x, Someoommon sense*anda littletrial
Bfinlormla[s:'t?OIt'
53," lMtlltlfoBying
leaclyouto (x * 2Xx- 3)'
anderror-*will
Tomultiplybinomials,useFO[L.Tomu||iply(xt3)by
(x + A),firstmut'ciply the Firstlerrnsix o x = x2' Next
finnerterms;
the Outertermsi x o 4 = 4x' Thenthe
the terms:
Li')st ! o Q =:!)'
3 n x = 3x. Andfinally 243
T h e nc o m b i n el i k et e r m s ;
 iVitl'ril
: tl'itfiiil\t.ii;iiitliliii ililr.Ji{

56" Sirmplfl'fyflng
AE$eforaf,e
Fyaotfiorrs expressions, Be carefulaboutorder,especially when
Simplifyingan algebraicfraclionis ialot like simplifying suhfraci"ion
is ealledfor,
a numerieal fraction,Thegeneraliderais lo finclfac.i:ors Exa^l6a0e;Theehargefor a phonecall rs rcents for the
commonto the numeratorand denominatorand cancel firsi 3 minulesand s eentsfor eaehminute
thcm, Tircrs,
simpliffingan al6gebraicfraotionbegins thereafter, What is the cost, in eents,of a
with factoring. phonecall lastirrgexacilyt minutes?(f >
G)
[:orexample,to simplify8-.*+2, firs;tfactor the Setugt: The chargebogins with r, anclthen
x.-9 sornething more is aclded,depending on
nunnerator ;anddenominator: the lengtho.iihe eall,Thc;amountadded
-
8__: t::12, _ (x 4Xx_+ 3) is s i:imeslhe numberof minutespast 3
x2*9 (x-3)(x+3) rninutes,lf the total num]:erof minu.les is t,
x -t-3 fromthe numerator
Oanceling andclenominator thenthe numberor.minutespast B is f _ 3,
s o t h e c h a r g ei s r + s ( / * 3 ) ,
leavesvouwith' I:-+
x-.3'
6J." So[vlln6g Eqt,latf,ons
Quacrlrat0o
To solveiaquadraticecluation, put it in the
S0LVI
[\lGtrGlU/,qT[0[\jS " ax2 +.bx -t c =,0,, forrn, factoi thelleft
sioe (if you
can),and sot eachfactOrequalto o separately,to get
ti7. So0vfir'lg
l.fimear
Equat0ons the Lwosolutions.To solvex2 ^r 1-2_,.7x,iirs.[
r"wn-teii
To stolvean equation,do whateveris necrtssary as x2 -.'/x t- 1.2=,O, J'henfactorthe IefL
to boi.h sroe:
siclesto issolate 'To (x*SXx-4)=,g
the varialrle, solvc the r*quation
5x .- 1..2,":
.-i2X.i-9, l'irstget all the xs on one side
by x-3=Qorx*4"=O
adding2x to both sides: 7x ^. -i.2^. * 9. 'fhernadd j..2to y,,*$gr4
both sides: /x * 21-,Thendivicleboth rsiders by Z: x,= g,
62" Soilv[llga System of iEqluatilons
58" So0vflng Eguatfonswfith Afoserflute \/a0ue Youcatnsolvefor two variablesonlyi1,you
Tb s;olvean equationthat includosabsolur:e navolwo
value, distinctecluai;ions. Twoforms of the simo equation
c o n s i d etrh e s i t u a t i o n
i n w h i c ht h e p a r t i n s i c l nt h e w i l ln o i :b e a d e q u a i : O
e ,o m b i n e t h e e q u a t i o n si n s u c h
,tbsolutevalueis negativeas well as ilre liituationin a way'i.hatone of the varriables canoelsout, Ib solve
whichii:is positive, t h e t w o e q u a t i o n4s x - v S y * , g a n dX - Fy x
3, multiply
F o re l x a m p l ei f, I x - 3 l * , 4 , e i t h e rx . . .i J = l f 6 1 1 - , .g : = both $idesof the secondequationby _.S get
. - 3 x - - B y , =- g , N o wa d c l to
"-4','l'hereforer, eitherx,= 7 or X * *.'J-. t h e e e q u a t i o n st ;h e 3 y a n c l
the -3y cancelout, leavingX = ^,j-,plug
that baok
59 Sofivfinlgg i n t oe i i . h eor n e o i t h e o r i g i n ael q u a t i o n 6
"fln T@troms
0f,' a n dy o u , l l
find that ! *' 4..
lb solve an equationfor one variable[n terr,rms
of
anothermean$to isolatethe variilbleon one sicJeo1
i:heoguation,leavirrg 63" Soflv0ngImequa[fltfies
an expressiclncorrtaining
the
othervariableon tho ol:herside of the erquation,Tb l'o,solvean inequality,ciowhateveris necessary
solvethe ecluation3x^. l,Oy=,-Sx-h6yfor x ln rerms sides i:oisolatethe variable,Jus.tremel"I,1r"|, to both
tnrt *h.n
of y isolatex;, you multiplyor clivideby a negative
nurnber,you must
reversethe sie"n, To solvc*bx +. 7 . ._A,subtract
3x.- :l-Qy,*-Cix.t 6/ 7
from lroih to get ._Eix< _i.0, trtowctivioenotn
3x +. 5x = 6j,+. 1-0y _sides
sidesby ^S, remembering to roversethe srgn:x > 2,
Bx,- Leiy
x=2y
64" [Rad0ead
Ec1uatfions
'n'r,arnsdatfing A raolf,aal
eoluattion
containsai least one radical
30" frormEnngilflsffl
fintolVdatfrl expression, Solverarjicalequationsny using
o translatefrom Englishinto math, lookfor the standard
key atgebra,
tt E\n 2 =,IB,tn.nS"Vn"=-ft;,,;
vordsand systematicallyturn phrasesinto algebraic
:gl_.u
{
YX=3,SOXr:g.

244
 'i(]3'l'::illiri.i"
lutlf{ii $[i i\

GILh.S
[\IT
It[[\ESAI\ID
FUl[lCIllllt0[\ls
Lflmes
68. Inters'eetflltg
65. FtlnetEonNotatflotlanciEvaltlatflon
read Whentwo linesintersect,adiaOenI anglesare
Standardfunetionnotationis written f(x) and andverticalanglesare equal,
liio,fx," ll'f(x)= 2x+ 3, you oanfinclf(4)-byreplacin$ x supplemc+ntary
f ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ' +
) ' 3 = B + " 3 = 11''
w i t h4 a n d s i m p l i f y i n g :

66" Elreot artalfinvorseVarfia$:Eorl

ln cl$reotvaviatlon,!= kx' wherek is etnonzero
constant,In directvarial.ion, the variabley changes
Jirecttyas x does' lf a unit of Currerrcy A is worth
2 unitsof Currency =
8, then A 2"13' lf the nut"nber
of unitsof B wereto double,tlre numberof unitsof ln the figureabove,the anglesmarkedao andbo are
adjacentand sutpplomentary, so a + b = 180,
l\ wouldrlouble,attdso on for halving,[ripling,etc'
vavietion,x!= k, wherex ard y are variables [:urthormore,'i:he anglesmarkedao and 60o are
ln f,nvers,g
and k is a constant.A famousinverserolationship isi v e r l " i c a ln d e q u a l ,s o a = 6 0 ,
rate o tinre= distance,wheredistarnce is oonstant'
lmagine havirtg to cover a distance of lf you
124'.miles' L[rriesanclilramsversals
n39"Farafl[tc8
*erJ to travelat 12 milesper hour, yott'clneed hours'
2
aorosstwo parallellinesformsfour equal
A trans;versal
halveyourrate,you wouldhaveto
But if you werel"o'lhis acul.eiangles
and four oqualobtuseangles'
double yr:urtime, is jusI anotfrerway of saying
that rate and time varY inverselY.
line 1
67, Eot't'rafnalld Ramge
'Ihe of a funotionis the set of valuesfr:r which
clotlllalm
the function is defined,Forexample,the domainof
. L=; is all valuesof x excopt1. and -'1,
f(x\ *, 'J-.^ X.
becaus;e,for thosevalues,tlre denclminator hatla value
The rallge of et
of O and f(x) is thoreforeunclefined, ln i:hefi6ureabove,lineJ..is parallel
to line2, Angles
is the set of output$or resultsof the Func[ion'
1'unetion i), c, e, andgare ol:tuse,so Lheyareall equal,Angles
I'orexample,tho rangeof /(x)* x2 is all numbers b, d, f, andh areacute,so theyareall equal,
greaterthan or equalto zero,beoatlsex2 cannotbe
neaa'live, Furthermr:re, anyof theacuteanglesis supplc+mentary
l.oanyo1'rllreobtuseangles, Anglesa andh are
supplernenta(y, as areb ande, c andI andso on,

2.45
 turt{rfi
lltl'ijti[{jll\ti e t.}t}lt:if:Itt}{}ti

ili\h\]
]r[R : GE[\1
0["ES ERrAl" 71" SimiIarTrBangtes
Slnrfl0ay
triangleshavethe sameshape:oorresponotng
70" Emter0or
andExter8oi,A,rgges anglesareegualandcorrespondingsidesare
Theintorior
angles
of anytriangle
addup to l"BO propori:ional,
0egre6s.

"lrl:=

x +.50 + 100 =,180, so x = 30,

In the figureabove,
An exteriorangleof a triangle
is equali:ot"hesumof TheLriangles
abovearesimilarlrecause theynavethe
'irhoremotoini:erior
angles, sameangles,The3 corresponds .i:othe
4 andthe 6
corresponcls
to lhe s,
i3.=6
4 . s
3s = 2.-4
s*B

72" Areiaof Trflangfles

/t1
In the figuroabove,the exterioranglolallel6cl ayea=
xo is equalto the sum of the remotean5gles: $x(hasexheo8ht)
,Y* 50 +' J-OO= 150, Theheightis the perpen<jicular
disternce
botweenthe
sidethat'schosenas the baseanclthe opposite
The 3 exterioranglesof a triangleadd up to 860 vertex,
degrees,

ln the figurer
above,a + b "r e "'360,

In the trian5lle above,4 is the heishtwhonthe slde of

l e n g t h7 i s e h o s e na s ' t h eb a s e ,
1 4
a r e a= a =
tbh !()U),- M

73, Trlangfler
ImequaN0ty]lh,eoresil
TheIength of onesideclfa trianglemustbe greater
thanthedifference between andlessthanthesurnof
the lengthsof the othertwo sides,Forexampte, if the
rength0f onesideis 3 and'therength of another sideis
7, thenyouknowthatthe rength oitne tnirasidemust
he greater\han7 *B = 4 andlessthani + B =
10.

n ^ ? l
z1l<) ,
 l\i I\ I\L]Ttt'ltll'1"
trJlJ[i'gi

?d." flsoeeeles anol EquiEatera$Trilangtes

An tsosoe8es triangleis a trianglethat has 2 eclual
siders,Not onlyare the sidesequal,but the an{lles
oppositethe equalsides,calledl'oase arig0cs, are
a l s oe q u a l .
Equllateraltrianglesare trianglesirrwhichall I] $icles 36
are eoual,Sinceall the sidesare equal,all the i)ngles l-lereone leg is 36 and the hypotenuse is 39, l'his is {3
are alsoequal.All 3 anglesin an equilateral triangle
t i m e s5 : l - 2 : 1 3 ,T h eo t h e rl e g i s 1 5 ,
measure60 degrees,regardlessol"the lengl"hsof sides'

Rf,g&xt
77" S,peoilafl Trfiangles
l'he sidesof a 30*60*90 trfiang[eare in a ratioof
TR[AhqGtES
Ril[)Ffl]I x:xt/3:Zx, Youdon't needthe Pythagorean Theorem,

TheoYetm
75" P3/tfnagorean
Forall righttriangles:
(leeir)2+ (leg2)2= (hygtrotenulrse):r

Ii'thehypotonuse is 6, thenthe shorterlegis halfthat,

or 3; andLhol0ngorlefl,p, is equalto the shortleg
3 f i m e sV 3 , o r 3 V 3 .
ltlg iti 3, thenl
lf one leg is 2 and the o'cj1er 'l'he
sidesof a 45:445*90tr0arngle arein a ratioo1'
22-r32=& x:x:xv2,
C'= 4. 'F v
a ^ ^

c = t/ts

76" PythagoreanllrflPlots
lf a righttriangle'sleg-to-leg raLiois 3:4',or if the
leg.'to-hypotenuse ratio itl 3:5 or 4:5, it's a 314;5
q
trtaug0e and you don't need to use the py[hagorean
Theoremto find the thirdside,Just figureoui:what lf one leg is 3, then the otherleg is also3, and the
multiple o f 3 : 4 . : 5i t i s , hypr:fenuse, q, is equalto a lr;gtimes Vf, or 3t/2,

In the righttriangle shown,onelegis 30 andthe

h y p c r t e n ui ss5e0 , T h i si s 1 0 t i m e s3; : 4 1 5T
, h eo t h e r
legis 4.0,
lf a righttriangle's
leg"to-leg
ratioir;5;12,or if the
leg-to"hypotenuse ratiois 5:13 or 1"2-:1.3,
thenit's
a 5::12:13 andyoudon'tneedto usethe
triangfle
Pythiegorean Theorem to findtlrethirdside,Justfigure
outlvhatmultiple of 5:12:13il:is

2.47
 'i'i3't
{l[tFF]{i {}{l$ $x'$[ii.tiir.]l(

(}'iifi.llER
FD0tvG0[\qs
'78"
F,-er0sneter
"lhe
of a polygonis the distancearoundtlre
6reritme'eer
sides,
5
ln the figureabove,s is the leng[hof the sicle
opposite
the side ot'length3, so s ,..g,

avea af glatfiailBe0ogra8?t
= fu6ss o hefg&lrt

5
l-hehexagon of tj -r 6 -r-6 + S +.
abovehas a perimoter
6+-6=321.,

'79"
T'rapezoficls
ln parallelogram
Kt_Ml\labove,
zl.isthe heightwhentM
is a quadrilateral
t\ trapezoflc8 withorrepairof parallel or K/Vis usedas thebase,Baseo height'.* zS=
siclesandr:nepairof non-parallel 6" 24.,
siclers,
8XL"FReotatag0es
A rec{eang40a". .iigLrre
is a four"sided wi1:h
l,ourrightangles,
Oppositosicjesareequat,Diagonals arreequal.
LI G

bases),
Quadrilaterel
AIBCD aboveis shownto havethree
righi:angles,Thofourih angle.i:hererfor"
A 2 ,iuo measures
90 desree;s,anctABCDis J rectangfe,
p- a rectangre
fne perimeterof
sl is equarto r"hesum of the rengths
four sides,whichis equivaJe of the
tl_ nt to Zif*ngth'.+width),
D area o$.reot€lngne
= 0ene$$ro wflc.rlttl
P
In the trapezoidabove,,4Dis ilre height,The area is
^t:-1.4'\u
(2 b = B o g,*.{e,
\ z /

E0" Farafldefiogralms
" 1 t
A 6oaral{eilogniarrl
has two pair.sof 1:aralh:l
slses, Theareaol a"/"by-Brectangleis ./ o g :=
Oppositesiclers
are egual,Oppositeanglesare equal, !f .
Conseeutive anglesadd up to 180 Oegiees.

4B
 ii\ Ji I\[.t'Igi!fl1't.
tVil,T'Ei

82" Squares
of as'o= (ffi)ta"O
flenr65th
A s e l u a r ei s a r e c t a n g l ew i t h f o u r e q u a l s i d e s , \
---
.i

lf PQI?Sis a square,all sidesare the same lengthas ln the l'igure

above, the radiusis 5 andthe measureof
QR.The perimeter of a squareisiequalto fourtimes
the lengthof one side, l.hecerntralangleis 72 clogrees,Thearclength'u #
4

area of squar@ = (sFefle)g or ii of theoircumference:

T U ( = ($\60n1= zn
"#^o\t"tto1 \ " /
\e'w/

E6. A\reaof @ilro8es

areiaof efrrate= nfi
W 5 V
5, halsan area
Thesr;uareabove,with sideso1'lerrigth
of 52 = 25,

/\mg[esof Fe,lygotls
83" flr'rtertor
The sum of the measuresof the intc+rior
anglesof
'lhe numbtlr
a polygon= @ * 2) " 180u,wherert is
of sides,Theeightanglesof an octagon,for exarnple,
add uP to (B * 2) " 180" = 1.,080o, *" 1.6rc,
Theareaof the circleis rc(4,)2

E7, Areaof Seotors

CIil[RGI"ES is a pieeeol'theafeao1'acircle,lf n is lhe
A selotor
degre<l
measure of the seotor's
centralangle,then:
of O[rafles
84. CIilroulmferesloe
of seotor'= (."o/,^"\@oul
arear
\ orlru/-
= Znr
of,rounlferemee

Inthefigureabove,
the radiusis 6 andthe measure
Inthe eircleabove,the radiusis 3, so tho of the seotor's
centralangleis 30 degrees,
Thesector
. Q n 4
circumferenceis 2n(3)= $n, has
drffi-u, h of the areaof thecircte:
/ on \ / t \
85" [-emg$&r
of ,Arcs [#o* )tulro2) = 3o'
\ , 5 O U / ' "
\ /
"-lt'= ){aou;
\ 1 ) I '
Anaro is a pieceof the circum'l'erence,
lf n is the \*-/
degreemeasure of the arc'scentralangle,then:

249)
 r\ilii'i1
"t'ti'i'r:|ltii\li
El{ltit{$lIiii{iii

88. T'angetne'y A cube is a rectangular s;olicl

with length,wicl'th,
and
Whena line is tangentto a cirole,the radiuso1'the heighl"
all equal.lf s is the lengthof arredgeof a cube,
circleis perpenclicular
to the line at the point of the volumofr:rmuiais.
contact, vo[uslaeof ouhe = sB

Thevolumeof this cubeis 2.3 B.

"*

91" Voflumeof 0yf,0mcf,ers

SO["il0S
lf r is the radiusof the base of a cyiinrjerand h is the
E9" Surfaee Aneaof fReotamguflar
So[drisl heightoi the cylincler,thern;
The surfaceof a reetangular solidconsislsof .three volurxae = tttizk
orfalyflflm<iler
pairsof iclentical
faces,T<rfindthe surfacearea,find
the areaof eachface and add them up, lf rlhelerrgthis
/, the widthis ruv,
andthe heightis h, l"hel
l'orrlcrlais;
surfaee are6rlEZlw + ?wk + ZXk

In the cylinder
above,r- 2 andh = 5, so the volumeis
nQ2)(5)" 2.0n

-he CI
00lR[)llNi{Tti:
GthCIi
[\l]
Elt'tR\/
surfaceareaof the box alroveis;
-r 2(7)(4)= 42 ,, 24,1"E;6=,!l-2^2
l(7X3)+ 2.(3)(4') 92, Gratgrl0lialg
ilneelga[8tIes
To graph a retngeof values,use a thiek,blaeklineover
)0, \/oh,lmeof ReotangulfiarSoflf,ds the numberline,At the end(.s) of the rarrge,use a solid
<;rlln.lnle
of a reetamgu0arsofificrl
= /r,zla circleif ilre pointis includedand an operilcircte
if the
polntis exclur)ed, 1'hefigurelrelowshowstne graphof
-3<x<5.

-+i__F_+f=FF=++a1=c*F
<t.--.t.
'_10_.e_8.t-6_s4_3-2_1 +._4*r_s>
o i ) s;z[! i ) e grc
93, Ffinlcffirrlg,the
Ef,stas?ee
Be,tweem Two Fo[rats
'lb
findthecJistancebetween Boints,usethe
4 Pythagorean Thc+orem or speciajrighttriangtes,
te volumeof a 4"by"5.by-6
boxis Thedjfference between tho xs is onelegandthe
=
XSXO) I2Q di'lferencebetween theys is the other,

:50
 ivil|eil{N l\ i(t.trsiliil-t

96" Slope4nteroenat F,ot'tr"ra

]b finrl i:heslopeof a linefrom an equation,put the
fot't'll:
equai,ioninto the sto;oe"finlter<;egl{:
YEfuD(+b
T h es l o p ei s m ,
'fo you can eril"herput the equlation
find the y-intercept,
into slope.intercepi:form-"-in which case b is lhe y-
you
ini:ercept.*or cart just ptug x =' O in[o the equation
and solvefor 1-"o y, find the x'intercept, plug
Q Q,-2) y = O into l"heequertion and solvefor x,
T of i n dt l r es l o p eo l ' i : h ee q u a t i o n3 x 1 - 2 y = 4 ' ,
rearri)nge il:
In tho figureabove,PQ is i:hehypotcnLlso of a 3 '4"-5
triangle,so PQ=.5, 3xt^2y*4'
forrlltlfial 2Y= -Bx+'4
Youcan also use the cilflstanoe e
y = _i-x -t,2_
d = tfly* vnV + EY* O;z
anq.lS(5,*2):
To find l"hedistaneebetweenR(13,6) e
Thes;lopeis -f and tlre y.inl"orcept
is 2'
(l * {(;.W." t6 - (-2)p
= \/( zg;1g? 97" Non"fl-finear Eiquatflorls
t;; 'The
E "V O 6
oquai:ion of a ofireleoenteredat (h,k)wiLha radius
* 2\/'I7 ol'r,irs(.rr"=h)a ",-(,y- k) 2 = trz,T'hefigurebelovrl
shows
[he graphof the oclual.ion (x-'2)2'+'(y.uf)2 =:)51

ng tMIclPoEtnts
921,"F0nclfi
The mirjpointof two pointson a line segmontis
the averageol'the x-coordinates of tire endlroints
and theraverageof the ycoordina1"es of the endpoints'
lf the endpointsare;(xt,yt) and(x2,y,",),
tlre nridpoirtt
| .. ,/ , ,/\
is {i4|2,4v2'1, of (S,5)and
tne nridpoirrl: (1,-D
\ , . 2 /
/ e - u a A " r . 1 \
(9 , 1 i)s [ "+ t , t i *) = (6 ,3 )'
\ - - ' /

95" Us8mg Fofiritsto F[ncfSloPes

=r oFart8elrl Y - titsc;
s[r.rrr6 lhe p;raphof an equation in the form + = l. is
ehamgG nnx rMnl $ ff;
an efllfrpse
witha horizontal axisof 2a anda vertical
poini:sA(2,3)
Theslopeof l"helinethat coni:ains'l"he figurebelowshorilsthe graphof
ary'sof 2^fi.l"he
and B(0,-.1)
is: x2 ,? - "
' ''
!t:!n * g ^ ( *) " =!_ ,2 . 25 1.6
Xa*XS ,/'*U ,1

(-5,0)

251
 . t\tr\i.ti
TM'8frlNfi;CBtiR$[iB0q]B(

\n equaLionin the form y = axzl+ b.x+ a;graphs as a

larahofla,The figurebelowshov,isthe graphof the
rquatio
! ' n= f r ^ 4 x + 3 :

cot0 = $, u". O= lF,

In thefigureaboirs, andosc
'5 I
t/,te
"
t j = - +
3
(3,0)
(2, -1) [00" GraphingTriglonotmetrflo Funetflons
Tographtrigfunotions, usethe x-axisfor the angle
andthey"axis for the valueof the funcflon. Use
s p e c i aal n g l e s u c ha s 0 o ,g 0 o ,4 b o ,6 0 o ,a n dg o ot o
plotkeypoints,

'RIG0[\I0runE"rRV
tE, Basio Tr0gFurl@t[@ns
o find the sine),coslne,0r of an acuteangle,
se S0FilGAHIT()I\,
an forthe foliowing
efinitions:
. =:---oo$osflte
lrle
ny(tsorenMse
" c adlaeemt
os0,n@
fflYlt)0t19fne'S€
Thefigure,Ouu,unn*sa portionof thegraph = sinx,
"/
ooposflte
= -"***-:-
l&xggnt
:
a0Ja0@0tt

15
the figureabove,stn 0 = *-
L7'
h f,\ - --:a-
' t 6

D" Reoflprooa[TrflgFunot[oms
re rarertrigfunotionsareoota
rseoant,
rtangeiat
=C6h[=
m
oantE *4* - 0nvp"o.tenuse
@osilne adJaoent

= +- = -hv$otenusg
seoant
sfrne opposfte