FPSC ENGLISH PORTION PREPARATION

--->> (1) HOW TO USE "WHO, WHOM, WHOSE"

To understand how to use 'who', 'whom' and 'whose' you first have to understand the difference
between subjects, objects and possessives.

-The subject does the action:

He likes football.
She goes to university.
They enjoy travelling.

-The object receives the action:

The employees respect him.

I know her.
The sailors waved to us.

-Possessives tell us the person something belongs to:

His car is new.

I like his latest novel.
We returned to our hotel.

'Who' is a subject pronoun like 'he', 'she' and 'they'. We use 'who' to ask which person did an action
or which person is in a certain state.

Who wrote that letter?

Who is the manager?
Who is going to prepare dinner?

'Whom' is an object pronoun like 'him', 'her' and 'us'. We use ‘whom’ to ask which person received
an action.

Whom are you going to ask to the party?

Whom did they choose as team captain?
Whom did they summon?

'Whose' is a possessive pronoun like 'his', and 'our'. We use 'whose' to find out which person
something belongs to.

Whose phone is this?

Whose is this umbrella?
Whose car is blocking the drive?
--->> (2) HOW TO USE PROPOSITIONS "IN, AT, ON, TO"

What are prepositions?

Prepositions are words that are used to link a noun or phrase to another part of the sentence. Some
examples of prepositions are “on”, “in”, “to” and “at”.

You will find them used in lots of different ways and various contexts. The most common ways to
use prepositions include using them to indicate time, the direction or location of an object, or to
introduce something – and an individual preposition can be used in more ways than one.

How to use a preposition

Let’s take a look at some examples and how they can be used!

“He put the tiles on the wrong wall.”

“She is going to college in September.”
“I’ll meet you at 5.30.”

Prepositions are always used to indicate the relationship of a noun or phrase to something else.
When using a preposition, you must always have the subject and verb before it, and follow it with a
noun. You should never follow it with a verb!

Let’s have a closer look at some examples.

Prepositions of position
You can use prepositions to show where an object is positioned, in relation to something else, such
as whether it is placed on the surface of something, inside something, or in another position.

Some common prepositions of position are:

On: “She placed the lid on the cooker.”

Above: “The plane flew over the houses.”
“In front of: “The books should go in front of the other items.”

Prepositions of time
Different prepositions can be used to indicate time in specific ways:
At: this can be used to indicate a specific time, for example:

“We are arriving at 22.50.”

In: this is used to express events taking place during lengthy periods of time, such as a month or
year, for example:

“They first moved to the country in 1978.”

“We are going on holiday in March.”

On: Like “in” this is used for specific points in time – in this case, you use this preposition to indicate
particular dates or days. For example:

“He’s moving in on Saturday.”

“I will need it back on the 17th.”

--->> (3) HOW TO IDENTIFY SIMPLE, COMPOUND &

COMPLEX SENTENCE

1. Simple Sentences
A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a
subject, a verb, and a completed thought.

Examples of simple sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train.

"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb

2. The train was late.

"The train" = subject, "was" = verb

3. Mary and Samantha took the bus.

"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "took" = verb

4. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

"I" = subject, "looked" = verb

5. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for
the bus.
"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "arrived" and "waited" =
compound verb
2. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent
clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with
a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are easy to
remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":

 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So

Examples of compound sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.

2. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the
station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.

3. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on
the bus before I arrived.

4. Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at
the bus station.

3. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an
independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements
that would make it a complete sentence.

Examples of dependent clauses include the following:

 because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon
 while he waited at the train station
 after they left on the bus

Dependent clauses such as those above cannot stand alone as a sentence,

but they can be added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.
 Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Below are some
of the most common subordinating conjunctions:

 after
 although
 as
 because
 before
 even though
 if
 since
 though
 unless
 until
 when
 whenever
 whereas
 wherever
 while

A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent

clauses.

The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the

independent clause, as in the following:

Tip: When the dependent clause comes first, a comma should be used to
separate the two clauses.

1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not
see them at the station.
2. While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
3. After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting
at the train station.

Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by

the dependent clause, as in the following:

Tip: When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be
used to separate the two clauses.

1. I did not see them at the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the
bus station before noon.
2. Joe realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.
3. Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after
they left on the bus.
--->> (4) HOW TO IDENTIFY DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH/SENTENCE

--->> (5) HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE B/W ACTIVE AND

PASSIVE VOICE

Active Voice – Here, the subject performs the action. He/she is the
doer of the action. It is a pretty straightforward relationship between
the subject and the verb. So, we can say that a verb is in the active
voice when the subject is the doer of the action that is expressed by
the verb.

The sentences in Active Voice are simple and easy to understand.

Look at the following examples:

 I am drinking tea.
 He played cricket.
 They will help you.
Passive Voice – Here, the subject receives the action that is expressed
by the verb. Therefore, we can say that the verb is in passive when
the subject of the verb is acted upon.

It is generally used to show the action, which means that the focus is
on the action and not the subject who does the action. Sentences in
Passive Voice are not simple, as more importance is given to the
action rather than the subject.

Take a look at the following examples:

 Tea is being drunk by me.

 Cricket was played by him.
 You will be helped by them.