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Abstract — The parameters of a permanent split-capacitor stator flux will induce current in the rotor bars, hence producing
single-phase induction motor can be estimated by conducting the rotor pulsating flux acting along the same axis as the stator flux.
DC test, blocked rotor test and no-load test which later can be used According to Lenz’s law, these two fluxes will oppose each
to facilitate the prediction of motor torque-speed characteristics. other. Therefore, no starting torque is developed as the angle
To improve further its performance, an exact motor model is between these fluxes is zero. Double revolving field theory
simulated and investigated in 2D finite element analysis under
states that stator magnetic field can be decomposed into two
influence of different capacitor values, winding turn ratio and
impedance ratio. A prototype is built and tested. Experimental rotating magnetic fields, each of equal magnitude but rotating in
results are compared with those obtained in 2D finite element opposite directions. Forward field rotates in the direction of
analysis. mechanical movement, whereas backward field rotates in the
opposite direction [4-5].
I. INTRODUCTION As stated in [6], torque is only developed when the motor is in
running condition, which can be done by spinning the motor
Due to its simplicity in construction and easy availability of
manually or using auxiliary circuit. Let the mmf along rotor
single-phase power supply in almost every household, single-
angular position ߠ for sinusoidally distributed stator winding be
phase induction motors (SPIM) have been used for a long time
ܨሺߠሻ ൌ ܰ݅
ߠ (1)
for trivial and repetitive chores. They are also often used in where N = the effective number of turns of the stator winding
light-duty industrial applications where three-phase supply is and the stator current i is given by
not readily available. They are robust, almost free of ݅ ൌ ܫ௫
߱ݐ (2)
maintenance, relatively cheap and have reasonable efficiency Therefore, the MMF is given by
and operating torque [1]. Compared with a three-phase ܨሺߠǡ ݐሻ ൌ ܰܫ௫
ߠ
߱ݐ
induction motor, SPIM is simpler in construction but it is more ேூ ேூ
ൌ ೌೣ
ሺ߱ ݐെ ߠሻ ೌೣ
ሺ߱ ݐ ߠሻ
complicated to be analyzed and modelled through an equivalent ଶ ଶ
circuit [2]. SPIM is not self-starting machine since its torque due ൌ ܨ ܨ (3)
to single-phase winding alone would only cause the motor to Although rotating in different directions, the forward rotating
vibrate instead of rotating. mmf Ff (rotating in the direction of ߠ) and the backward rotating
In order to create a starting torque for SPIM, a phase-shifted mmf Fb (rotating in the opposite direction of ߠ) produce a useful
net torque except when the rotor is at standstill. This is because
magnetic field has to be generated. This is normally
during standstill, the forward and backward torques are equal in
accomplished by having main and auxiliary windings in
magnitude, therefore, they cancel each other. Whereas at other
quadrature to ensure that the auxiliary winding current from the speed, the unequal torque produced will keep the rotor rotating
main supply is phase shifted [3]. There are several types of in direction of rotation. The slip with respect to forward field
SPIM which use the concept of main and auxiliary windings to can be represented as
start the motors such as split-phase, capacitor-start, capacitor- ି
ݏ ൌ ೞ (4)
run and capacitor-start capacitor-run. A rotating magnetic field ೞ
can be produced if two-phase symmetrical ac voltages excite the The slip with respect to backward field can be represented as
main and auxiliary windings that are wound 90° elect. apart ݊௦ െ ሺെ݊ ሻ
ݏ ൌ
around the stator air gap. However, in reality, a common single- ݊௦
݊௦ ݊
phase source feeds both windings. Therefore, a capacitor is ൌ
normally connected in series with the auxiliary winding to ݊௦
generate leading phase current in order for the SPIM to self-start ʹ݊௦ െ ݊௦ ݊
ൌ
by producing sufficiently high starting torque. ݊௦
ൌʹെݏ (5)
II. DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY Again, double-revolving field theory is used to analyse the
qualitative and quantitative performance of the single-phase
When the rotor is at standstill and the stator winding is induction motor. It is also used to obtain the equivalent circuit
connected to single-phase ac supply, the generated pulsating of single phase induction motor including the effects of forward
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V1 includes Efa and Eba which are the voltages induced by its own
forward flux Øfa and backward flux Øba respectively. The fluxes
from main winding Øfm and Øbm also induce voltage jaEfm and -
0.5 X2' jaEbm in the auxiliary winding, which can be represented as
internal voltages.
0.5 Xmag
R1m X1m Xc R1m X1m
0.5 R2'/(2-s) .. ..
Xf (a^2)Xf
.. ..
Rf (a^2)Rf
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of SPIM with rotor rotating at slip s.
+
-jEf,aux/a jaEfm
On the other hand, rotor circuit current at frequency of (2-s)f
+
+
Vm Va
is induced by the backward rotating field. The corresponding
Xb (a^2)Xb
rotor mmf rotates in the air gap at synchronous speed in
backward direction. A voltage Eb is produced by the resultant of Rb (a^2)Rb
the backward stator mmf and the rotor mmf. The equivalent
circuit of backward rotor circuit reflected to the stator side has
+
ோ ᇱ j Eb,aux/a -jaEbm
impedance of ݆ͲǤͷܺଶᇱ ͲǤͷ మ as shown in Fig. 1.
ଶି௦
It can be noted that the forward flux is always greater than
ோ ᇱ (a) (b)
backward flux at slip other than s=1 (since ݆ͲǤͷܺଶᇱ ͲǤͷ మ
௦ Fig. 2. Equivalent circuits of permanent split-capacitor SPIM (a) main
winding. (b) auxiliary winding.
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distribution on the stator slots, magnetic saturation and non- Consequently, torque-speed profile of permanent split-capacitor
linear behaviours of the iron materials. These considerations SPIM can be plotted. Fig. 4 shows the magnetic field
provide accurate calculation of electromagnetic fields and distribution across motor area during no-load test.
estimation of machine parameters.
A 18-pole permanent split-capacitor SPIM model is built V. EXPERIMENT
using Opera2D, a 2D finite element software from Cobham During the experiment, the main and auxiliary winding
Technical Services. The rotor consists of 65 bars. The outer resistances (R1m and R1a) are determined from the DC test.
layer of the stator slots is for main windings whereas the inner Variable dc supply is used to vary the applied voltage to the
layer of the stator slots is for the auxiliary windings, as shown main winding while the auxiliary winding of the motor is left
in Fig. 3. This motor has external rotor structure which is opened. Power supply is increased slowly until the current
rotating while the inner stator core is stationary. reaches rated current of 0.35 Arms. The voltage supplied to the
main winding when current is 0.35 Arms is recorded.
Subsequently, the same procedure is repeated with the power
supply connected to the auxiliary winding and the main winding
opened. From the DC test, resistances of main winding R1m and
auxiliary winding R1a can be calculated by applying Ohm’s Law
on the voltage and current recorded. As mentioned in the
Section II, R1m and R1a are thus easily calculated.
When blocked rotor test is conducted, the power supply of
240Vrms is applied to the main winding of the motor while the
auxiliary winding is made opened. Both the rotor and stator of
the motor are kept at zero speed (standstill). The current flows
through the main winding and the average power consumed by
the motor are recorded. Fig. 5 shows the prototype motor under
Fig. 3. 2D FE model for 18-pole permanent split-capacitor SPIM with external test.
rotor.
Fig. 4. Magnetic field distribution across motor area during no-load test. When no-load test is conducted, the power supply of 240Vrms
is applied to the main winding of the motor while the auxiliary
To carry out blocked rotor test and no-load test on the motor winding is left opened. The stator is at zero speed, whereas the
model in 2D FEM, the auxiliary circuit is made open by setting rotor is run at synchronous speed of about 333rpm. The current
the resistance in the auxiliary circuit to a very high value so that flows through the main winding and the average power
no current can pass through the auxiliary winding, as if it is consumed by the motor are recorded. The parameters of the
open-circuited. Circuit editor is used to couple the single-phase permanent split-capacitor SPIM is estimated by following the
ac voltage source and also to connect the appropriate slot methods and equations discussed in Section II. Torque of the
conductors into series connected main windings and auxiliary motor is calculated at different slips and the torque-speed profile
winding respectively. During blocked rotor test, command input is plotted.
(comi) file is written to set the speed for both stator and rotor to
be zero, whereas for no-load test, comi file is written to set the VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
stator to be stationary and the external rotor is rotated at Blocked-rotor and no-load tests were simulated in 2D FEM
synchronous speed of 333rpm. For both tests, power supply 240 rotating machine analysis. The auxiliary circuit was open-
Vrms is used. Rotating machine analysis is conducted on the circuited, while the main winding was excited with single-phase
motor model for both tests and data such as input voltage, input ac supply. Voltage, current, input average power and power
current, main current, auxiliary current and average power for factor were measured and recorded. The external rotor was at
the tests are computed. Having obtained these data, the motor rest during blocked-rotor test, and it was spinning at
parameters as discussed in previous section can be estimated.
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synchronous speed @333rpm for no-load test. FEM results from trade-off that motor designer has to choose when selecting the
both tests allow the estimation of motor parameters which are most appropriate capacitor value.
as follows:
Resistance in Main winding, R1m = 300 Ω
Resistance in Auxiliary Winding, R1a = 320 Ω
Rotor resistance, R2’ = 290Ω
Leakage Reactance in Main winding, X1m = 170 Ω
Leakage Reactance in Auxiliary Winding, X1a = 223 Ω
Rotor Leakage Reactance, X2’ = 170 Ω
Magnetizing Reactance, Xmag = 711 Ω
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Universiti Sains Malaysia under
Short-Term Grant 304/PELECT/6033011.
REFERENCES
[1] Saied, B. M. and Ali, A. J., “Determination of deep bar cage rotor
induction machine parameters based on finite element approach,” in IEEE
First National Conference for Engineering Sciences (FNCES), 2012.
[2] Mademlis, C. and Michaelides, A., “Magnetic performance of a single
phase induction motor undertriac-based voltage control,” WSEAS
Fig. 7. Output torque waveform during load operation at 250rpm Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3, Issue 5, 2004.
[3] Hrabovcova, V., Kalamen, L., Sekerak, P. and Rafajdus, P.,
“Determination of single phase induction motor parameters,” in IEEE
After having known the motor parameters from 2D FEM International Symposium on Power Electronics Electrical Drives
modelling, we can predict the characteristics of motor torque vs Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), 2010.
speed under influence of different values of capacitor which is [4] Sen, P. C., “Principle of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, 2nd
Edition,” John Wiley & Sons, Canada, 1997.
connected in series with the auxiliary winding, as shown in Fig. [5] Boldea, I. and Nasar S. A., The Induction Machines Design Handbook, 2nd
8. It can be seen that higher value of capacitor would make the edition, CRC Press, New York, 2009.
starting torque higher and the operating slip smaller at similar [6] Salam, M. A., Fundamentals of Electrical Machines, Alpha Science
rated load, which is very beneficial, but at higher cost since the International Ltd, USA, 2005.
[7] V. D. Toro, Electric Machines and Power Systems, Prentice-Hall,
capacitor is larger. Smaller operating slip is desirable since the Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988.
motor is operating at higher efficiency. Therefore, there is a
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