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Basic Stirling Engine Modal PDF
Basic Stirling Engine Modal PDF
Basic Stirling Engine Modal PDF
INDORE (M.P.)
SUBMITTED BY
1
TRUBA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
INDORE (M.P.)
SUBMITTED BY
MANISH SOLANKI (0830ME091032)
2
TRUBA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
INDORE, (M.P.)
CERTIFICATE
Director
TCET, INDORE
3
TRUBA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
INDORE, (M.P.)
RECOMMENDATION
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Working in this institute during this project had been a great learning
experience for us. We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude
to all those people who have been instrumental in making our project a
success.
“To make efforts is better than to achieve success and choose the capable
person for success is greater than to make and succeed.”
We feel deeply indebted to our project Guided by: Asst. Prof. Vishal
Achwal
( Lecturer Mechanical Engineering Department) who generously shared
his wisdom, experience and expertise with us and guided us through the
project. We thank him for all his valuable guidance and suggestions.
Manish Solanki
Md.Umar Khan
Rohan Goralkar
1
ABSTRACT
The performance of Stirling engines meets the demands of the efficient use
of energy and environmental security and therefore they are the subject of
much current interest. Hence, the development and investigation of Stirling
engine have come to the attention of many scientific institutes and
commercial companies. The Stirling engine is both practically and
theoretically a significant device, its practical virtue is simple, reliable and
safe which was recognized for a full century following its invention by
Robert Stirling in 1816. The engine operates on a closed thermodynamic
cycle, which is reversible.
2
CONTENT
Page No.
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Thermodynamic cycle 6
1.2 Heat and Work 7
1.3 Well known thermodynamic cycle’s 12
1.4 History of Stirling Engine 14
2. Literature Review 15
2.1 Presentation of Stirling Engines 18
2.1.1 Stirling thermodynamic cycle 18
3. Model Description 32
3.1 Design & Drawing 33
3.1.1 Stand & Cylinder 34
3.1.2 Piston 35
3.1.3 Fan Acting as Crank 35
3.1.4 Connecting Rod & Link 36
3.1.5 Assembly in Pro-Engineer software 36
3.2 Methodology 37
3.2.1 Assembly & Procedure 37
3.2.2 Our Stirling Engine Mode 39
3.3 Expenses 40
4. Advantages 41
3
Page No.
5. Disadvantages 43
5.1 Problems And Iteration 44
5.2 Causes Of Failure 44
6. Analyze From Economic Point 45
7. Applications of The Stirling Power 48
7.1. Cars 48
7.2. Submarine. 48
7.3. Nuclear power 48
7.4. Solar Energy 49
7.5. Aircraft engines 49.
8. Conclusion 50
9. References 52
10. List of Figures 54
11. List of Tables 55
4
INTRODUCTION
5
INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics
State:
Equation of state
Ideal gas · Real gas
Phase of matter · Equilibrium
Control volume · Instruments
Processes:
Isobaric · Isochoric · Isothermal
Adiabatic · Isentropic · Isenthalpic
Quasistatic · Polytropic
Free expansion
Reversibility · Irreversibility
Endoreversibility
Cycles:
Heat engines · Heat pumps
Thermal efficiency
6
Material properties:
Compressibility
Thermal expansion
Potentials:
Internal energy
Enthalpy
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy
7
Relationship to work
FIGURE : 2
This work is equal to the balance of heat (Q) transferred into the system:
If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then W will be
positive, and it represents a heat engine. If it moves counterclockwise, then
W will be negative, and it represents a heat pump.
8
The clockwise thermodynamic cycle indicated by the arrows shows that the
cycle represents a heat engine. The cycle consists of four states (the point
shown by crosses) and four thermodynamic processes (lines).
For example the pressure-volume mechanical work done in the heat engine
cycle, consisting of 4 thermodynamic processes, is:
9
Ideal Stirling cycle
FIGURE: 3
FIGURE: 4
10
Actual performance
FIGURE: 5
11
With the exception of a Stirling thermoacoustic engine, none of the gas
particles actually flows through the complete cycle. So this approach is not
amenable to further analysis of the cycle. However, it provides an overview
and indicates the cycle work.
12
Some example thermodynamic cycles and their constituent processes are as follows:
Bell A reversed
adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric
Coleman Brayton cycle
variable
Scuderi adiabatic pressure adiabatic isochoric
and volume
Jet engines
the external
combustion
Brayton adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isobaric version of this
cycle is known as
first Ericsson
cycle from 1833
Diesel adiabatic isobaric adiabatic isochoric
Pulse jets
(Note: Process 1-
2 accomplishes
Lenoir isobaric isochoric adiabatic
both the heat
rejection and the
compression)
Gasoline / petrol
Otto adiabatic isochoric adiabatic isochoric
engines
13
1.4 HISTORY:
FIGURE: 6
14
LITERATURE REVIEW
15
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Stirling Engine is one of the hot air engines. It was invented by Robert
Stirling (1790-1878) and his brother James. At this period, he found the
steam engines are dangerous for the workers. He decided to improve the
design of an existing air engine. He hope it wound be safer alternative.
After one year, he invented a regenerator. He called the “Economizer” and
the engine improves the efficiency. This is the earliest Stirling Engine. It is
put out 100 W to 4 kW. The Ericsson invented the solar Energy in 1864 and
did some improvements for after several years. Robert’s brother, James
Stirling, also played an important role in the development of Stirling
engines.
FIGURE: 7
16
The original patent by Reverend Stirling was called the "economizer", for
its
Improvement of fuel-economy. The patent also mentioned the possibility of
using the device in an engine. Several patents were later determined by two
brothers for different configurations including pressurized versions of the
engine. This component is now commonly known as the "regenerator" and
is essential in all high-power Stirling devices.
During the early part of the twentieth century the role of the Stirling engine
as a "domestic motor" was gradually usurped by the electric motor and
small
Internal combustion engines until by the late 1930s it was largely forgotten,
only produced for toys and a few small ventilating fans. At this time Philips
was seeking to expand sales of its radios into areas where mains electricity
was unavailable and the supply of batteries uncertain. Philips’
Management decided that offering a low-power portable generator would
facilitate such sales and tasked a group of engineers at the company
research lab (the Nat. Lab) in Eindhoven to evaluate the situation. After a
systematic comparison of various prime movers the Stirling engine was
considered to have real possibilities as it was among other things, inherently
quiet (both audibly and in terms of radio interference) and capable of
running from any heat source (common lamp oil was favored). They were
also aware that, unlike steam and internal combustion engines, virtually no
serious development work had been carried out on the Stirling engine for
many years and felt that with the application of modern materials and
know-how great improvements should be possible.
17
2.1 PRESENTATION OF STIRLING ENGINES
18
Process Involved In Stirling Cycle:
3-4: isothermal expansion process. Work W3-4 is done by the
working fluid, while an equal amount of heat Q3-4 is added to the
system from the heating source. The working fluid heats and expands
at constant temperature TH.
19
2.2 ANALYSIS OF THE STIRLING-CYCLE
ENGINE
2.2.1 Work done by an ideal Stirling-cycle engine
W=-∮
This can be easily visualized as the area enclosed by the process curves on
the pressure-volume. To evaluate the integral we need only consider the
work done during the isothermal expansion and compression processes,
since there is no work done during the isochoric processes, i.e.
W=-[ ∫ +∫ (4.1)
pV =mRT
and noting that T is constant for an isothermal process, and m is constant for
a closed cycle, then an expression for work done during an isothermal
process can be formulated:
∫ ∫ ( ) (4.2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
where the subscripts H and L denote the high and low temperature
isotherms respectively.
This equation can then be further simplified by noting that V4 = V1 and V3
= V2 so that a final equation for work can be obtained:
20
( )(TH -TL) (4.3)
The work done represents energy out of the system, and so has a negative
value according to the sign convention used here.
Inspection of Equation 4.3, therefore, shows that the work output for a
Stirling-cycle machine can be increased by maximizing the temperature
difference between hot and cold ends (TH-TL), the compression ratio
(V2/V1), the gas mass (and hence either the total volume of the machine
and/or the mean operating pressure), or the specific gas constant.
However, it is interesting to note that the specific work output (i.e. work
output per kilogram) can be dramatically enhanced in a Stirling-cycle
machine simply by selecting a working gas with a high specific gas
constant.
One of the reasons that hydrogen and helium are so often used as the
working gas in large Stirling-cycle machines can be deduced by inspection
of the values for specific gas constants given in Table 4.1. (another reason
is the lower flow losses that occur with smaller molecule gases).
Table: Specific gas constants for a variety of gases at 300 K
21
2.2.2 Heat flow in an ideal Stirling-cycle engine
The heat flowing into and out of a Stirling-cycle engine can be evaluated by
considering the integral of temperature with respect to entropy:
∫
Since the isochoric heat transfers within the regenerator are completely
internal to the cycle, i.e. -Q2-3 = Q4-1, then to evaluate the heat flows into
and out of the system we need only consider the isothermal processes.
For the isothermal expansion process in a closed cycle (where T and m are
constant, and where the subscripts H and L denote the high and low
temperature isotherms respectively):
QH= ∫ H dS
This integral can be most easily evaluated by considering the First Law of
Thermodynamics in the form:
QH=∫ ∫
QH=∫ ∫ H dV = 0 + ∫ H dV
giving:
QH = mRTH ln ( ) (4.4)
22
The isothermal compression process can also be readily evaluated (noting
that V4 = V1 and V3 = V2, and where the subscripts H and L denote the high
and low temperature isotherms respectively), giving:
QL = - mRTL ln ( ) (4.5)
The efficiency of any heat engine is defined as the ratio of work output to
heat input, i.e.
STIRLING=
STIRLING=
this demonstrates the interesting fact that the efficiency of an ideal Stirling-
cycle engine is dependant only on temperature and no other parameter. It is
worth recalling that the Carnot efficiency for a heat engine is:
CARNOT=
or, in other words, that the Stirling-cycle engine has the maximum
efficiency possible under the Second Law of Thermodynamics. However, it
should be noted that unlike the Carnot Cycle, the Stirling-cycle engine is a
practical machine that can actually be used to produce useful quantities of
work.
23
2.2.4 Actual Stirling Engine
24
2.3 ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS
Mechanical configurations of Stirling engines are classified into three
important distinct types: Alpha, Beta and Gamma arrangements.
But many engines have no apparent regenerator like beta and gamma
engines configurations with a “loose fitting” displacer, the surfaces of the
displacer and its cylinder will cyclically exchange heat with the working
fluid providing some regenerative effect.
25
2.3.1 Alpha Stirling :
Alpha engines have two separate power pistons in separate cylinders which
are connected in series by a heater, a regenerator and a cooler. One is a
“hot” piston and the other one a “cold piston”.
The hot piston cylinder is situated inside the high temperature heat
exchanger and the cold piston cylinder is situated inside the low
temperature heat exchanger. The generator is illustrated by the chamber
containing the hatch lines.
FIGURE: 11
26
Expansion: At this point, the most of Transfer: At this point, the gas
the gas in the system is at the hot has expanded. Most of the gas
piston and expands, pushing the hot is still in the
piston down, and flowing through the Hot cylinder. As the crankshaft
pipe into the cold cylinder, pushing it continues to turn the next 90°,
down as well. transferring the bulk of the gas
to the cold piston cylinder. As it
does so, it pushes most of the
fluid through the heat
exchanger and into the cold
piston cylinder
This type of engine has a very high power-to-volume ratio but has technical
problems due to the usually high temperature of the "hot" piston and its
seals.
27
2.3.2 Beta Stirling
The Beta configuration is the classic Stirling engine configuration and has
enjoyed popularity from its inception until today. Stirling's original engine
from his patent drawing of 1816 shows a Beta arrangement.
Both Beta and Gamma engines use displacer-piston arrangements. The Beta
engine has both the displacer and the piston in an in-line cylinder system.
The Gamma engine uses separate cylinders.
The purpose of the single power piston and displacer is to “displace” the
working gas at constant volume, and shuttle it between the expansion and
the compression spaces through the series arrangement cooler, regenerator,
and heater.
A beta Stirling has a single power piston arranged within the same cylinder
on the same shaft as a displacer piston. The displacer piston is a loose fit
and does not extract any power from the expanding gas but only serves to
shuttle the working gas from the hot heat exchanger to the cold heat
exchanger.
28
Expansion: At this point, most of the Transfer: At this point, the gas has
gas in the system is at the heated end expanded. Most of the gas is still
of the cylinder. The gas heats and located in the hot end of the
expands driving the power piston cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries
outward. the crankshaft the next quarter turn.
As the crank goes round, the bulk of
the gas is transferred around the
displacer to the cool end of the
cylinder, driving more fluid into the
cooled end of the cylinder.
29
2.3.3 Gamma Stirling
FIGURE: 13
Furthermore during the expansion process some of the expansion must take
place in the compression space leading to a reduction of specific power.
Gamma engines are therefore used when the advantages of having separate
cylinders outweigh the specific power disadvantage.
30
TECHNICAL COMPLEXITY OF TOPIC
The Stirling cycle is a highly advanced subject that has defied analysis by
many experts for over 190 years. Highly advanced thermodynamics are
required to describe the cycle. Professor Israel Urieli writes: "...the various
'ideal' cycles (such as the Schmidt cycle) are neither physically realizable
nor representative of the Stirling cycle" [
The analytical problem of the regenerator (the central heat exchanger in the
Stirling cycle) is judged by Jakob to rank 'among the most difficult and
involved that are encountered in engineering '.
FIGURE:14
31
MODEL DESCRIPTION
32
3.1 DESIGN AND DRAWING
33
PRO-ENGINEEER DESIGN & SPECIFICATION
FIGURE:15
LINK: FIGURE: 17
34
3.1.2 PISTON
FIGURE:18
FIGURE:19
35
3.1.4 CONNECTING ROD & LINK
Fatigue resistance
Material preferred:
Aluminum
FIGURE: 20
ASSEMBLY: FIGURE: 21
36
3.2 METHODOLOGY
b. As per the requirement we have gathered our parts from various places
from the market.Both the cylinders are connected perpendicularly via a
small diameter pipe through welding & M-seal .
c. For the assembly of our project our workshop was the better place for
the fabrication as we get all the facilities at the same place.
d. For the piston cylinder arrangement. We have used Tin Cylinders for
vertical position and PVC Pipe for Horizontal cylinder. For the
fabrication of piston for vertical we buyed solid hard fiber of cylindrical
shape.than by using LATHE machine available in workshop. By the
operations turning on that fiber with a small clearance of 2mm.
f. Our Fan which is Acting as crank for both the arrangement is fixed on
the bearing which is fixed by us on the wood frame fabricated by
us in Carpentry shop. Rest of the assembly was done by us at our
home.
g. Crank and links are connected. Now this whole model is placed on
rigid structure and clamped by strips to make It rigid while
working.Hinged support for the vertical cylinder piston & FAN
arrangement is done by cutting a PVC pipe and providing wood rip
between the PVC and Attaching both the arrangement on the hinged
support. than fabricating horizontal piston & connecting rod and
attaching it to the crank.
37
h. Our model is ready to work by providing Heat BY candle. Than by
providing sufficient heat so that expansion of air takes place by which
the reciprocation of piston takes place easily which will help to rotate
our crank easily. Every arrangement in the engine is so light weighted so
that reciprocating motion can be achieved easily in both the cylinders.
38
3.2.2 OUR STIRLING ENGINE MODEL
Hinged
support
Cylinder 1
Flame
FIGURE: 22
39
3.3 EXPENSES SPEND ON OUR PROJECT
QUANTITY PRICE
CYLINDER 2 50
PISTON 2 130
CONNECTING ROD 2 40
FAN 1 50
WOOD RIPS 1 10
M-SEAL(PACKETS) 3 75
CANDLES 3 25
WOODEN STAND 1 200
PVC PIPE 1 10
NAILS 20 10
BEARING 45
OTHER - 50
TOTAL 695/-
EXPENSES: TABLE: 4
40
ADVANTAGES
41
4. ADVANTAGES
1. Inside the pistons can be used air, helium, nitrogen or hydrogen and you
don’t have to refill it because it uses always the same body of gas.
2. To produce heat you can use whatever you want: fuel, oil, gas, nuclear
power and of course renewable energies like solar, biomass or
geothermal heat.
5. They run very silent and they don’t need any air supply. That’s why they
are used a lot in submarines. E.g. in the Royal Swedish Navy.
6. They can run for a very long time because the bearings and seals can be
placed at the cool side of the engine → they need less lubricant and they
don’t have to be checked very often ( longer period between the
overhauls ).
42
DISADVANTAGES
43
5. DISADVANTAGES
5.1 PROBLEMS AND ITERATION
2. Firstly we have used large links, this increases weight and vibration.
Therefore we have reduced their length.
3. Due to the large clearance between piston and cylinder, it is not able to
displace by hot air. Hence for decreasing clearance small diameter
cylinder is used and reassembling of the model has done.
44
6. ANALYZE FROM ECONOMIC POINT
As said above the Stirling engine is a kind of external combustion engine,
and it can use a variety of fuels. It can be estimated that combustible gases
are the best material, including gasoline, diesel, propane, sunshine and salad
oil; even cow dung can be run on as fuels.
A cup of coffee cannot become a cup of gasoline, but it can be also used as
a
Stirling engine driver. There is a famous experiment that a Stirling engine
can easily run on a cup of coffee. The Stirling engine is a kind of piston
engine. In the external heating sealed chamber, the expansion of gases
inside the engine promotes the pistons work. After the expanded gases
cooling down in the air –conditioned room, next process is taking on. As
long as a certain value of the temperature difference exists, a Stirling
Engine can be formed.
FIGURE: 23
45
This experiment shows that only a very small power operation can carry out
a Stirling engine, which contributes a lot to energy conservation. This
characteristic especially shows out on economy point. The benefits obtained
from the Stirling engine are definitely far beyond the costs.
So once solar is used to produce energy for the Stirling engine, the cost
would surely be cut down for quite a lot. As long as there is sunshine, the
Stirling engine will run on and on. Of course it costs much to manufacture a
Stirling engine, as it requires a high level of the materials and
manufacturing processes.
Some engines cause a lot of pollution, so much is cost for pollution control
and government. On contrast, Stirling engine exhausts cleanly and avoid
this type of matter. Development and utilization of solar will not pollute the
environment, as solar is one of the cleanest energy. While the
environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious today, this
characteristic is extremely valuable. It saves the cost for a lot while making
sustainable development.
Nowadays, more and more countries have recognized that a society with
sustainable development should be able to meet the needs of the community
without endangering future generations. Therefore, use clean energy as
much as possible instead of the high carbon content of fossil energy is a
principle which should be followed during energy construction. Vigorously
develop new and renewable sources of energy utilization technology will be
an important measure to reduce pollution. Energy problem is a worldwide
one, and it is sooner or later to get into the transition-to-new-energy period.
Because of its sustainability, renewably and efficiency, the Stirling engine
is just the very one being consistent with the requirements of the times.
46
APPLICATIONS
47
7.APPLICATIONS OF THE STIRLING POWER
7.1. Cars
In the ages of 1970s and 1980s several automobile companies like “General
Motors” or “Ford” were researching about Stirling Engine. This device is
good for a constant power setting, but it is a challenge for the stop and go of
the automobile.
A good car can change the power quickly. One possibility to obtain this
important characteristic is design a power control mechanism that will turn
up or down the burner. This is a slow method of changing power levels
because is not enough to accelerate crossing an intersection.
7.2. Submarine
48
7.4. Solar Energy
Placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror a Stirling engine can convert solar
Energy to electricity with efficiency better than non-concentrated
photovoltaic cells.
By a mirror to focus the sun’s rays on the receiver end of a Stirling engine.
The internal side of the receiver then heats hydrogen gas, which expands.
The pressure created by the expanding gas drives a piston, crank shaft, and
drive shaft assembly much like those found in internal combustion engines
but without igniting the gas. The drive shaft is connected to a small
electricity generator.
49
CONCLUSION
50
8. CONCLUSION
Our Stirling engine model has a good point that they can be constructed in a
way that they produce no emissions. That means, in combination with solar
or geothermal heat, they can be used as a renewable energy source to
produce electricity by means of dynamo.
The real renewable energy is the solar application for this device because
the
other ways to produce the heat source are burning something. It is possible
to decrease the emissions of CO2 or other toxic gases but not eliminate
completely this problem for the earth and therefore for humans. This
application could be one of the different ways to solve the problem of
greenhouse gas emissions and to continue and also to develop our comfort.
No high-tech materials are needed.
Future Aspects of our project: Continuous rotation of fan can be used for
the generation of electricity ,by providing Dynamo at the shaft of fan .
51
REFERENCE
52
9. REFERENCE
http://www.kockums.se/News/photostock/photo.html
http://www.moteurstirling.com/alpha.htm
www.stirlingenergy.com/solar_overview.htm
www.stirlingenergy.com/images.asp?Type=solar
53
10. LIST OF FIGURES
54
11. LIST OF TABLES
3 Design 33
4. Expenses spend on our 40
project
55