HUMAN RESPIRATION

Name : Nahdlini Salma Sabila

Student ID : B1B017002
Entourage : VI
Subgroup :1
Assistant : Nisa Baiti

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Breathing is the process of exchange of gases that come from living things
that come from living with gas that exists in the environment. While the
overhaul process food using oxygen so obtained energy and gas combustion of
residual carbon dioxide (CO2) is called respiration (Rahmat, 2007). The
respiratory system is formed by some structure. The entire structure is involved
in the process of external respiration, namely the process of exchange of oxygen
(O2) between the atmosphere and the blood as well as the exchange of carbon
dioxide (CO2) between the blood and the atmosphere (Molenaar et al., 2014).
Respiration is the process of breaking down complex organic compounds into
simple compounds. Most of the process of respiration takes place in the
mitochondria. As for most other processes that take place in the cytosol (Dartius,
1999). Respiration or breathing has three main functions were to take oxygen,
remove carbon dioxide, and to regulate the relative composition of the blood.
The body needs oxygen to metabolize food. During the process of metabolism,
oxygen combines with the carbon atoms in the food, producing carbon dioxide
(CO2) (Slamet, 2005).
Respiration involves inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation is the taking in of
air and exhalation is the expulsion of deoxygenated air. These two
processes of inhalation and exhalation together constitute ventilation.
Respiratory rate (RR) is also known as respiration rate, pulmonary ventilation
rate or ventilation rate. This is the count of breaths a living being, such as a
human, takes within certain duration of time. This is generally given in breaths
per minute (Anand et al., 2015).

B. Objective

The purpose of this experiment are to measure the normal inspiration and
expiration volume from the respiration (tidal volume), to measure the amount of
lung capacity that could be filled with respiration air (vital capacity), and
measure the amount of lung volume that could accomodate the normal
respiration air during a minute (total volume).
 II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

A. Material

The tools that used in this laboratory activity are stopwatch, plastic basin, 1
meter of plastic hose and 2 L measurement glass.
The materials that used in this laboratory activity are water and the human
spirit.

B. Method

The method used in this practical are :

a. Tidal Volume (VT)
1. Normally drawn breath, then exhaled immediately into a beaker
through the end of the hose.
2. End of the hose immediately removed from the mouth and a closed
end. The loose end of the hose should be located higher than the
beaker.
3. The volume of water that is exposed to the breath as the scale of that
of the measuring cup, the volume of air is tidal volume respiration.
4. The trials were carried out also by the practitioner with the opposite
gender.
5. The experiments were conducted after activity run, then the results
were compared.
b. Vital Lung Capacyty (KV)
1. Irresistibly drawn breath, then immediately blown into the beaker
through the end of the hose with a vengeance.
2. End of the hose immediately removed from the mouth and closed.
3. The volume of water that is exposed to the breath as the scale of that
of the measuring cup, the volume is vital lung capacity.
4. The trials were carried out also on the practitioner with the opposite
gender, and the results compared.
c. Total Volume (VT)
1. The total volume of the lungs is determined by conducting
experiments as set tidal volume.
2. The number of breaths within a period of one minute is calculated.
3. The total volume of the lungs is calculated by multiplying the tidal
volume by the number of breaths in one minute.
4. The experiments carried out also during normal respiration and after
the ran activity.
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 3.1. The Result of Observation of Human Respiration in Entourage

VI

Tidal Volume (mL) Total Volume (mL) Vital

Capacity
Group Before After Before After
(mL)
M F M F M F M F M F
1 1930 980 1740 1354 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1880
2 1730 1180 >2000 1500 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1730
3 1500 925 940 1155 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1490
4 1800 1250 1380 1530 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 >2000 1980

Calculation of Group 1:
a. Before Running Volume (Male)
Breathing amount per minute = 6
= 24 mL/minute
Tidal volume = 1.930 mL
Total volume = Tidal volume x breathing amount per minute
= 1.930 x 24
= 46.320 mL/minute
b. Before Running Volume (Female)
Breathing amount per minute = 4
= 16 mL/minute
Tidal volume = 980 mL
Total volume = Tidal volume x breathing amount per minute
= 980 x 16
= 15.680 mL/minute
c. After Running Total Volume (Male)
Breathing amount per minute = 11
= 44 mL/minute
Tidal volume = 1.740 mL
Total volume = Tidal volume x breathing amount per minute
= 1.740 x 44
= 76.560 mL/minute
d. After Running Total Volume (Female)
Breathing amount per minute = 11
= 44 mL/minute
Tidal volume = 1.354 mL
Total volume = Tidal volume x breathing amount per minute
= 1.354 x 44
= 46.320 mL/minute
B. Discussion

Based on the results of observation that obtained in male tidal volume before
running is 1.930 mL, in female tidal volume is 980 mL, meanwhile male tidal
volume after running is 1.740 mL, and in female tidal volume is 1.354 mL. The
amount of total volume in male before running is 46.320 mL, in female total
volume is 15.680 mL, meanwhile male total volume after running is 76.560 mL,
and in female volume total is 59.576 mL. The amount of vital capacity in male is
more than 2.000 mL and female is 1.880 mL. The result shows decreasing in
male tidal volume after running, but the result is increased in female tidal
volume after running. For the total volume both male and female shows
increasing after running. This result is an accordance to Fox (1988), which states
that the more activity, the heartbeat will also be faster because the heart pumps
the blood faster, the number of breath also increases so that the volume and lung
capacity is going to be greater. A decreasing amount in total volume after
activity or running can occur due to the health condition of the practitioner's
body, body position, and due to the delay in counting the number of breath that
are not directly counted after run.
Respiration is known to be one of the most fundamental processes in living
organisms (Gavrikov, 2015). Respiration is a process of exchange of oxygen gas
(O2) from the air by living organisms used for a series of metabolism will
produce carbon dioxide (CO2) that must be removed because it is not needed by
the body. Every living creature breathing to get oxygen O2 is used for
combustion of food substances in the cells of the body. Respirators are not the
same every living creature, in invertebrates have the respirator and breathing
mechanisms that are different from vertebrates (Waluyo, 2010).
Judging from its needed of oxygen, respiration can be divided into two types
there are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration, is
respiration, which uses free oxygen to get energy. Anaerobic respiration is the
breakdown reaction of carbohydrates to get energy without using oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration uses certain compounds such as phosphoenol pyruvate
acid or acetal dehide, so that hydrogen binds and forms lactic acid or alcohol.
The end result is alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy. Glucose does not
completely break down into water and carbon dioxide, the energy produced is
smaller than aerobic respiration (Campbell et al., 2010).
The place of occurrence of respiratory gas exchange then differentiated into
two types: namely external respiration and internal respiration. External
respiration is the process of gas exchange between the blood and the atmosphere
while the internal respiration is the process of gas exchange between the blood
circulation and cell network. Internal respiration (cellular respiration) takes place
throughout the body system. The respiratory system includes the main structure
is the respiratory airway, consists of the upper respiratory tract and the lower
respiratory tract, and lungs (pulmonary parenkim) (Molenaar et al., 2014).
According to Foss (1998), an outline of the breathing air volume can be
divided into four, namely:
1. Tidal Volume (TV), is the volume of air breathing when doing regular
breathing. The volume of air in and out of about 500 ml (0.5 liter).
2. Reserves Inspiration Volume (RIV), is the maximum volume of air that can
be taken at breathing when breathing. Respiratory volume of deposits is also
known as complementary air of about 1500 ml (1.5 liters).
3. Reserves Expiratory Volume (REV), is the maximum volume of air that can
be issued or also known as a supplementary air about 1500 ml (1.5 liters).
4. Volume Residue (VR), is the volume of air remains in the lungs after
exhalation maximum of about 1000 ml (1 liter).
According to Astrand (1970), lung capacity is a combination of several lung
volume and is divided into four sections, there are :
1. Inspiration capacity, equal to the tidal volume + volume up inspiration, the
magnitude of ± 3500 cc.
2. Functional Capacity residue, equal to the volume of reserves inspiration +
residual volume, the amount of ± 2300 cc.
3. Vital capacity, equal to the volume of reserves inspiration + volume + tidal
expiratory reserve volume, the amount of ± 4600 cc.
4. Total Lung Capacity, together with vital capacity + residual volume, the
amount of ± 5800 cc.
According to Syaifuddin (2009), respiratory mechanism divided into two
kinds, they are chest respiratory and abdominal respiratory. Chest respiratory
and abdominal respiratory occur simultaneously. Chest respiratory is breathing
that involves the muscles between the ribs. The mechanism can be distinguished
as inspiration phase and expiration phase. Inspiration phase is the form of
contracting between the bones of the muscle ribs so that the chest cavity
enlarges, resulting in pressure in the chest cavity being smaller than the pressure
outside so that the outside air is rich in oxygen from entering. Expiration phase
is the phase relaxation or muscle between the ribs return to the original position
which was followed by a decline in the ribs so that the chest cavity becomes
smaller. As a result, the pressure within the chest cavity becomes greater than
the pressure outside, so air in the chest cavity that is rich in carbon dioxide is
emitted (Syaifuddin, 2009). Abdominal respiratory consist of inspiration dan
expiration. Inspiration is an active process, here the contraction of the muscles of
inspiration will increase the pressure in the space between the lungs and the
chest wall (intractoral pressure). Inspiration occurs when the diaphragm mulch
has stimulated from the prenic nerve and shrinks flat. Intercostal musculature
which is tilted, after being able to stimulate, then shrink flat. Thus the distance
between the breastbone is wider. Enlarged chest cavity, the pleura will be
attracted, thereby attracting the lungs so that the air pressure in it decreases and
enters air from outside. Expiration is a passive process that does not require
muscle contraction to reduce intrathoracal. Expiration occurs when at one time
the muscles will relax again (the diaphragm will become concave, the
interkoatalis muscle sloping again) and thus the chest cavity becomes small
again, then the air is pushed out (Prasetyo, 2016).
According to Irianto (2004), human respiration is affected by several factors,
such as age, gender, activities, body temperature and body position.
1. Gender
Volume and capacity of the entire lung in women approximately 20 to 25
percent less than men, and even more on athleticism and the big man than
the smallish and astenis (Guyton & Hall, 1997). Lung capacity is larger in
men than in women 4.8 L is 3.1 L (Tambayong, 2001).
2. Age
Age associated with aging or age. The older a person, the greater the
possibility of decline in lung function (Suyono, 1995). Energy substances
needs continue to increase until finally declining after the age of 40 years is
due to the reduced power requirements have been declining physical
 strength. Under normal circumstances, age also affects the respiratory rate
and lung capacity. Adult respiratory frequency between 16-18 times per
minute, in children about 24 times per minute while the baby is about 30
times per minute. Although adult respiratory respiratory rate is smaller than
the children and infants, but KVP greater in adults than children and infants.
Under certain conditions it will change, for example as a result of an illness,
breathing can grow rapidly and vice versa (Syaifuddin, 2009).
3. Activities
The body's metabolism increases, especially for the metabolism of lactic
acid in the cells that produce a lot of CO2 and heat. During the run, the use
of O2 by working muscles grow. So PO2 in the tissue and in the blood
decreases. Diffusion O2 and blood to the tissues increases, so PO2 decreases
blood to the muscles and release O2 from hemoglobin increased. During
exercise, oxygen use may increase to as much as 30-fold. There should be a
mechanism to adjust to the demands of the metabolic respiration effort
(Soewolo, 2003).
4. Body temperature
High temperatures, increases the frequency of respiration. The higher the
body temperature (fever), the respiratory rate will be faster. In the hot
environment of the body to increase metabolism to maintain the temperature
to remain stable. For that body should be a lot of sweat to lower body
temperature. This activity requires the energy produced from the oxidation
using oxygen events that will be needed more oxygen to increase the
frequency (Waluyo, 2010).
5. The position of the body
Lying position respiration frequency 13/min, and the sitting position
18/min and 22/min in the standing position. Respiratory rate increases when
walking or running compared to a stationary position. respiratory rate faster
than the standing position sitting position. Lying position respiratory rate
faster than the prone position (Waluyo, 2010).
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the objectives, result and discussion, can be conluded that

the tidal volume in male before run is 1.930 mL and after run is 1.740 mL.
The tidal volume in female before run is 980 mL and after run is 1.354 mL.
The total volume in male before run is 46.320 mL and after run is 76.560 mL.
The total volume in female before run is 15.680 mL and after run is 59.576
mL. The amount of vital capacity in male is cccc and female is 2.500 mL.
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