Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structural Evaluation
Structural Evaluation
Structural Evaluation
BUILDINGS
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INTRODUCTION
• Indian buildings built over past two decades are
seismically deficient because of lack of
awareness regarding seismic resisting measures .
• Also seismic design is not normally practiced in
most of the buildings being built in India.
Therefore, seismic vulnerability estimation is
pre-requisite for disaster mitigation management.
• The difficulties faced in seismic vulnerability
estimation of a building are there is no reliable
information/database available for existing
building stock, construction practices, in-situ
strength of material and components of the
building
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• The aim of evaluation is to assess the seismic
capacity of earth quake vulnerable buildings or
earthquake damaged buildings for the future use.
• The evaluation may also prove helpful for degree
of intervention required in seismically deficient
structures
• The methodologies available so far for the
evaluation of existing buildings can be broadly
divided into two categories
– qualitative methods
– analytical methods
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I. Qualitative methods
Qualitative methods are based on the background
information available like architectural & structural dwg.
Condition Assessment
• means the collection of information about the structure
and its past performance characteristics to similar type of
structure during past earthquake
Data collection
• Collection of data is an important portion for the seismic
evaluation of any existing building. The information
required for the evaluated building can be divided as
follows.
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Building data
• Architectural, structural and construction drawings
• Vulnerability parameters:
no. of stories, year of construction and total floor area
• Seismicity of the site.
Construction data
• Identification of gravity load resisting system
• Identification of lateral load resisting system
• Maintenance, addition, alteration, or modification in
structure
• Field surveys of the structures existing condition
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Structural data
• Structural concept: vertical and horizontal irregularities,
torsional eccentricity, pounding, short column and others
• Detailing concept: ductile detailing, special confinement
reinforcement
• Pounding- column distress, possibly local collapse
• Unsymmetrical buildings (U,T,L,V) in plan- torsional
effects and concentration of damage at the re entrant
corners
• Unsymmetrical buildings in elevation- abrupt change in
lateral resistance
• Vertical strength discontinuities
• Short columns
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• Large tie spacing in columns lack of confinement of core –
shear failures.
• Insufficient column lengths – concrete to spall.
• Locations of inadequate splices- brittle shear failure
• Insufficient column strength for full moment hinge
capacity – brittle shear failure.
• Lack of continuous beam reinforcement- hinge formation
during load reversals.
• Inadequate reinforcing of beam column joints or location
of beam bar splices at columns joint failures.
• Improper bent up of longitudinal reinforcing in beams as
shear reinforcement – shear failure during load reversal
• Foundation dowels that are insufficient to develop the
capacity of the column steel above local column distress.
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Seismic evaluation data
• The criteria of evaluation of building will depend on
materials, strength and ductility of structural components
and detailing of reinforcement.
• Materials evaluation
• Structural detailing
– Flexural members, columns, foundations
• Limitation of sections
• Limitation of min. & max. flexural reinforcement
• Restriction of splices
• Development length requirements
• Shear reinforcement requirement
• Special confining requirements
• Column steel dowelled into the foundation 8
Field evaluation /Visual inspection method
• This is very quick way of assessing the building
vulnerability based on visual screening
• Visual inspection is the most widely used form of
non destructive evaluation.
• This methodology is referred to as a “sidewalk
survey” in which an experienced screener visually
examines a building to identify features that affect
the seismic performance of the building, such as
the building type, seismicity, soil conditions and
irregularities
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The procedure for visual inspection are described
in the following steps
• Perform a walk through visual inspection to
become familiar with the structure
• Gather background documents and information on
the design , construction, maintenance, and
operation of the structure
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• Identify the location of vertical structural elements – columns or
walls
• Sketch the elevation with sufficient details – dimensions, openings,
observed damage such as cracks, spalling, and exposed reinforcing
bar, width of cracks
• After performing a detailed visual inspection, the investigator must
be able to distinguish between recent damage and pre existing
damage , ensuring that the observed damage may or may noit prove
to be dangerous for the structure.
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Non destructive testing
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• Rebound hammer test
It is the most widely used non destructive device
for quick surveys to assess the quality of concrete.
• Penetration resistance method
This method is used to determine the quality and
compressive strength of in-situ concrete based on
the determination of the depth of penetration of
probes into the concrete.
• Rebar locator
It is used to determine quality, location, size and
condition of reinforcing steel in concrete
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• Ultrasonic pulse velocity
It is used for determining the elastic constants
(modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio) and the
density by conducting tests at various points on the
structure.
• Impact echo
Impact echo is a method for detecting
discontinuities within the thickness of a wall.
• Penetrating radar
It is used to detect the location of reinforcing bars,
cracks, voids and other material discontinuities,
verify thickness of concrete.
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II Analytical methods
Capacity/demand (C/D) method
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Seismic evaluation of RCC columns
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Seismic evaluation of RCC beams
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