C O N T E M P O R A RY E N G L I S H G R A M M A R 2 0 1 8

I. MORPHOLOGY

1. Aspect in English (the two grammatical aspects: perfective & imperfective)

a. Draw a parallel between perfective and imperfective aspect in English
2. Tenses:
a. The simple present tense (form, definition, uses and examples)
b. The present continuous (form, definition, uses, verbs that combine with it, change of verb
meanings, examples)
c. Past simple and past continuous (forms, definition, uses, examples)
d. Present perfect (form, definition, theories, uses, examples)
e. Draw a parallel between the present perfect and past simple
f. Means of expressing future in English (present simple, present continuous, to be going to,
future simple, future continuous, future perfect: forms, uses and examples)
3. Mood and modality in English:
a. Mood and modality in English, a general presentation (grammatical moods in English,
ways of expressing modality, modal verbs, subjunctive mood)
b. Modal verbs, general presenation (types of modal verbs – central, peripheral, quasi-modals
– epistemic vs. root meaning, morphosyntactic properties of modal verbs)
c. Draw a parallel between the modal verbs CAN and MAY
d. The modal verb MUST
e. The modals SHALL/WILL
f. The subjunctive mood (indicative vs. Subjunctive, forms, distribution – fake independent
clauses, THAT clauses, Adverbial clauses)
4. Voice in English:
a. The passive voice in English (morphological properties of the verb, argument structure,
omission of by-phrase, uses, verbs of reporting, DOC, get-passive, causative)
5. The article in English (Definite, indefinite, zero articles, uses – specific, generic reference,
other uses – forms, examples)

II. SYNTAX OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

1. The classification of sentences. Structure of the sentence

2. The subject
3. The predicate
4. Auxiliary verbs
5. Subject–verb agreement
6. Subordination, clauses: Nominal, Relative, Adverbial (with examples, expressed by)
7. Ellipsis and substitution

III. SYNTAX OF COMPLEX SENTENCES

1. The complex sentence: definition, structure, types

2. Types of subordinate clauses (criteria of classification)
3. Types of complement clauses
4. Extraposition and IT-insertion in THAT-clauses (definition, examples)
5. Topicalization in THAT-clauses (definition, examples)
6. Sequence of tenses (types, examples)
7. PRO-TO constructions (definition, logical subject, examples)
8. FOR-TO constructions (definition, logical subject, examples)
9. Accusative + Infinitive constructions (definition, logical subject, examples)
10. Nominative + Infinitive constructions (definition, logical subject, examples)
11. Differences between participles and gerunds
12. Causative verbs with infinitive and participial constructions
13. Verbs of physical perception with infinitive and participial constructions
14. Full gerunds and half gerunds (definition, examples)

IV. SEMANTICS

1. Components of the linguistic sign-definition, examples

2. Semantic field-definition, examples
3. Componential analysis-definition, examples
4. Prototype-definition, examples
5. Polysemy-definition, examples
6. Semantic vagueness: definition, examples
7. Semantic roles: agent vs. experiencer: definition, examples
8. Break type verbs and the causative-inchoative alternation: definition, examples
9. Presupposition: definition, examples
10. Relations between co-hyponymic terms: converseness, antonymy and complementarity

V. PRAGMATICS

1. Grice’s definition of Speaker’s Meaning

2. Difference between constative and performative utterances
3. Explicit and implicit performatives
4. Grammatical characteristics of performatives
5. Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts (examples)
6. Representative Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples)
7. Directive Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples)
8. Commissive Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples)
9. Expressive Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples)
10. Declarative Speech Acts (points, direction of fit, psychological state, grammar, examples)
11. Inference and implicature
12. The cooperative principle
13. Conversational maxims (types, examples)
E N G L I S H A N D A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E 2 0 1 8

I. EXPLANATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION OF LITERARY TERMS:

a. Poetry 37. first-person f. Other Literary Terms

1. ballad narration 70. irony
2. ode 38. naïve narrator 71. satire
3. sonnet 39. multiple narrative 72. intertextuality
4. epic poem, lyrical 40. antinovel 73. metafiction
poem 41. cliffhanger 74. collage
5. pastoral technique 75. epiphany
6. elegy 42. serialised 76. allegory
7. heroic epic publication 77. Doppelgänger/Doub
8. mock heroic epic 43. stream of le
9. dramatic monologue consciousness 78. The principle of
10. simile 44. flashback and single effect
11. metaphor foreshadowing 79. Lost Generation
12. conceit 45. chiaroscuro 80. Beat Generation
13. metonymy 46. telling name
14. personification 47. telling and showing
15. ekphrasis in characterisation
16. free verse c. Drama
17. villanelle 48. comedy
18. blues poetry 49. tragedy
19. confessional poetry 50. comedy of manners
20. symbol 51. fourth wall illusion
b. Fiction 52. tragic flaw
21. Bildungsroman 53. tragic hero/tragic
22. detective story villain
23. historical novel 54. antihero
24. sentimental novel 55. theatre of the absurd
25. Gothic novel 56. off-Broadway and
26. utopia off-off Broadway
27. dystopia d. Ages and Literary
28. epistolary novel Trends/Movements
29. picaresque 57. Renaissance
30. sci-fi/fantasy 58. Metaphysical poetry
31. framed narrative 59. Baroque
32. round/flat and 60. Enlightenment
dynamic /static 61. Romanticism
characters 62. Transcendentalism
33. reliable and 63. Realism
unreliable narrator 64. Naturalism
34. omniscient narrator 65. Aestheticism
35. open ominiscience 66. Modernism
36. limited third-person 67. Imagism
narration 68. Existencialism
69. Postmodernism
II. TEXT FRAGMENT ANALYSIS IN ESSAY FORM FROM LITERARY
WORKS INCLUDED IN THE LIST BELOW:

ENGLISH LITERATURE:
1. William Shakespeare: Sonnets, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, A Midsummer Night’s
Dream, The Tempest
2. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe
3. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels
4. Henry Fielding: Tom Jones
5. Laurence Sterne: Tristram Shandy
6. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice
7. William Blake: Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
8. S.T. Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
9. William Wordsworth: Poems
10. P.B. Shelley: Ode to the West Wind
11. John Keats: Odes
12. Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist
13. W.M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair
14. Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre
15. Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights
16. Thomas Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles
17. Oscar Wilde: The Picture of Dorian Gray
18. T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land
19. James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
20. Virginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway
21. Virginia Woolf: Orlando
22. Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness
23. G.B. Shaw: Pygmalion
24. Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot
25. William Golding: Lord of the Flies

AMERICAN LITERATURE:
1. Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Raven
2. R. W. Emerson: Nature, Self-Reliance
3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Young Goodman Brown
4. Herman Melville: Bartleby the Scrivener, Moby Dick
5. Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
6. Stephen Crane: The Red Badge of Courage
7. Kate Chopin: The Awakening
8. Henry James: Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw
9. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber
10. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby
11. William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury
12. Jack Kerouac: On the Road
13. J. D. Salinger: The Catcher in the Rye
14. Kurt Vonnegut: Slaughterhouse Five
15. Eugene O’Neill: The Emperor Jones
16. Tennessee Williams: A Streetcar Named Desire
17. Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman
18. Edward Albee: Zoo Story/Peter and Jerry
19. Sam Shepard: True West, The Late Henry Moss
20. Walt Whitman: Poems
21. Emily Dickinson: Poems
22. Robert Frost: Poems
23. Ezra Pound: Poems
24. Allen Ginsberg: Poems
25. Sylvia Plath: Poems
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Abrams, M.H., Greenblatt, Stephen (eds.). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. I-
II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.
2. Bertens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basics. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
3. Bollobás Enikő. Az amerikai irodalom története. [History of American Literature.] Budapest:
Osiris, 2005.
4. Cuddon, J.A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin
Books, 1999.
5. Delaney, Denis et al. Fields of Vision. Literature in the English Language, London: Longman,
2003.
6. Galea, Iliana. Victorianism and Literature. Cluj Napoca: Dacia, 2000.
7. Levitchi, Leon: Istoria literaturii engleze și americane. Cluj Napoca: Dacia, 1985.
8. Országh, László and Zsolt Virágos: Az amerikai irodalom története. [History of American
Literature.] Budapest: Eötvös József, 1997.
9. Pieldner Judit: Genres in Changing Contexts. An Introduction to the Study of English
Literature from the Beginnings to Romanticism. Miercurea Ciuc: Status, 2010.
10. Prohászka-Rád Boróka. Notes on Fiction. Miercurea Ciuc: Status, 2006.
11. Sanders, A. The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford UP, 1994.
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13. Virágos Zsolt. Portraits and Landmarks. The American Literary Culture in the 19th Century.
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