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Articulo Cientico 1
Articulo Cientico 1
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GEN-HUA SHI
Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
ABSTRACT
A numerical model of deformable block systems that gives a unique solution for large displacement, large
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deformation and failure computations is presented. The forces acting on each block, from external loading
or contact with other blocks, satisfy the equilibrium equations. Equilibrium is also achieved between
external forces and the block stresses. Furthermore, the analysis fulfills constraints of no tension between
blocks and no penetration of one block into another. Also, Coloumb's law is fulfilled at all contact positions
for both static and dynamic computations. The program ready algorithms with brief derivations are stated
in this paper.
0264-4401/92/020157-12$2.00
© 1992 Pineridge Press Ltd Received January 1991
158 GEN-HUA SHI
then:
[Di] are treated as unknowns or parameters representing the block displacements and
deformations. Using (6), the displacements of all points of block i can be computed.
Because each block has six degrees of freedom (u0v0r0εxεyyxy), each element Kij in the coefficient
matrix given by (7) is a 6 x 6 submatrix. Di and Fi are 6 x 1 submatrices where Di represents
the deformation variables (d1id2id3id4id5id6i) of block i, Fi is the loading on block i distributed
to the six deformation variables. Submatrices [K ii ] depend on the material properties of block
i and [K ij ], where i≠j is defined by the contacts between block i and block j .
These equilibrium equations are derived by minimizing the total potential energy II done by
the forces and stresses. The ith row of (7) consists of 6 linear equations:
DISCONTINUOUS DEFORMATION ANALYSIS 159
represent the equilibrium of all the loads and contact forces acting on block i along x and y
directions respectively. The equation:
represents the moment equilibrium of all the loads and contact forces acting on block i. The
equations:
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are the coefficients of unknowns dsj of the equilibrium equation (7) for variable dri. Therefore
all terms of (12) form a 6 x 6 submatrix, which is the submatrix [K ij ] in the global equation
(7). Equation (12) implies that the coefficient matrix [K] of (7) is symmetric. The differentiations:
are the free terms of (7) after shifting to the right side of the equation. Therefore, all terms of
(13) form a 6 x 1 submatrix, which is the submatrix [F i ].
where the integration is over the entire area of the ith block. For each displacement step, assume
the blocks are linearly elastic. For conditions of plane stress, denote
160 GEN-HUA SHI
The strain energy of (14) can be represented in terms of the block deformation parameters:
Let
[σ0]τ = (0 0 0 σ0x σ0y τ0xy)τ
then
Πσ = - S [ D i ] τ [ σ 0 ]
where the integration is over the entire area of the ith block and S is its area. We minimize Πσ
by taking the derivatives
The resulting 6 x 1 submatrix is added to the submatrix [F i ] in the global equation (7).
DISCONTINUOUS DEFORMATION ANALYSIS 161
Assume [D i (t)] as the block displacements at the beginning of the time step, A as the time
interval of this step and [D i ] as the block displacements at the end of the time step. Using the
time integration, we have:
where
is the deformation velocity at the beginning of the time step. Therefore we have
162 GEN-HUA SHI
For the next time step, the start displacement velocity [V1] will be the velocity at end of this
time step. From (26),
where
where
We minimize the spring strain energy Πc, the constraint submatrix is obtained.
p[Ci][Ci]τ→[Kii] (33)
DISCONTINUOUS DEFORMATION ANALYSIS 163
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When a convex angle passed an edge, a stiff spring is applied along the normal to the edge.
There are two reference lines in case of two angles. If these two reference lines are passed by
the corresponding points simultaneously, penetration takes place. The normal distance from the
reference lines to the corresponding points is d1 and d2. Assume d1 < d2, then the stiff spring
is attached between the point and its reference line with distance d1. For this type of contact,
only one stiff spring is applied. The physical meaning of applying stiff springs is 'to push the
invaded angle back along the shortest path'.
Assume that point P1 belongs to the ith block and edge P2P3 belongs to the jth block. From
(35) d can be represented as:
where
DISCONTINUOUS DEFORMATION ANALYSIS 165
Denote the stiffness of the spring as p (see constraint submatrix) the strain energy of the contact
spring is:
Minimizing Πk by taking the derivatives, four 6 x 6 submatrices and two 6 x 1 submatrices are
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the sliding distance along the reference line P 2 P 3 is the projection of P1 P0 to P2P3 after the
loads applied
When there is sliding in an angle-edge contact, the friction force is computed from Coloumb's
law and considered as point loads. The normal force and sliding direction are taken from previous
iteration. The submatrices of friction forces are:
where
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Input data were the following: number of steps 25, stiffness of contact springs 1000, step time
interval 0.7, unit mass 0.3, ratio of maximum displacement 0.010, initial stresses of all blocks
σx = — 3, σy = — 3, τxy = 0, for all blocks E = 5, v = 0.2, Φ = 0.
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