EL 604 Spring 2002

Solution to Homework 2
Instructions:
• Be sure to write your name on your submission.
• Complete the homework individually. If cheating is observed, you will be awarded 0 for this homework.
• Be neat. Unreadable solutions (by my standards) will not be graded.
• Total points: 40 points
• DUE DATE: Feb. 27, 2002, at the start of class; hand in homeworks to Xuan Zheng, Class TA; Westchester students,
please email your homework solutions to Xuan Zheng, zhxfifa@photon.poly.edu.

Problem 1: (6 points)
For each of the following current wireless technologies:

Data rate used

Multiplexing
Technology Frequency range TDD or FDD for speech
scheme
coding

AMPS reverse: 824-849 Mhz FDD FDMA n/a

forward: 869-894 Mhz

GSM 890-915 Mhz FDD FDMA/TDMA 13Kbps

935-960 Mhz

NA-TDMA 824-849 Mhz FDD FDMA/TDMA 7.95Kbps

869-894 Mhz

Problem 2: (10 points)

Draw a flow-chart for an implementation of the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol in a wireless end host
NIC that only operates in an infrastructure BSS. Focus on data and ACK frames and ignore all other types
of frames. Ignore the MoreFrag, Retry, PowerMgmt, MoreData, WEP, Order fields of the frame control,
and the sequence control field.
Answer:
Could either assume that whole frame is received, CRC checked before Duration is processed or the way
I have done it. Don’t see the value of Duration ID if checked after whole frame comes in.
First, identify two modules
“Frame received from the wireless link” module:
1 point: check ToDS and FromDS
1 point: check address match and send ACK
1 point: record NAV
1 point: check Type
1 point: Check CRC
“Frame payload received from the upper layer” module:
1 point: wait for NAV to sense medium if busy, or DIFS if idle
1 point: wait forACK
1 point: backoff-timer freezes
1 point: retry if no ACK (within ACK timer)
1 point: back-off timer increased exponentially if collision occurs

Start receiving MAC frame on link send ACK

discard no Generate ACK; Wait for SIFS

Version?
frame
yes
no yes
Process Duration ID ignore Address 1=
frame NIC address?

Set NAV: defer access yes

discard no yes yes yes

CRC passed? ToDS=0? From DS=1? Type =Data?
frame

no no no; then ACK

discard ignore
frame frame yes
Waiting for
Feed to second
ACK?
module

First module no
discard
frame

Wait for frame

to transmit
Second module
Receive MAC
payload from higher layer

yes no
Medium idle?
Wait DIFS
Choose CW as
a random Wait until current
number between no transmission ends
0 and 2i-1 Still idle? no
Wait DIFS
yes Freeze backoff
Increment
retry attempt Send frame timer
Still idle?
number i no
yes
no Select and/or Backoff yes
Decrement ACK timer
yes decrement backoff timer=0?
yes timer
ACK received
no
ACK timer=0? no yes
Medium
busy?
Problem 3 (2 points):
Compute the spectrum efficiency in the original AMPS spectrum allocation if the reuse factor is 10 and
the number of control channels in each band is 21.
Answer: 666/2 = 333; 333-21 = 312
C 312
E = ---- = ------------------ = 1.56 conversations/cell/Mhz
N 10 × 20
Problem 4 (2 points):
To achieve the required signal-to-interference ratio, if the minimum distance between two cells that are
assigned the same frequencies is seven times the radius of a cell, what is the minimum reuse factor?
Answer:
2
N min = 1---  D
---- = 49
------ = 16.3
3  R req 3
Therefore the minimum reuse factor is 17. In addition, if you apply the equation on page 286 of your text
2 2
book, N min = 19 , where N = I + J + IJ , I, J = 0, 1, 2, 3, … .
Problem 5 (3 points):
For what purpose is a random-access MAC protocol used in AMPS? Classify this protocol into one of the
five categories of random-access MAC protocols taught in class as well as the type of persistence used.
Answer:
A random access MAC protocol is used for call setup. It is not ALOHA or slotted ALOHA because it
first checks busy/idle status of the channel by listening to bits received on the corresponding FOCC.
Loosely speaking, this is “carrier sense.” It is not CD because it simply waits for an ACK. It can be clas-
sified as simply CSMA because there are no other CA techniques other than carrier sense. It is nonpersis-
tent because if idle it sends immediately and if busy it waits a random period between 0-200ms before
checking again.

Problem 6 (3 points):
Show the timing diagram for the DCF mode of operation of 802.11 with an RTS/CTS exchange.

SIFS
DIFS
RTS Data
source SIFS SIFS

CTS ACK
destination

CW
DIFS
NAV (RTS)
other
NAV CTS) Random backoff time

Defer access

Problem 7 (5 points):
Study section 14.6.8 of the IEEE 802.11 specification and annex B and answer the following question:
 1. What is the channel number and its corresponding frequency (in Ghz) of the first channel in
the first hopping pattern of the first hopping sequence set x = 0 in the US scheme.

2. What is the channel number and its corresponding frequency (in Ghz) of the first channel in
the first hopping pattern of the second hopping sequence set in the US scheme?

Answer (3 points for identifying correct approach and 1 each for numerical values):

1. It is channel # 2, which per Table 38, is 2.402 Ghz.

We determined it to be channel 2 from the table in Annex B.
f = ( b ( i ) + x )mod ( 79 ) + 2
The three hopping sets and values of x for each hopping pattern in each set is given on page 180
x = {0,3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75} Set 1
x = {1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76} Set 2
x = {2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71,74,77} Set 3

For index i in tables in the Annex, b ( i ) is given by Table 42. Therefore for i = 1 , b ( i ) = 0 . For
x = 0 , f = ( 0 + 0 )mod ( 79 ) + 2 = 2 . Two then is the channel number. See Table 38 to find the corre-
sponding frequency. The entries for channel numbers in Table B.1 of the Annex B are the f values.
Another few examples, for i = 2, 3, 4 , b ( i ) = 23, 62, 8 (Table 42). For x = 0 , f = 25, 64, 10 , which
are the numbers for x = 0 in Annex B table for Hopping set 1.

2. x = 1 . For i = 1 , b ( i ) = 0 ; therefore f = 3 . Channel # is 3 and frequency is 2.403 from

table 38.

Problem 8 (7 points):
Consider four different cellular systems that share the following characteristics. The frequency bands are
825 to 845 Mhz for mobile unit transmission and 870 to 890 Mhz for base station transmission. A duplex
circuit consists of one 30khz channel in each direction. The systems are distinguished by the reuse factor,
which is 4, 7, 12, 19, respectively.

1. Suppose that in each of the systems, the cluster of cells (4, 7, 12, 19) is duplicated 16 times.
Find the number of simultaneous communications that can be supported by each system.

2. Find the number of simultaneous communications that can be supported by a single cell in
each system.

3. What is the area covered, in cells, by each system?

4. Suppose the cell size is the same in all four systems and a fixed area of 100 cells is covered by
each system. Find the number of simultaneous communications that can be supported by each
system.
Answer (1 to know method for each question; divide remaining 3 for questions 2, 3, 4 for numerical
answers)
 20Mhz- × 16 = 10666
1. ----------------
30Khz

20Mhz- × 1--- = 166 ; ----------------

20Mhz- × 1--- = 95 ; 20Mhz 1- = 55 ; 20Mhz 1- = 35
2. ---------------- ----------------- × ----- ----------------- × -----
30Khz 4 30Khz 7 30Khz 12 30Khz 19

3. 4 × 16 = 64 ; 7 × 16 = 112 ; 12 × 16 = 192 ; 19 × 16 = 304

4. Since from part (2) we know how many conversations each cell can support, we simply multi-
ply those numbers by 100. Therefore the answers are 16600, 9500, 5500, 3500, respectively.
Problem 9: (2 points)

1. What is the duration of a bit in GSM?

2. If a user is allocated one time slot per frame, what is the delay between successive transmis-
sions in successive frames?
Answer:

1. 3.69µs

2. 4.615ms