Tool Design

Course Code: MEE4001

Module -3

Dr. R. Mohan
Associate Professor
SMBS
Syllabus
 TOPICS

• Basic principles of location

Basic principles of
location
 Basic Principles of Location
Locating: dimensional and positional relationship
between the workpiece and the cutting tool used
on the machining

Location: Method of establishing correct relative

position of the workpiece with respect to the
cutting tool

Locator: device to establish and maintain the

position of the workpiece in the work holders such
as jigs & fixtures to ensure repeatability of the
work holder.
 Basic Rules for Location

1. Use a fewer number of locator. Locator spaced as

much apart as possible and make sure complete
contact of location device

2. Reduce the degree of freedom of locating to zero

3. Locator must be foolproof. The component can only

be loaded into the fixture in the correct position

4. Locator should provide swarf trap and clearance

where it is essential to clear machining burr
 Types of Locating Surfaces

1. Locating from plane surface

2. Locating from circular surface

3. Locating from irregular surfaces

Basic Principles of Location

12 degrees of freedom
Basic Principles of Location

12 degrees of freedom
 Basic Principles of Location
Primary plane (xy) 3 Point : 5 degrees of freedom restrictions
Linear movement : 1 on z axis
Rotational movement : 2 about x axis and another 2 about y axis

Secondary Plane (yz) 2 Point: 3 degrees of freedom

restrictions
Linear movement : 1 on x axis
Rotational movement : 2 about z axis

Tertiary Plane (xz) 2 Point: 1 degrees of freedom restrictions

Linear movement : 1 on y axis
The three remaining degrees of freedom is unrestricted.
It facilitates the loading of the component in the fixture.
This three degrees of freedom may restrict after loading of component
by using clamping devices
 Basic Principles of Location
y
 Six-pins- restrict nine motions.
 Other three are restricted by
using a clamp.
-x x

-y
z

-y y
-x x

-z
Six Point Location of Rectangular Block
 Basic Principles of Location
Locating from a Flat Surface:

There are three primary methods of locating work from a flat

surface:
1. solid supports
2. adjustable supports,
3. equalizing supports

-z
Basic Principles of Location

Nine of the
twelve
directions of
movement are
restricted by
using a single
pin, and eleven
directions of
movement are
restricted with
two pins
A round pin inside the hole(primary) and
a diamond pin(secondary) can restrict 11
motions!
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location

In large parts cylindrical

pins can be used
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
Basic Principles of Location
 Locating Methods and Devices

Locating Devices
1. Pin locator
2. Button locator
3. Rest pads and rest plates
4. Cylindrical, conical and diamond locator
5. Jack Pin
6. V-Block
7. Spherical locating plug
8. Nesting locators
9. Dowel pin locators (Fixed locators)
10. Combinations of flat and cylindrical surface locators
 Locating Methods and Devices

Pin and Button Locator

 locator used to support or hold the
workpiece in position

 Pins locators are longer and for horizontal

locations. Button locators shorter, vertical
locations

 Locating buttons-press fit and screwed

(wear and tear more - replaceable)
 Locating Methods and Devices
Pin and Button Locator
 Locating Methods and Devices
Pin and Button Locator
 Locating Methods and Devices
Pin and Button Locator
Locating Methods and Devices
Locating Methods and Devices
Locating Methods and Devices
Locating Methods and Devices
Locating Methods and Devices

Exercise
using round and diamond pin
Locating Methods and Devices

Ring nest
Locating Methods and Devices

Full nest
Locating Methods and Devices

Partial nest
 Locating Methods and Devices
Controlling Chips

Chips are an inevitable part of any machining operation and

must be controlled so they do not interfere with locating the
workpiece in the work holder.

Several methods help minimize the chip problem. First,

position the locators away from areas with a high
concentration of chips.

If this is not practical, then relieve the locators to reduce the

effect of chips on the location.

In either case, to minimize the negative effects of chips, use

locators that are easy to clean, self-cleaning, or protected
from the chips.
 Locating Methods and Devices

Controlling Chips
 Locating Methods and Devices

Controlling Chips
 Locating Methods and Devices

Controlling Chips
 Basic Principle of Clamping
Clamping refers to holding the part in its proper
orientation with enough force to resist the force of
cutting but not deform the part
Requirements

1. The workpiece must be held rigidly while the cutting

tools are in operation
2. The time required for loading and unloading the tool
must be as short as possible – Quick acting
3. When subjected to vibration, chatter and heavy
pressure, the clamping must be positive
4. The clamp must not damage the workpiece
 Basic Principle of Clamping
Types of Clamps

1. Strap clamps
2. Cam clamps
3. Screw clamps
4. Latch clamps
5. Wedge clamps
6. Toggle clamps
7. Rack and pinion clamps
8. Hydraulic and pneumatic clamping
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices

Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices

Strap Clamp

Heel pin
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp

W = 1.16+2.3d

h = 0.92 sqrt(abd/l)
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp

Variations of the strap clamp

 Clamping Devices
CAM Clamp
 Clamping Devices
CAM Clamp
 Clamping Devices
CAM Clamp
 Clamping Devices
CAM Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp

Quick Acting Knobs are ideal for faster

clamping.
Tilt the knob and it will slide in or out.
Straighten the knob and thread will
engage, ready for placement.
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Screw Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Latch Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Latch Clamp

CAM Hook level clamp

 Clamping Devices
Wedge Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Wedge Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Wedge Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Toggle Clamp
 Clamping Devices
Toggle Clamp
 POWER CLAMPING
A number of clamps can be operated
simultaneously by power clamping.

It is classified as
1. Fluid power clamping:
a. Pneumatic actuation clamping
b. Hydraulic actuation clamping
c. Air to hydraulic booster circuit clamping
2. Vacuum clamping
3. Magnetic clamping
4. Electrostatic clamping
POWER CLAMPING
POWER CLAMPING
POWER CLAMPING
 Clamping Devices
Air to hydraulic Booster circuit
 Clamping Devices

Hydraulic clamping from shop line pressure

Clamping Devices

Vacuum clamping
Clamping Devices

Vacuum clamping
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Strap Clamp Design
 Clamping Devices
Hinged Clamp Design