AP Chemistry Lab Final: Emily Carroll 1st Hour

AP Chemistry
Lab Final
Emily Carroll
1st Hour
Purpose: To name twelve unknown substances by performing
precipitation reactions, making qualitative observations, calculating
pH values, conducting smell and swip tests, and more.
38A = CH 3 COOH
Description of the substance from your observations:
Viale 38A was observed to be a clear liquid. Also, the liquid had no obvious smell
to it. The pH of the liquid was around 2.
Test performed Result of Test

pH test pH= 2
Smell test Smells like vinegar
Reacted with N aHCO3 Bubbling occured
Reacted with K I No precipitate formed
Reacted with AgN O3 No precipitate formed
Reacted with H 2 O No precipitate formed
Reacted with N a2 SO4 No precipitate formed
Reacted with CH 3 CH 2 OH No precipitate formed
Reacted with H Cl No precipitate formed
Reacted with N aOH No precipitate formed
Reacted with N aCl No precipitate formed
Reacted with BaCl2 No precipitate formed
Net Ionic Equations:
NaHCO3(s) + H+(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+ (aq)
Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

● Acetic acid is a strong acid; therefore, the pH of the solution should be in
the 2-3 range. This is because the molarity of the solution is around
.9-1.0M. My viale (38A) had a pH of 2 which confirmed the pH test valid
for this viale.
● Acetic acid makes up about 3-9% of vinegar making acetic acid one of the
main components of vinegar. Therefore, the smell test was valid for acetic
acid since there is an obvious vinegar smell.
● Bubbling occurs between N aHCo3 and the acetic acid because a
combustion reaction is taking place. This is because of the presence of
the carbonate ion.
38B = AgN o3
Viale 38B was observed to be a liquid that was not quite clear. There is a bit of a
yellow-brown tint to the liquid. It was also observed that there was no smell. The
pH of the liquid was around 6.

Reacted with K I Creme/white precipitate formed
Reacted with N aOH Brown precipitate formed
Reacted with P b Bright yellow precipitate formed
Reacted with CaCO 3 Faint yellow precipitate formed
Reacted with HCl Light grey precipitate formed
Reacted with N a2 SO4 White precipitate formed
Reacted with N aHCO3 No precipitate formed
Reacted with CH 3 COOH No precipitate formed
Ag + (aq) + I- (aq)

AgI (s)
Ag + (aq) + OH − (aq) AgOH (s)
P b+ (aq) + N O3 − (aq) P bN O3 (s)
Ag + (aq) + Cl− (aq) AgCl (s)
Ag +2 (aq) + SO4 −2 (aq) AgSO4 (s)
● One confirmation test that viale 38B was AgN o3 was the slight tint to the
cap of the viale. The cap white slightly black from the silver ions present.
● A precipitate test that confirmed AgN o3 was the reaction with K I. The
precipitate was very evident because of the bright yellow color from the
iodide ions.
● One other precipitation reaction that showed that this viale was silver
nitrate was the reaction with N aOH. The precipitate quickly turned brown
which confirmed that this solution was the silver nitrate. There were also
more brown/yellow precipitates with this viale like CaCo3 and P b.
38C = H 2 O
Viale 38C was observed as a clear liquid. There also was no smell to this liquid.
Also, the pH of the liquid was around 6.

pH comparison Same pH of the distilled water
pH= around 6
Swipe test comparison Took the same amount of time to
evaporate as the distilled water
Miscibility test Not miscible with ethanol
Reacted with AgN o3 No precipitate formed
Reacted with HCl No precipitate formed
Reacted with CaCO3 No precipitate formed
No reactions took place with H 2 O

● First, the pH of the distilled water provided was measured to be 6. When I
took the pH of viale 38c the pH was 6 as well confirming that this viale was
water.
● When performing a miscibility test with ethanol, water and the ethanol
were not miscible and didn’t mix. This is the case because water is polar
due to the two lone pairs on the central atom (oxygen).
● Lastly, I performed a swipe test with the provided water and the liquid in
my viale to compare the time it took for them to evaporate. Both liquids
evaportated near the same time proving that viale 38c is H 2 O.
38D = K I
Viale 38D was observed to be a solid. The solid was white in color, and it the
particles seemed to be stuck together. Also, the solid was crystal like
(consistency of sugar), and when dissolved in water had a pH of 7.

Reacted with P b Yellow precipitate formed
Reacted with N aHCO3 White precipitate formed
Reacted with AgN o3 White precipitate formed
Reacted with N a2 SO 4 No precipitate formed
Pb+2 (aq) + I- (aq) PbI2 (s)

Ag + (aq) + I-(aq)

AgI (s)
N a+ (aq) + I- (aq)

NaI (s)

● To confirm the presence of the solution, K I , I was looking for a yellow
precipitate when reacting it with lead. This should occur when the lead
ions are pulled out. Just that happened when I reacted K I with P b. A
bright yellow precipitate had formed.
● In search of another yellow precipitate, but this time a fainter yellow, I
reacted K I with silver nitrate. The silver nitrate ions were drawn out of the
solution creating a precipitate.
● Lastly, another light yellow precipitate was formed when reacting
N aHCO3 with the K I solution. This along with the other two precipitates
confirmed that viale 38D was in fact K I.
38E = CH 3 CH 2 OH
8E was observed as a clear liquid. There was a smell to this liquid: the
Viale 3
smell of nail polish remover. The pH of the liquid was around 3.

Smell Test Smells like nail polish remover
pH test pH= 3
Miscibility test with H 2 O Miscible in water
Reacted with AgN O3 No precipitate formed
No reactions took place with CH 3 CH 2 OH

● One test which made for determining that this viale was ethanol was this
distinct smell that it carries. Immediately when opening the viale, the smell
was just like nail polish remover. Nail polish remover is ethanol, so this
viale was determined to be ethanol quickly.
● Since ethanol is an alcohol, it is going to be acidic with a pH of around 2-3.
When taking the pH of my viale with litmus paper, the pH read about 3
which was a clue that this viale was full of ethanol.
● Lastly, a miscibility test with water. The solution proved to be miscible in
water. This is because water is a polar molecule while ethanol is non
polar; therefore, ethanol is miscible in water.
38F = BaCl2
Viale 38F was observed as a white solid. The solid was crystal like and sparkled
a bit. The particles of the solid are seperated. The pH of this solid was noted
around 5 when dissolved in water.

Reacted with N a2 So4 White precipitate formed
Reacted with P b White precipitate formed
Reacted with CaCo3 White precipitate formed
N a+ (aq) + Cl− (aq) NaCl(s)

+2 −
P b (aq) + 2Cl (aq) P bCl2 (s)
+2 −
Ca (aq) + 2Cl (aq) CaCl2 (S)
● First, the pH test verified that this substance was barium chloride. I
researched to find that barium chloride had around a neutral pH, and
when I calculated the pH of the solution dissolved in water the pH was
around 5.5.
● Another verifying test was that both N aHCO3 and N a2 So4 formed white
precipitates when reacted with the barium chloride. This proves the
presence of the chloride ions in the solution.
● One last verifying test was that P b and CaCo3 also both made white
precipitates which also shows the presence of the chloride ions in the
solution.
38G = N aHCO3
Viale 38G was observed to be a white solid. The solid was powdery, and the
particles stick together. When dissolved in water, the pH was noted to be around
9.

Reacted with CH 3 COOH White precipitate formed
Reacted with AgN O3 Brown precipitate formed
Reacted with N aCl White precipitate formed
Reacted with HCl Bubbling occured

N aHCO3 (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl(s) + H 2 O (l) + CO2 (g)
N aHCO3 (aq) + CH 3 COOH(aq) CH 3 COON a + H 2 O (l) + CO2 (g)

● One indication that this substance is N aHCO3 is that with hydrochloric
acid a combustion reaction occurred. This accounted for bubbling as
carbon dioxide gas was being produced.
● Reactions with calcium carbonate, silver nitrate, acetic acid, and sodium
chloride all produced either white or brown precipitates. This shows that
the bicarbonate ion is present in the viale.
● One last test performed that helped verify this substance was a pH test.
The pH of the solution was noted to be around 9, and after doing some
research I found out that this is a more basic salt that should have a pH
around 8-9.
38H = N a2 So4
Viale 38H was observed to be a white solid. The solid is in between having
powdery consistency and crystal consistency. The particles don’t stick to each
other either. Also, when dissolved in water, the pH was noted to be around 6.

Reacted with BaCl2 White precipitate formed
Pb+2 (aq) + SO4-2(aq)

PbSO4 (s)
Ba+2(aq)

+ SO4 -2(aq)

BaSO4 (s)
Ca+2 (aq) + SO4−2 (aq) CaSO4 (s)
● The solution in viale 38H when precipitated with P b formed a white

precipitate which proved that this viale was in fact N a2 SO4 . Most of P b′s
precipitates are yellow which made it more evident that this solution was
N a2 SO4.
● This solution also made white precipitates with both BaCl2 and CaCo3
which confirms that this solution is N a2 SO4.
● Lastly, after dissolving the solution in water, the observed pH was around
6. After doing research, I knew that this was a neutral solid, so this was
another clue that this solid was N a2 SO4.
38I = N aCl
Viale 38I was observed to be a white solid. This solid held no obvious smell, and
the pH was noted to be around 6. Also, the solids particles were salt like, and
they were seperated, not sticking together.

Reacted with AgN O3 White precipitate formed

Reacted with KI No precipitate formed
Reacted with BaCL2 No precipitate formed
Reacted with N a2 So4 No precipitate formed
Reacted with HCl No precipitate formed

P b+2 (aq) + 2Cl− (aq) P bCl2 (s)
● One test that verified this solid to be N aCl is that when it was dissolved in
water it had a pH of 6. We know that NaCl is a neutral solid, so this is an
appropriate pH for the solid.
● A precipitate test that confirmed this solid to be N aCl was a reaction with
AgN o3 . The reaction resulted with a white precipitate which is what was
expected.
● Another verifying test was the reaction between my chemical of choice
(Pb) and the solution. A white precipitate was formed which proved the
presence of chloride ions.
38J = H Cl
Viale 38J was observed to a clear liquid. The pH of this liquid was noted to be
around 1. This liquid was very acidic. Also, the liquid held no obvious smell.

pH test pH= 1
Reacted with N aHCO3 Bubbling occured
Reacted with CaCo3 Bubbling occured

CaCo3 (aq) + 2 H Cl(aa) C aCl2 (s) + H 2 O (l) + Co2 (g)
N aHCO3 (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl(s) + H 2 O (l) + CO2 (g)
● It is known that H Cl is a very strong acid which should have a pH in the
1-2 range. This viale had a pH of 1 which was a big hint that this
contained H Cl. Out of all the substances this one should of had the lowest
pH.
● When reacted with CaCo3 and N aHCO3 a combustion reaction took place.
This is why there was bubbling quickly after the solutions were mixed.
Co2 gas was being produced through the reaction.
● Also, when the hydrochloric acid was reacted with silver nitrate, a white
precipitate was formed. This confirmed the presence of chloride ions as
silver chloride was being produced.
38K = N aHCO3
Viale 38K was observed as a white solid. The solid held no smell and was
powder like. The solution when dissolved in water had a pH of 8.

Reacted with CH 3 COOH Bubbling occured
Reacted with N a2 So4 White precipitate formed
Reaterd with H Cl Bubbling occured

NaHCO3(s)
+ H+(aq) H2O(l)
+ CO2(g)
+ Na+ (aq)
● First, the pH test confirmed that this solution was the correct solution. The
pH that I measured was around 8 which is exactly what research had
shown.
● Also, there was a combustion reaction that occurred with the acetic acid.
Bubbling was occurring while the reaction was taking place and giving off
carbon dioxide gas.
● The reactions with N a2 So4 , N aHCO3 , and AgN o3 all produced white
precipitates which had also verified that this solution was in fact sodium
bicarbonate.
38L = N aOH
Viale 38L was observed to be a clear liquid. There also was no obvious smell,
and the pH of the solution was noted to be 11.

pH test pH= 11
Reacted with AgN o3 Brown precipitate formed
Reacted with BaCl2 White precipitate formed
Reacted with H CL No precipitate formed
Reacted with CaCo3 No precipitate formed

Ag+(aq) + OH-(aq) AgOH(s)
Ba+2 (aq) + 2OH-(aq) BaOH 2 (s)
● NaOH is known to be a very basic solution with a pH of around 11-12.

When noting the pH of the solution to be 11, it was obvious that this
solution was sodium hydroxide. Out of all the solids, NaOH is the most
basic and holds the highest pH.
● When trying to precipitate silver nitrate with this solution, a brown
precipitate had formed. This was expected because of the lead ions, and it
also showed that this solution was sodium hydroxide.
● Also, a precipitation reaction with barium chloride was performed to help
verify that this solution was sodium hydroxide. A white precipitate had
formed after the solutions reacted verifying that this solution was sodium
hydroxide.

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AP Chemistry

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

NaHCO3(s) + H​+​(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+ (aq)

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag + (aq) + I-​ (aq)

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

No reactions took place with H 2 O

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Pb​+2​ (aq) + I-​ ​(aq) PbI2​ ​(s)

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

No reactions took place with CH 3 CH 2 OH

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

N a+ (aq) + Cl− (aq) NaCl(s)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Pb​+2​ (aq) + SO​4​-2(aq)

● The solution in viale 38H when precipitated with P b formed a white

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Reacted with P b White precipitate formed

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag + (aq) + Cl− (aq) AgCl (s)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag + (aq) + Cl− (aq) AgCl (s)

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Description of the substance from your observations​:

Test performed Result of Test

Net Ionic Equations:

Reasons for Verification: ​list and explain (minimum of 3)

● NaOH is known to be a very basic solution with a pH of around 11-12.

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Description of the substance from your observations:

NaHCO3(s) + H+(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+ (aq)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Ag + (aq) + I- (aq)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Pb+2 (aq) + I- (aq) PbI2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Description of the substance from your observations:

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Pb+2 (aq) + SO4-2(aq)

Description of the substance from your observations:

Description of the substance from your observations:

Description of the substance from your observations:

Description of the substance from your observations:

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)