GURU SHREE SHANTIVIJAI JAIN VIDYALAYA

CHENNAI-600 007

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Project submitted to THE CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE), in Practical
fulfilment for the requirement of
ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION (AISSCE)-2019.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

BY
S.Yash Tated
GUIDED BY
MRS.ABIRAMI, M.E, B.ED
 GURU SHREE SHANTIVIJAI JAIN VIDYALAYA
(JUNIOR COLLEGE)
96, Vepery High road,Chennai-600 007

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified to be the project work done by S.Yash
Tated of class of X11 A1 in the physics laboratory
during the year 2018-2019.

DATED: TEACHER-IN-CHARGE

Submitted for All India Senior Secondary

Practical Examination in Computer science at
GURU SHREE SHANTIVIJAI JAIN VIDYALAYA
held on _________.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

DATED: __________.

SEAL: SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound thanks to my
institution GURU SHREE SHANTIVIJAI
JAIN VIDYALAYA for having enabled me to
take Science as a group in junior college.
I would like to express my gratitude to our
Principal MR.R.VARDHARAJAN, M.A,
M.ED for his continues support which has
encouraged me to complete my project
successfully.
I am extremely grateful to our physics
teacher MRS.ABIRAMI, M.E, B.ED
I also thank our teaching, non-teaching
staff and my friends who have helped me a
lot in doing this project.

S.Yash Tated
 CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. APPLICATIONS
3. AIM & APPARATUS
4. THEORY
5. PROCEDURE
6. OBSERVATIONS
7. RESULT & CONCLUSION
8. SOURCES OF ERROR
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
The general purpose photoconductive cell is also
known as LDR – light dependent resistor. It is a type
of semiconductor and its conductivity changes with
proportional change in the intensity of light.
There are two common types of materials used to
manufacture the photoconductive cells. They
are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium
Selenide
(CdSe).
 Applications
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb)
LDRs
are used for the mid infrared spectral
region. GeCu photoconductors are among the best
farinfrared
detectors available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control
· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
· Photocopy Machines - density of toner
· Colorimetric Test Equipment
· Densitometer
· Electronic Scales - dual cell
· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source
· Automated Rear View Mirror

Digital Applications
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer
· Night Light Control
· Oil Burner Flame Out
· Street Light Control
· Position Sensor
 THEORY
1.) LDR and its characteristics
When light is incident on it, a photon is absorbed and
thereby it excites an electron from valence band into
conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming
up in conduction band area, the electrical resistance
of the device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo-
conductive transducer has the resistance which iλs the
inverse function of radiation intensity.

ℎ.𝑐
λ𝑂 =𝑒.ϕ

λ𝑂 = threshold wavelength, in meters

e = charge on one electron, in Coulombs
ϕ = work function of the metal used, in Ev
Here we must note that any radiation with
wavelength greater than the value obtained in above
equation Cannot Produce any change in the
resistance of this device.
The band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is
2.42eV and for Cadmium Selenide it is1.74eV. Due
to such large energy gaps, both the materials have
extremely high resistivity at room temperature.
Characteristics of photoconductive cells
 Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship
between the light falling on the device and the
resulting output signal. In the case of a photocell,
one is dealing with the relationship between the
incident light and the corresponding resistance of
the cell.
 Spectral Response
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a
photoconductive cell is dependent on the
wavelength (colour) of the incident light. Each
photoconductor material type has its own unique
spectral response curve or plot of the relative
response of the photocell versus wavelength of light.
2.) luminous flux variation:
Considering the source to be a point radiating in all
directions; consider a steradian (or even a simple sphere),
take a small element dA on the steradian at a distance ‘r’
from the source. It comprises a small part of the energy
radiated (dEr). Now, go further to a distance ‘R’ (R>r)
from the source, consider the same area element dA, it
comprises a much smaller part of energy radiated (dER).
[dEr > dER].
It varies inversely as the square of the distance.
AIM
To study the variations, in current flowing in a
circuit containing a LDR, because of a variation:-
(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to
‘Illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a
fixed distance).
(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed
power), used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.

APPARATUS:
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Connecting Wires
Source of different power rating (bulbs)
Bulb Holder
Metre scale
Multi Meter
Battery
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the circuit
diagram.
2. Now set the knob of multimeter on the point
marked current.
3. Place a thick piece of black paper on the LDR, so
that no light falls on the LDR. Record the current
in multimeter.
4.Remove the balck paper from the LDR. Record the
current in multimeter on presence of normal
light in the laboratory and determine the
resistance of LDR by using R=𝑉⁄𝐼 .
5. Now measure the resistance LDR by placing the
lamp of 25 W over it.
6. Now measure the resistances for all lamps(40W,
60 W, 100W) by replacing 25 W lamp one by
one.
7.Now select any one lamp and move it towards the
LDR for a distance of 14 cm and note the electric
current in multimeter.
8. Move the same lamp towards the LDR to a
distance of 12 cm and again record the current.
 9. Similarly, record the current in multimeter for
the distances 10 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION
1. The emf of battery: 2 V
2. . Range of mili ammeter :
3. Least count of milli ammeter:
4.Zero error for milli ammneter:
5. The distance of all lamps from LDR: 6 cm
S Mode of incident Electric Resistance
NO. light current (I)
R=𝑉⁄𝐼 .
(mA)
1, With black paper -
2.. Lamp of 25 W 3
3. Lamp of 40 W 5.5
4. Lamp of 60 W 7
5. Lamp of 100 W 10
6. Power of Lamp: 60 W
 S Distance between Current (I) Resistance
NO. source and LDR (mA)
R=𝑉⁄𝐼 .
(cm)
1, 14 4.5
2.. 12 5
3. 10 6
4. 8 6.5
5. 6 7