Explaim the differential scheme for bus bar protection.

Differential Over Current Protection

Current Differential Protection
The current differential protection scheme works on the principle of the circulating current which
states that the current enters into the bus-bar is equal to the current leaving the bus-bar. The sum
of the incoming and outgoing junction is equal to zero. If the sum of current is not equal to zero,
then the fault occurs in the system. The differential protection scheme is used both for the
protection of the phase-to-phase fault and for the ground fault.
Schematic diagram of bus differential protection relay is shown in the figure below. The current
transformers are placed on both the incoming and the outgoing end of the bus-bar. The secondary
terminals of the current transformer are parallel connected to each other.

The summation current of the current transformer flows through the operating coil of the relay.
The current flows through the relay coils indicates the short circuit current present on the secondary
of the CTs. Thus, the relay sends the signal to the circuit breakers to open the contacts.The
drawback of such types of the scheme is that the iron cored current transformer causes the fault
operation of the relay at the time of the external fault.
Voltage Differential Protection Relay
In this scheme, the coreless CTs are used. The linear couplers are used for increases the number
of turns on the secondary sides of the CTs. The secondary relays connected in series with the help
of the pilot wires. The relay coil is also connected in series with the second terminal.
When the system is free from fault or external fault occurs on the system, the sum of secondary
current of CTs becomes zero. On the occurrence of the internal fault, the fault current flows the
differential relay. The relay becomes operative and gives command to the circuit breaker to open
their contacts. Thus, protects the system from damage.