Spur

Defination 1: A spur is a short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally

jutting out from the side of a ridge. A spur is often formed by two roughly parallel
streams cutting draws down the side of a ridge. The ground will slope down in three
directions and up in one. Contour lines on a map depict a spur with the U or V
pointing away from high ground.

Source 1: http://www.bushwalking101.org/interpreting-map-features/

Source
2:https://www.armystudyguide.com/content/Prep_For_Basic_Training/Prep_for
_basic_land_navigation/spur-minor-terrain-featur.shtml

Defination 2: A spur is a lateral ridge or tongue of land descending from a hill, mountain
or main crest of a ridge.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_(topography)

Definition 3: A spur is the outward projecting (bulging out)part of the mountain that usually
curves away from the main body, laterally.

Source: https://www.bikatadventures.com/Home/Blog/10-Mountain-features-that-must-be-
a-part-of-any-trekkers-vocab

For illustration go through the document we shared in the class.

Drainage System/Drainage Basin:

Defination 1: In geomorphology, drainage systems, also known as river systems, are
the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They
are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by
hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists
often view streams as being part of drainage basins. A drainage basin is the
topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, throughflow, and groundwater
flow. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an area vary and the
larger the topographic map, the more information on the drainage basin is available.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)

More on Drainage System:

1:http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/fluvial_systems/drainage_patterns.htm
l

2.https://kerrisdaleroofinganddrains.com/4-common-types-of-drainage-patterns/

[Note: Re-Entrant/Draw,Stream/Creek,Valley,River all are part of the Drainage

system.]

Answers to Sadab Yasir’s Query: The feature you talked about in workshop is specifically
called Draw or Re-Entract. A re-entrant has identical features to a valley – just on a smaller scale.
A re-entrant will have three sides sloping upwards with one side sloping downwards. A draw is a
less developed stream course than a valley. So contour feature of Draw and Valley is identical to
each other. Both Draw and Valley will provide you with Inverted U or V shape if you count from
lower contour to higher contour. One is more likely to find water in the rainy season but
otherwise, the re-entrants are mostly dry.

If you talked about something other than that,we have to say that we don’t know about that
feature. Then you have to enlighten us with the answer. We are eager to learn. Thank you.

Source 1:
https://www.armystudyguide.com/content/Prep_For_Basic_Training/Prep_for_
basic_land_navigation/draw-minor-terrain-featur.shtml
Source 2: https://www.hillwalktours.com/walking-hiking-blog/mountain-
features/

Source 3: http://chennaitrekkers.org/2011/06/understanding-terrain-features/