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Krkrand Scribd Takes A Shot of
Krkrand Scribd Takes A Shot of
Krkrand Scribd Takes A Shot of
Developments
Anders Lundström
1
Transport efficiency
Present development challenges
Long-term strategy
Future energy challenges
2
Today’s issues for operators
3
Drivers and challenges
Long-haulage
Construction
Other
Other Fuel
Other Driver
Other
4
More efficient road transport
Engine improvement
Rolling resistance
Aerodynamic drag
Driver influence
10 percent
50%
1970 2000
Fuel consumed per tonne-km (= CO2 emissions)
5
More efficient road transport
Engine improvement
Rolling resistance
Aerodynamic drag
Biofuels
Vehicle improvements
Driver
6
More efficient road transport
Modular combination lengths
8
European emission standards
NOx g/kWh
8
Euro 1 1992
Euro 2 1996
6
Euro 3 2001
e n ts
i r em
4 qu
Euro 4 2006 Re
2 Euro 5 2009
9
Fuel consumption
Engine development
CO2 emissions
NOx
Nitrogen oxides = NO + NO2
10
Fuel consumption
Engine development
CO2 emissions
NOx
Nitrogen oxides = NO + NO2
11
Fuel consumption
Engine development
CO2 emissions
Engine development
is to shift the curve
0.5% per
year
NOx
Nitrogen oxides = NO + NO2
12
Long-term strategy
13
Powertrain design
• Fuel flexibility
• Convenient handling
• Proven and robust technology
• Affordable
14
Euro 5 (2008/09)
• Scania XPI
Injectors
• Oxicat
Low pressure
High-pressure
fuel pump
fuel pump
15
Euro 6 (2011/12 ?)
New world standard based on EPA 10 ?
Technologies
– Scania XPI, EGR, Fuel filters
16
Scania HCCI
• Homogeneous charge
compression ignition
• Technology mature
around 2015
• High efficiency
• Lean (cold) combustion Image from test cell
gives low NOx
or in truck
• Premix prevents
formation of particulates
• High EGR rate
• Tricky combustion control
• High noise level
• High strength required
17
Future energy challenges
18
Oil and gas production
Expected
production peak
in 2008
Source: Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Group, Oil and gas liquids 2004 Scenario,
Updated by Colin J. Campbell, 15 May 2004
19
OECD
International Energy Agency
20
Forecast for transport fuels
according to EU objectives
350
300
250
Hydrogen
200 6% 20%
Natural gas
Mtoe
50
0
2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
21
Primary energy
Energy carrier
Energy conversion
22
Future ne r gyfuels and energy carriers
e
a ry
Prim Sun
Natural Biomass Nuclear
Oil Coal Hydro
gas (waste) Wind power
Fischer-
RME Tropsch Hydrogen
DME Alcohols
Petrol Methane
LPG
23
Future fuels and energy carriers
Natural Sun Nuclear
Biomass
Oil Coal Hydro
gas (waste) Wind power
Fischer-
RME Tropsch Hydrogen
DME Alcohols
Petrol Methane
r rie rs
LPG a
r gy c
Ene
Source: Rolf Egnell, Lund Institute of Technology
24
Future fuels and energy carriers
Sun
Natural Biomass Nuclear
Oil Coal Hydro
gas (waste) power
Wind
Fischer-
RME Tropsch Hydrogen
DME Alcohols
Petrol Methane
LPG
25
Future fuels
• International standards
• Smooth transition to alternatives
26
1st Scania ethanol (Otto) engine produced in 1916
1st Scania ethanol (Diesel) engine 1979, Brazil
Some 600 ethanol (Diesel) buses delivered
Ethanol
27
1000 gas (Otto) vehicles delivered, mainly to Australia
Gas
28
Robust hybrid technology
29
Liquid fuels preferable for vehicles
30
Renewable fuels
• Some alternatives are attractive, but …
– Production efficiency is lacking
– Lack of agricultural land for the quantities required
• Pure fuel for dedicated vehicles undesirable
• Mix with petrol and diesel recommended
– Adapted to suit all vehicles
– Potential for 100% in some cases
– International standards desirable
• Best mixes
– Petrol and ethanol
– Diesel and ethyl/methyl ester, e.g. RME
31
Viable alternatives
32
33