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CAR Final Sample PDF
CAR Final Sample PDF
CAR Final Sample PDF
PROJECT REPORT
ON
A Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Award Of Degree Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Submitted by
(April-2019)
LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE-New Delhi and Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ grade Affiliated to JNTU-HYD)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “REGEN ELECTRO SENSING CAR WITH
INTELLIGENT BRAKING” is submitted by
While developing the project and thesis preparation we were helped by many
people. We avail this opportunity to express our profound sense of gratitude to all who rendered
their valuable help and time in the completion of project on time with quality.
We are mostly obliged and grateful to the Mrs. Rajshree Rao, Head of the
Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lords Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad for his valuable guidance, keen and sustained interest and encouragement
throughout the implementation of this project.
We would also like to express our gratitude to Project Coordinator Mr. S.V.
Altaf, Associate Professor, Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology for his cooperation in
completing the project work.
We wish our deepest sense of gratitude to internal guide Mr. Abdul Wasay
Mudasser, Assistant Professor, Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology for her valuable
advice and guidance in the critical review, project implementation and thesis preparation.
We express our gratitude to all the other faculty members of ECE Department
who helped us in learning, implementing and project execution.
We hereby declare that the project report entitled " Regen Electro Sensing Car
With Intelligent Breaking” is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in “Electronics and Communication Engineering” in the
Lords Institute Of Engineering and Technology, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technology
University, Hyderabad, is a record of Bonafide project work carried out by us under the guidance
of Mr. Abdul Wasay Mudasser.
We further declare that the work reported in this project and the result
embodied in this project report has not been submitted either in partial or in full, for the award of
any other degree in this institute or any institute or university.
DATE:
PLACE: HYDERABAD
In this decade there has been a drastic step taken up to recover the gasoline
resources, by introducing Electric cars into the market. We can see an enormous number of
Electric Cars coming into the market day by day. But the basic problem with the Electric cars
is for recharging the vehicle. It takes a lot of time to recharge the batteries and though when
charged the mileage of the vehicle is very minimum.
The aim of this model is to regenerate electric current from the wheel by
connecting a dynamo to it. The dynamo converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Thus
this is again used to recharge the battery. As the car moves, the battery is recharged due to the
rotation of the wheels, simultaneously.
The second part of the project is Intelligent Braking. At all times there have
been safety measures enrolled in the vehicles to make the Driving experience safer and
comfortable. So to overcome the problem of accidents, this model is installed with the
automated braking system. Whenever an object approaches the vehicle or suddenly comes in
front of the vehicle, the car Decelerates or ceases by the help of the sensor, which applies
brakes to avoid the collision.
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO
LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES ii
ABBREVATIONS iii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction 1
5.3. Relay 18
5.3.1. Relays 19
5.5. Dynamo
5.5.1. Dynamo 26
5.6. Adaptor
5.6.1. Adaptor 27
5.8. Battery
5.8.1. Battery 30
CHAPTER 6: SOFTWARE
CHAPTER 7: PROGRAM
7.1. Program 43
CHAPTER 8: ALGORITHM
8.1. Algorithm 47
8.2. Flow chart 47
9.2. Analysis 52
10.1. Conclusion 54
REFERENCES 56
2019
LIST OF FIGURES
Page i
2019
LIST OF TABLE
Page ii
2019
ABBREVIATIONS
Page iii
2019
REGEN ELECTRO SENSING CAR WITH INTELLIGENT BREAKING
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The Invention of Automobiles have made the daily life of Humans easy.
Travel time has reduced, transportation of goods have become faster, driver friendly
vehicles are introduced.
But due to high usage of fuels in Automobiles like: gasoline, water,
charcoal, steam, wood etc is making the resources to exhaust and the vehicles running
on it emits lot of harmful smoke. To prevent this nowadays Electric cars are introduced
into the environment, which are eco-friendly with the nature.
Although there are some limitations with the Electric vehicles also,
Which makes it unyielding for an individual i.e, the time for recharging the vehicle is
high, the mileage of the vehicle on single charge is minimal.
Thus to overcome this issue in this model we have installed
Regenerative technique. A Dynamo is attached to the wheel of the axel through a chain
pulley. Generally Dynamo gives electric output when mechanical input is provided. As
the vehicle runs on the initially charged batteries, after an instance the Dynamo
regenerates electric current which is given as input for Recharging the batteries,
simultaneously.
The other part of the project Intelligent Braking is developed to conquer
the problem of accidents occurring due to drowsy driving or when a person or obstacle
comes in-front of the vehicle suddenly. This is employed by placing an Ultrasonic
Sensor, which senses the obstacle and alerts the microcontroller which applies the brake.
Hence this avoids the collision and secure the driver and the person.
These systems helps in convenient driving for an individual. Making it
more safer, reliable, and provide high milage.
There are two basic problems, one is high recharging time of electric
cars and low mileage, the second one is difficulty in braking on sudden situations
causing accidents.
To overcome the first problem the, the idea hit in the mind was wind
turbines. It generated enormous amount of current instead the turbine rotates at very low
speed by the external force of wind, which is capable of suppling current for whole
colony. So this technique was used in the model the dynamo regenerates high current
which is capable to restore the batteries.
The solution for second problem was introduced after an incident, once
there was an accident, the driver in the car was sleepy because of long driving and
sudden hit a person in-front of the vehicle due to lack of consciousness. So the intelligent
Braking was introduce to avoid such incidents.
CHAPETR 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
“REGNERATIVE BRAKING”
G. Rizzo, M.Grandone
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovani Paolo II 132,
84084 Fisciano (SA) – Italy
Our main objective in this paper is to power up the electric cars with
dynamos. The major disadvantage we are facing in the electric car is that the charge in
the battery which gives the supply for motor gets discharge and hence it should be
stopped or parked in the area where the current should be easily taken. But the biggest
problem is that when the car get loses its full charge while driving in an area where the
current could not be taken easily or there is no sort of current in that area then you can’t
able to reach your palace .Hence to change this problem the dynamos are used to solve
it. Dynamo is a device which is capable of changing mechanical energy into electrical
energy .Hence by using this character of the dynamo the problem can be solved. The
description of this technique is that by placing one dynamo in each wheel so that each
dynamo will produce a charge through the rotatory motion given by the wheels of the
car and these charges is stored in a separate battery and that can be used for the
emergency purpose and this process is cyclic. When car losses its charge while running
on the charge produced by the dynamo, the dynamo will not stops its work, it again
produce a charge so that you can go for a longer distance.
In this paper the Two Wheeler vehicle speed is used to generate the
electricity which can be stored in the battery for further use. The self-power generating
vehicle is the new innovative one which is going to replace during power cut period.
The power generated from the synchronized dynamo is stored in the battery which is
given to inverter circuit Utilized in AC low power Applications. Power Utilization from
battery usage only applicable for the failure of power supply in homes used from grid
line power. Hence this system will enhance the features and more useful for rural areas.
The design of motor car lighting apparatus begins with the choice of a
satisfactory lamp equipment. This fixes the quantity of energy which the lighting system
must supply at any time, and indicates the dynamo capacity to be provided. The dynamo
must be geared to give its full output at the average speed reached when driving, with
all lights on, in order that the battery reserve may be drawn upon only when the car is
not in motion. When a battery auxiliary is used it must be connected to the dynamo
when conditions are right for charging, and disconnected when the engine is at rest, to
prevent discharge through the dynamo. Safety and convenience require that this action
should be automatic, also that the output of the dynamo should be limited to a
predetermined and safe maximum, regardless of dynamo speed. This leads to a
discussion of methods devised to secure automatic control, and to the speed rating of
the dynamo itself. This is limited on one hand by the weight, size and cost of slow-speed
dynamos, and on the other, by consideration of wear on bearings, commutator and
driving means of the high-speed type. Following this are notes on storage battery
capacity, and wiring.
CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
1. Arduino Uno
4. Relays
6. Adaptor (5v)
7. Adaptor (12v)
8. Charge Controller
10. Switches
CHAPTER 4
4.2Pin Description
CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
There are various types of Arduino boards in which many of them were
third-party compatible versions. The most official versions available are the Arduino
Uno R3 and the Arduino Nano V3. Both of these run a 16MHz Atmel ATmega328P 8-
bit microcontroller with 32KB of flash RAM 14 digital I/O and six analogue I/O and
the 32KB will not sound like as if running Windows. Arduino projects can be stand-
alone or they can communicate with software on running on a computer. For e.g. Flash,
Processing, Max/MSP. The board is clocked by a 16 MHz ceramic resonator and has a
USB connection for power and communication.
5.1.1. Specification:
Microcontroller: ATmega328P
Operating Voltage: 5V
SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)
LED_BUILTIN: 13
Length: 68.6 mm
Width: 58.4 mm
Weight: 25 g
It is an easy USB interface. This allows interface with USB as this is like a serial
device.
The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and supports on your
computer as a virtual serial port. The benefit of this setup is that serial
communication is an extremely easy protocol which is time-tested and USB
makes connection with modern computers and makes it comfortable.
It is easy-to-find the microcontroller brain which is the ATmega328 chip. It has
more number of hardware features like timers, external and internal interrupts,
PWM pins and multiple sleep modes.
It is an open source design and there is an advantage of being open source is that
it has a large community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it
easy to help in debugging projects.
It is a 16 MHz clock which is fast enough for most applications and does not
speeds up the microcontroller.
It is very convenient to manage power inside it and it had a feature of built-in
voltage regulation. This can also be powered directly off a USB port without any
external power. You can connect an external power source of upto 12v and this
regulates it to both 5v and 3.3v.
13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. This sort of pins allows you to connect
hardware to your Arduino Uno board externally. These pins are used as a key
for extending the computing capability of the Arduino Uno into the real world.
Simply plug your electronic devices and sensors into the sockets that correspond
to each of these pins and you are good to go.
This has an ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the
Arduino directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-bootload your
chip if it corrupts and can no longer used to your computer.
It has a 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.
An on-board LED is attached to digital pin 13 to make fast the debugging of
code and to make the debug process easy.
Finally, it has a button to reset the program on the chip.
Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using
an external power source.
Operating Voltage 5V
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
A robot is a machine and it is a combination of programs instructions and motors.
It can perform some task with some guidance or automatically.
This robotic vehicle has an intelligence which is built inside of the robot. When
an obstacle problem comes ahead of it then, it guides itself.
This robot is designed with a microcontroller from Atmel family of Aduino
board.
PIN
PIN NAME DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
5.3.1 RELAY
Fig.5.3.1. Relays
Here are two simple animations illustrating how relays use one circuit to
switch on a second circuit. When power flows through the first circuit (1), it activates
the electromagnet (brown), generating a magnetic field (blue) that attracts a contact (red)
and activates the second circuit (2).
When the power is switched off, a spring pulls the contact back up to its
original position, switching the second circuit off again.
This post will outline how we can drive a relay using micro-controllers
like AVR. Concepts are same for any other micro-controller too. Working principle of
relay have been already discussed.
Most relays we have come across are rated 6V, but work fine on 5V
too. In our project the relay which we have used is rated as 5VDC, 5A This means,
that the coil needs about 5V to energize can take a load current of upto 5A. One question
remains, how much current is required to energize the relay. Some sellers will write 18
the “Coil Rated Current” else we have to check the datasheet.
The rated coil current for this model as per the datasheet was about
40mA. Therefore, we need to provide 5V DC and a flow of about (max.) 40mA should
be enough to energize the relay. This is where, the next item comes is – a power
transistor. We will use a transistor as a driver to provide the required current to the relay.
Ensure that the ratings of the transistor, far exceed the coil ratings of the relay (meaning,
the CE voltage must be much larger than 5V DC and the collector current must be much
larger than 40mA).
The transistor collector is connected to the relay coil. The transistor base
is driven by a microcontroller pin. When the microcontroller wants to switch on the
relay, it provides 5V (logic high) at its output pin. The output pin is connected to the
base of the transistor. The transistor goes into saturation and current starts to flow from
Vcc to ground (logically) via the coil and the transistor (CE). This energizes the relay
and point C now switches and connects to point A, completing the LED circuit. If no
signal is present, then the transistor is cut-off, no current flows through the relay coil
and thus, point C is in contact with point B, keeping the LED off.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be
powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's
speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by
changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools,
toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in
drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of
DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
5.4.2. Working:
Voltage: 24 Volt DC
Output: 450 Watt
RPM (after Reduction) – 450
Actual RPM (without Reduction):4500
Full load current – 24A
No load Current – 4.2A
Torque Constant – 9.2Nm (90 kg-cm)
Torque stall – 14 Nm (140 kg-cm)
Roller Diameter 0.3 inch
Roller Width 0.16 inch
5.5 DYNAMO
current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates
large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has
the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct
current using power rectification devices (such as vacuum tubes or more recently
via solid state technology) is effective and usually economical.
5.6. ADAPTOR
Fig: 5.6.1.Adaptor
Specs:
Input voltage: 220-240v.
Output voltage: 12v Dc.
Current : 14 Amps
This Motor Controller 24V for MY1020 500W includes attachments for the
motor, accelerator, brake, battery, battery charging, brake light, power lock.
Rated voltage: 24 v DC
Current limit: 33A
Rated power: 500 w
Throttle 1-4 v
Matching motor: dc brushed motor
Under Voltage Protection: 20V
Strong Aluminium body
5.8 BATTERY
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to
large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme,
huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
Fig:5.8.1 Battery
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to
large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme,
huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power
for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
A device that opens and closes an electric circuit. It uses a lever that is
moved up and down; a light switch on the wall being a common example. Early
computers, especially mainframes, often had many rows of toggle switches on their
consoles, making them look very formidable.
5.10 DC THORTTLE
5.10 DC THORTTLE:
Electromagnetic Brakes are used to bring any rotating motion (like that
of an electric motor) to an instant stop. They are actuated / de actuated by energizing the
brake coil with electric power. Advantage of the brake is that the driven machine can be
stopped at the desired location instantaneously. Depending upon the design,
Electromagnetic brakes are classified into 2 major types:
Normally ON (Failsafe)
Normally Off
Normally ON: or Failsafe Brakes are spring applied, where in the braking action takes
place due to mechanical spring pressure and the braking action is released by supply of
electric power. They are always in the brake applied or ON condition and thus the name.
Since braking action is due to spring force, the braking action takes place in case of
power failure, preventing accidents and thus they are popular as Failsafe Brakes.
Normally OFF: brakes require electric power supply for braking action to take place.
They are in the brake not applied or OFF condition and thus the name.
CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE
You’ll need to download the Arduino Software package for your operating system.
When you’ve downloaded and opened the application you should see something like
this:
This is where you type the code you want to compile and send to the Arduino board.
The Initial Setup
We need to setup the environment to Tools menu and select Board.
Then select the type of Arduino you want to program, in our case it’s the Arduino Uno.
void setup()
{
void loop()
{
}
Now we have the basic skeleton in place we can now do the Hello,
World program of microcontrollers, a blinking an LED.
Headers and Pins
If you notice on the top edge of the board there’s two black rectangles
with several squares in. These are called headers. Headers make it easy to connect
components to the the Arduino. Where they connect to the board is called pins.
Knowing what pin something is connected to is essential for programming an Arduino.
The pin numbers are listed next to the headers on the board in white.
The onboard LED we want to control is on pin 13.
In our code above the setup() method let’s create a variable called ledPin.
In C++ we need to state why type our variable is before hand, in this case it’s an integer,
so it’s of type int.
int ledPin = 13;
void setup()
{
}
void loop()
{
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
}
In our loop we are going to first switch off the LED to make sure our
program is being transferred to the chip and overriding the default.
We do this by calling another special method called digitalWrite(). This
also takes two values, the pin number and the level, HIGH or the on state or LOW the
off state.
int ledPin = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
Next we want to compile to machine code and deploy or upload it to the Arduino.
6.3 Compiling the Code
If this is your first time you’ve ever compiled code to your Arduino
before plugging it in to the computer go to the Tools menu, then Serial Port and take
note of what appears there.
Here’s what mine looks like before plugging in the Arduino UNO:
Plug your Arduino UNO board in to the USB cable and into your
computer. Now go back to the Tools > Serial Port menu and you should see at least 1
new option. On my Mac 2 new serial ports appear.
They tty and cu are two ways that computers can talk over a serial port.
Both seem to work with the Arduino software so I selected the tty.* one. On Windows
you should see COM followed by a number. Select the new one that appears.
Once you have selected your serial or COM port you can then press the
button with the arrow pointing to the right.
Once that happens you should see the TX and RX LEDs below the L
LED flash. This is the communication going on between the computer and the Arduino.
The L may flicker too. Once this dance is complete your program should be running.
And your LED should be off.
Now let’s try and switch it on using the HIGH constant.
int ledPin = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
Press Upload again and you should see your LED is now on!
Let’s make this a little more interesting now. We’re going to use another
method called delay() which takes an integer of a time interval in milliseconds, meaning
the integer of 1000 is 1 second.
So after where we switch the LED on let’s add delay(2000) which is two
seconds, then digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW) to switch it off and delay(2000) again.
int ledPin = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(2000);
}
CHAPTER 7
PROGRAM
7.1. PROGRAM
long duration1,duration2;
int distance1,distance2;
void Ultrasonic1()
{
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin1,
LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on
HIGH state for 10 micro
seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin1,
HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin1,
LOW);
// Reads the echoPin,
returns the sound wave
travel time in
microseconds
duration1 =
pulseIn(echoPin1,
HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance1=
duration1*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on
the Serial Monitor
//Serial.print("UltraSonic
1 Distance: ");
//Serial.println(distance1)
;
void Ultrasonic2()
{
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin2,
LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on
HIGH state for 10 micro
seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin2,
HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2,
LOW);
// Reads the echoPin,
returns the sound wave
travel time in
microseconds
duration2 =
pulseIn(echoPin2,
HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance2=
duration2*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on
the Serial Monitor
//Serial.print("UltraSonic
2 Distance: ");
//Serial.println(distance2)
;
}
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin1,
OUTPUT); // Sets the
trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin1,
INPUT); // Sets the
echoPin as an Input
pinMode(trigPin2,
OUTPUT); // Sets the
trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin2,
INPUT); // Sets the
echoPin as an Input
pinMode(relay,
OUTPUT); //Sets the
Cutter as Output
}
void loop() {
Ultrasonic1();
Ultrasonic2();
if(distance1<10||distance
2<10)
{
digitalWrite(relay,HIGH)
;
}
else
{
digitalWrite(relay,LOW);
}
void serialEvent() {
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar =
(char)Serial.read();
rx_data=inChar;
}
}
CHAPTER 8
IMPLEMENTATION
8.1. Algorithm
8.2. Flowchart
Fig.8.2.Flow chart
CHAPTER 9
RESULT &ANALYSIS
Electric vehicles are the best alternative to the gasoline vehicles. But the
recharging time of the vehicles are high. It take nearly 10 to 12 hours to recharge. Further
the vehicle has a minimal milage, for example it can run for 100km-150km on single
charge. As the engineering in gasoline vehicles, small electrical equipments drive on
battery, which is recharged by adding a Dynamo to the Engine. Whereas in Electrical
vehicles there is no Regeneration of current, electrical equipments are drive directly
from the main battery. For an existing project (Regenerative Braking) current was
generated by converting the mechanical force into Electric energy which is produced
while Braking. The current regenerated here is very limited which is nearly 15%. In this
model, the Regeneration of current is terminated by the Dynamo and utilizing it for
recharging the batteries, gives an extra milage due to simultaneous recharging. This
model produces high amounts of current which is roughly 50%-60%, due to this
technique a vehicle having a milage of 100km on single charge, can be upgraded to
198km. Every time the battery is recharge nearly 50-60% which makes it more efficient.
The Automated Braking aids to effortless driving. The sudden approach
of an obstacle or person and faraway driving makes immediate braking complicated.
Due to this technique the driver need to apply brakes manually and the collision is
prevented.
2. The Dynamo connected to the wheel of the car axel experiences rotational force due
to the motion of the vehicle (Forward or Reverse). And produces electric current,
which recharges the batteries.
3. As there are more number of teeth on dynamo gear compared to axel gear. i,e Axel
gear has 24 toots and the dynamo gear has 50 toots. Which rotates the dynamo mini
gear which has 11 toots. Thus this nearly multiples the current to four times.
4. In this project the generation of current (i,e. charging of the batteries) is shown by
connecting the dynamo to the dc bulb, which lits while driving.
5. Now coming to the Braking part of the project, whenever either of the Ultrasonic
sensors 1 or 2 sense any obstacle it triggers the relay.
6. The relay is directly connected to the brake system of the motor through charge
controller, thus applies brake.
9.2. Analysis
Advantages:
• Eco-friendly.
• It can be easily operated.
• Prevents accidents using ultrasonic sensors.
Disadvantages:
It is complicated to fix the dynamo in the wheels of the cars because the front
wheel is connected to steering and when the steering is turned then the wheel get
turned hence the dynamo should be fixed in the way that it should be moved
where the wheel moves
By considering the cost of electric cars the dynamos cost is low but if the cost of
the car is low then by comparison the cost of the four dynamos will be slightly
greater.
The ultrasonic sensor senses the obstacle during traffic, which results in
unnecessary apply of brakes, so it should be switched of when in traffic.
Moreover by considering all its advantages and it working and efficiency, the
Disadvantages is lesser. Hence this technology could be possible in future electric cars.
Applications
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
10.1. Conclusion
Electric vehicles are the best alternative to the gasoline vehicles. But the
recharging time of the vehicles are high. It take nearly 10 to 12 hours to recharge. Further
the vehicle has a minimal mileage, for example it can run for 100km-150km on single
charge. As the engineering in gasoline vehicles, small electrical equipment drive on
battery, which is recharged by adding a Dynamo to the Engine. Whereas in Electrical
vehicles there is no Regeneration of current, electrical equipment are drive directly from
the main battery. For an existing project (Regenerative Braking) current was generated
by converting the mechanical force into Electric energy which is produced while
Braking. The current regenerated here is very limited which is nearly 15%. In this model,
the Regeneration of current is terminated by the Dynamo and utilizing it for recharging
the batteries, gives an extra mileage due to simultaneous recharging. This model
produces high amounts of current which is roughly 50%-60%, due to this technique a
vehicle having a mileage of 100km on single charge, can be upgraded to 198km. Every
time the battery is recharge nearly 50-60% which makes it more efficient.
The Automated Braking aids to effortless driving. The sudden approach
of an obstacle or person and faraway driving makes immediate braking complicated.
Due to this technique the driver need to apply brakes manually and the collision is
prevented.
1. Instead of placing Dynamo for single Wheel of the vehicle, it can be placed for
multiple wheels. This provides more amount of current, and can be used for several
purposes.
2. Controlled Shock absorbers, for balancing the vehicle when the sudden Braking,
due to Intelligent Braking.
3. The Gear ratio can be set in such a way that it increases the RPM of the dynamo,
thus increasing the amount of current produce.
4. By using high end equipment the number of seating can be increased, from single
seater to multiple seater.
References
[1] Prof. Kuseker S.K (Guide), Bandgar P.M , Andhale P.S, Adlinge G.H,
Gaikawad V.V, Dhekale S.P (2015), ‘Design And Development of Electrical Car’,
International journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue
4, April 2015.
[2] Powering the Electric Cars with Dynamos -http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-
jmce/papers/vol3-issue2/A0320105.pdf?id=2573
[3] Electric Car Chassis Construction -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wth7xV5Gew0.
[4] K. Vignesh, P. Sakthi, A. Pugazhenthi, V. Karthikeyan, C. Vinothkumar (2015),
‘Free Energy Bicycle’, International journal of Innovative science Engineering &
Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 4,April 2015.
[5] T. Allen Prasad, Lokesh Ramesh (2012), ‘Powering the Electric Cars with
Dynamos’, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol.3, Issue 2,
September 2012.
[6] S.M Ferdous, Walid Bin Khaled, Benzoir Ahmed, Sayedus Salehin, Enaiyat
Ghani Ovy (2011), ‘Electric Vehicle With Charging Facility in Motion using Wind
Energy’, World Renewable Energy Congress 2011-Sweden.
[7] Saurabh Chauhan (2015), ‘Motor Torque Calculations For Electric Vehicle’,
International journal of scientific & Technology Research, Vol. 4, Issue 08,August
2015.
[8] INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR-
http://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIRE006097
[9] A.H.Ingle, Rajesh Kumar Bombal, Sanchay Shobhane, ”INTELLIGENT
BRAKING SYSTEM”, International Journal Of Research In Science And Engineering,
Vol 3,Issue 2,March-April 2017.ISSN 2394-8299,ISSN 2394-8280.
[10] Milind S Deotate, Hrishikesh Shivankar, Rohit More, “REVIEW ON
INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM” International Journal on Recent and Innovation
Trends in Computing and Communication. Vol: 4 Issue: 4, April 2016.
[11] Dc Gear motor – https://robokits.co.in/e-bike/ebike-dc-geared-motor-24v-
480rpm-450w
[12] Dynamo–https://robokits.co.in/e-bike/e-bike-motor/ebike-dc-geared-motor-
24v-2750rpm-250w
[13] Charge Controller 500W–https://robokits.co.in/e-bike/e-bike-motor-
controller/e-bike-motor-electric-speed-controller-24v-500w
[14] Automobile mechanical and electrical system by Tom Denton.
[15] Electric and hybrid cars: A History by Curtis D.Anderson and Judy Anderson.
[16] The 2011 Electric Car Guide By Michael Box well.