PHY1004 Physics II

Dr. Suchitra Rajput

Tuesday, January 8,
2019 1
Dr. Suchitra Rajput Chauhan
Understand the coulomb interactions between the charges and
corona spray charging.
Apply the coulomb interactions between the charges and
corona spray charging in real life applications like photocopier
/ xerography, laser printer, electrostatic precipitators, e - ink
and electrostatic spray paintings (automobiles).

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2019 Dr. Suchitra Rajput Chauhan 2
Coulomb’s law
Corona charging
Irregularly shaped object that is negatively charged.
Electrons would distribute themselves in such a manner as to reduce the effect of their
repulsive forces.
Electrostatic forces vary inversely with the square of the distance, these electrons would
tend to position themselves so as to increase their distance from one another.
Electrons A and B are located along a flatter section of the surface. Like all well-
behaved electrons, they repel each other. The repulsive forces are directed along a line
connecting charge to charge, making the repulsive force primarily parallel to the
surface.
On the other hand, electrons C and D are located along a section of the surface with a
sharper curvature. A majority of the repulsive force between electrons C and D is
directed perpendicular to the surface.
The parallel components of these repulsive forces are what cause excess electrons to
move along the surface of the conductor. The electrons will move and distribute
themselves until electrostatic equilibrium is reached.
Once reached, the resultant of all parallel components
on any given excess electron (and on all excess electrons)
will add up to zero.

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2019 Dr. Suchitra Rajput Chauhan 5
Corona process
• Negative voltage at corona
wire is increased till it
produces corona discharge.
• Free electrons are emitted
with high velocity from
corona.
• These free electron hits out
more electrons from
surrounding gas.
• Free electrons are repelled
from region of high electric
field
• Electrons starts slowing
down.
• Free electron hits gas
molecule but this time
captured by gas molecule-
negative ions form

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2019 Dr. Suchitra Rajput Chauhan 7
The Photocopier
 Photocopying:
1.Charging
2.Exposure
3.Developing
4.Transfer
5.Fusing
 Xerography : The Photocopier
The electrostatic photocopier illustrates the
basic properties of electric charges.
The central device in the process is an
aluminum drum covered with a fine layer, less
than 50 m thick, of the photoconductive
metal selenium.
Photoconductors are materials that act as a
conductor when exposed to light and as an
insulator in the dark.
 The Photocopier
When the copier is being set up to make a
copy, an electrode, called a corotron, deposits
a negative charge, in darkness, uniformly over
the entire surface of the selenium (step 1).
The selenium will retain this charge unless
exposed to light.
When the copier lamp comes on and the actual
copying begins, light is reflected from the
document through a series of lenses and
mirrors onto the selenium (step 2).
 The Photocopier
When selenium exposed to light, electrons from the top of
selenium moves to underlying aluminium through the
selenium, neutralizing the positive charge.
In places where the original document is white, light is
strongly reflected onto the selenium drum surface, causing it
to act as a conductor and lose its charge.
In places where the document is black, no light is reflected
onto the drum, causing the charge to be retained.
An electrical image of the document is thus created on the
drum.
 The drum is neutral where the original document is white and
 The drum surface is negatively charged where the original document is
black.
This image will persist as long as the drum is kept dark.
 The Photocopier
The electrical image on the drum is developed
into a dry copy, using a dry black powder
called “toner.”
Toner particles, are first given a positive
charge, and then spread over the rotating drum
(step 3).
The particles are attracted to the charged areas
of the drum but not to the neutral areas.
 The Photocopier
To create a copy of this image on paper, the toner
must be transferred to paper. Second corotron
gives negative charge to blank paper and it is
greater than the charge on the selenium (step 4).
As the drum rolls across this paper, toner particles
which are adhered to the drum are now attracted
to the blank paper, forming an image on it.
To fix the image, papers is passed through
pressure rollers which heats up paper (step 5).
Laser Printer
Corona wire sprays positive ions on to drum.
Text or image to be printed is converted to digital data
which led the laser ON/OFF and so laser beam falls
selectively on to the drum leaving the drum negatively
charged at places where the image is to be written.
Roller applies positively charged tonner onto the drum.
Toner adheres to the places where the drum is negatively
charged.
Another corona wire sprays stronger negative charge onto
the blank paper.
Thus tonner stick to the blank paper creating the required
image.
This paper is heated to make the image permanent.
Difference between photocopier and Laser Printer
A copier’s main purpose is to make duplicate copies, while a
printer’s main purpose is to print.
Copiers use xerography technology that is similar to the technology
used in a laser printer.
A copier is a photocopying device that allows users to make
duplicate copies of a document or an image
Printer is a peripheral device that creates a solid copy of the digital
data that is represented on the computer screen.
Laser printing is similar to photocopying except that in laser printing
the data to be printed is converted to digital data (‘0’ and ‘1’) and
sent to laser source, which then go On and OFF accordingly and thus
act on selenium leading to creation of image in the form of charge on
to selenium. On the other hand in photocopying light source is On
and reflected image from the original document fall on selenium
leading to creation of image in the form of charges onto selenium.
 Electrostatic Precipitators
Electrostatic precipitators are air pollution
control devices that remove tiny particles from
the emissions (flue gas) of processing plants
and power plants that burn fossil fuels.
By relying directly on the properties of electric
fields, these devices are capable of removing
almost all (about 99%) of the tiny particles of
soot, ash, and dust.
Soot: Black powder that is produced when wood / coal is burnt
Parts of Electrostatic Precipitators
 Working of Electrostatic Precipitators

1. Corona generation
2. Particle charging
3. Particle collection
4. Removal of particles
1. Corona generation
• Negative voltage at
corona wire is
increased till it
produces corona
discharge.
• Free electrons are
emitted with high
velocity from
corona.
• These free electron
hits out more
electrons from
surrounding gas.
2-3. Particle charging
and collection
• Free electrons are
repelled from region of
high electric field
• Electrons starts slowing
down.
• Free electron hits gas
molecule but this time
captured by gas
molecule- negative ions
form
• Negative ion moves
towards collector
electrode and fills the
space of dust particles.
• This dust particle is then
captured by collector
electrode.
4. Removal
of particles
Extra slide-
Electrostatic Precipitators –Back
corona (High resistivity dust particles)
 Extra slide-
Electrostatic Precipitators –low
lo
resistivity dust particles
• Particle with low
resistivity losses their
charge as soon as they
approach to positive
charge electrode.
• There are high chances
of re-entrainment.
• This leads to reduction
in efficiency of
electrostatic
precipitator.
additional slide
Application: Electrostatic Spray
Paintings

• Metallic body is grounded.

• Positive charge is induced (principle of spray painting) on the metal
body as soon as paint droplets having negative charge come close to
the metal body.
• There is force of attraction between paint droplets having negative
charge and positively charged metal body, so, paint get uniformly
stuck onto the metal body.
Electrostatic Spray Paintings
Advantages:
less is lost as over spray
Even small fixtures can be painted
Electronic Ink
E- Ink
Electronic Ink
Electronic ink technology illustrates the basic
laws of electric charge. Electronic ink contains
clear microcapsules the diameter of a human
hair, each filled with dozens of tiny white and
black beads suspended in a clear liquid.
The white beads are positively charged and dark
are negatively charged. Millions of these
microcapsules are sandwiched between an plastic
film base and a clear insulating top layer.
Computer chips are designed to place charges
in specific places on the base layer.
Electronic Ink
Giving the base layer a positive charge in a
certain area (a picture element, or “pixel”)
causes the small, negatively charged beads to
sink to the bottom of the microcapsules,
making the pixel, as viewed through the
transparent top layer.
Conversely, a negative charge under the pixel
drives the white beads downward in the
microcapsule fluid.
 Thank You !

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2019 Dr. Suchitra Rajput Chauhan 33