ME222 1/16/2013

2.1 Introduction - Deformation

•  When a force is applied,
a body deforms.
C’ •  Displacement: u(A), u(B)
θ’
C A’ B’
θ u(A)
•  Distortion: θ → θ’
u(B)
•  Normal strain
A B •  Shear strain
Deformed body
Undeformed body
δ

U(C)=δ/2

A C B
U(A)=0 U(B)=δ
Shear Strain
Normal Stress

2.2 Normal Strain B

Δs
•  Elongation and Contraction A

•  The line AB: Δs Δs'−Δs Undeformed

•  Average Normal strain: ε AVG = body
Δs
Δs'−Δs
ε = lim
•  Normal Strain B → A along n Δs B’

A’
Δs’
where Δs' ≈ (1 + ε )Δs
•  Unit: no unit, 10-6(m/m) or µ(m/m) Deformed
•  Normal strain cause a change in volume, body
not shape.

Kwon Lecture 4
ME222 1/16/2013

2.3 Stress-Strain Diagram

P Increase P
Plastic Deformation
Elastic Fracture

Gauge necking
Length

A
B C
D
Measuring Force; Transducer
P Δl
Measuring Displacement; extensometer, strain gauge

2.4 True Stress – True Strain

P δ
•  Engineering Stress and Strain:σ Ao
,ε =
Lo
=
–  Original Area, Ao
P L dl L
•  True Stress and Strain: σ t = A , ε t = Lo l = ln L ∫
0
–  Instantaneous Current Area, A
•  Stress-Strain Diagram
–  Elastic Region
•  Young’s Modulus (E)
Slope=E
stress Su C
–  Plastic region Sf
•  Yield Strength (Sy) - 0.1%offset B Reloading D
•  Ultimate Strength (Su) A Sy
•  Fracture Strength (Sf)L1 − Lo
Unloading
•  Percent Elongation = L
o
Ao − A1 strain
•  Percent reduction in Area =
Ao

Kwon Lecture 4
ME222 1/16/2013

2.5 Hooke’s Law

Elastic behavior

σ = Eε where E= Modulus of elasticity or

Young’s Modulus
Ceramics

Steel P
Ao σ = Eε
Aluminum
P δ
=E
Ao L
L L+δ

EAo
Δσ P= δ
E= L
Δε
A

Skip Sect. 2.6

2.8 Axial Deformation

•  Prismatic Bars - Analogy to Coil Spring
–  The force and displacement Relation:

P P = k δ

P P δ
σ = Eε =E
A L
δ

PL AE
δ= P= δ
AE L
where k = AE / L

δ/2 δ/2

Kwon Lecture 4