Best Practices of City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council (Cadac) As Community-Based Approach in Drug-Cleared City of Tagaytay, Cavite

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BEST PRACTICES OF CITY ANTI-DRUGS ABUSE COUNCIL (CADAC)

AS COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH IN DRUG-CLEARED
CITY OF TAGAYTAY, CAVITE
Mark Ervin V. Alarca

Al Vincent P. Bago
Airicson C. Orticio
An undergraduate thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Criminal Justice,

Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree Bachelor of Science in Criminology with Contribution No. ____________.
Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Alexis R. Alcantara.
INTRODUCTION
There is no doubt that prevalence of illicit drugs is a global problem (National
Institute on Drugs Abuse, 2007). The world‘s drug problem not only affects the
physical and mental health of individuals who consume drugs, but also deteriorates
families and societies, therefore generating poverty and hunger. Also limits the access
to education, resulting to an endless number of consequences on family health (United
Nations, 2008). The focus of many countries has been for years, on the fight to control
production and consumption or trafficking of drugs.
Elliot, Csete, Wood and Kerr (2005) pointed out the huge problem that exists
due to the link between consumption of illegal drugs and the violation of human rights
caused by policies against illicit drugs. According to 2018 world drug report, there
were an estimated 275 million users representing a growth rate of 32.2 % around the
globe (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2018). Stares (2011) affirms that
the main causes of increases in consumption of illicit drugs is growth in the world‘s
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population and globalization. In addition, the availability and accessibility, low prices,
weak or absent of formal and informal social controls to facilitate drug consumption.
Currently, implemented drug control policies in the world have its basic
foundations on more informal controls utilized throughout history. During the 17th
century the use of tobacco and alcohol was prohibited in countries such as Russia,
Germany and England (Szasz, 1975). In fact, in 1961 the penalty for smoking tobacco
in Germany was death. The 18th century brought even more prohibition towards
drugs. In 1792 the first prohibitory laws against opium in China was promulgated,
punishing opium storage with strangulation. The current system of global drug control
is regulated by three international conventions: the 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic substances, and the 1988
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
Bewley-Taylor (2003) consider that the conventions are major limitations to the
introduction of progressive and practical drug control policies in individual countries
that on the contrary promote unrealistic goals such as the complete eradication of all
illegal drugs in the world. However, with the multiple efforts to fight against the
production and consumption of drugs around the world the illicit drugs continues to
be one of the main issues that affect international society.
In the Philippines, despite the harsh crackdown from the authorities, use of
illegal drugs continues unabated. Philippines drug problems have two particular
patterns: (1) The number of drug dependent that are steadily increasing, (2) the lack of
support from the community. In the 2016 Survey, it shows that 4.8 million Filipinos
aged 10-69 years old used illegal drugs at least once of their lives (Dangerous Drugs
Board, 2016). This number shows how rampant illegal drug trade in the country and
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an easy access to drugs as well as the factors of poverty, family, peer influences and
environment condition.
Many scholars have underscored the role of local governments in addressing
contemporary issues and their program objectives and strategies can be effective at
addressing the drug problems (Portney, 2003). Local governments’ programs strategy
is a distinctive pattern in their implementation of programs that usually include a set
of incentive-oriented and information-based tools designed to encourage individuals
and organizations to behave in more productive ways (Borck and Coglianese, 2009).
Accordingly, local governments have increasingly adopted comprehensive programs
that span a variety of community issues (Berry and Portney, 2013). However, these
programs differ significantly in their design features. For instance, local governments
have given uneven consideration of the drug-related issues that needed to address in
their programs strategies (Svara, 2011). In other instances, some local governments
have chosen to adopt programs strategies that heavily depend on a few types of policy
instruments.
Despite increasing scholarly attention, there are at two gaps in examining local
governments, program objectives and strategies (Ji, 2016). Prior research assessing
local governments’ programs strategies has assumed that local governments with
more drug related programs are more likely to improve the community than local
governments with fewer programs (Berry and Portney, 2013; Swann, 2016).
However, local governments with the same number of drug related programs may
design their programs very differently (Dupuis and Biesbroek, 2013). Understanding
these variations therefore provide richer explanation about local governments’
strategy and may offer more a more accurate way to estimate their community
performance outcomes. A second research gap is that prior research has not identified
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the factors that influence local governments to design their programs strategies
differently. Rather, scholars have typically regarded these decisions monolithically
(Bae and Feiock, 2013) either local governments adopt a particular program or not
(Sharp, Daley, and Lynch, 2010). In other instances, they have assessed how many
drug related programs that local governments adopt (Hawkins, Krause, Feiock and
Curley, 2016) as part of their overall programs strategy. However, varying degrees of
stakeholder pressures and organizational capacities are likely to relate to whether or
not a local government chooses to adopt the practices. They are also likely to
influence whether or not these programs address a narrow or a broad range of
community issues (Chair, 2016).
Consequently, in the Philippines, the people who have authority or control of
political power are the ones who are capable of mobilizing people (Joffres, 2002).
Local leaders are expected to make decisions in a hierarchical society. As such, it is in
this context that the City Mayor role as speaker for both the government and the
community as a whole is very important (Dela Peña, 2003). As a result, creation of
various anti-drug councils from the national level until the lowest political unit or the
barangay level to be the forefront in the campaign against the drug problems since the
law enforcement alone cannot address the issue.
Furthermore, revitalizing the City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council, which is created
to conduct information education programs and monitor and evaluate the Barangay
anti-drugs abuse council (BADAC) as grassroots program of the Department of
Interior and Local Government (DILG) aimed at organizing barangay officials and
other stakeholders as first line of defense in combating drug related crimes. BADAC’s
were deputized and empowered to implement strategic policies on drug prevention
and control at the same time given the political and police powers of the barangay to
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administer the affairs of the community to accelerate efforts against the proliferation
of illegal drugs. (DILG, M.C. 2015-63).
Gruenewald (2003) suggest that different prevention programs addressed
many type of drug abuse problems in the country in variety approach to provide
maximum effectiveness. Comprehensive community-based approaches have emerged
as the most viable way of reducing the risk of illegal drug use. As such, these
prevention strategies have received substantial support from both the public and
private sectors. This support is based on the observation that community-based
approaches hold a great deal of promise because they endeavor to address the social
context and environmental conditions that contribute to and sustain illegal drugs
problems in a community. It is expected that the implementation of community-based
drug treatment will enable people with drug-related problems to have improved
access to a range of quality services from education, information and drug counseling,
to assistance in stopping or reducing drug use and avoiding the harmful health and
social consequences of drug use (Gorman and Molina, 1997).
Moreover, Higginson (2008) as reported, if others are doing well, people tend
to be interested in what they are doing and how they're doing it, so that they can be
successful too. Sharing best practices is a key part attributing to the success of any
organization. Similar to the old saying, Learn from other's mistakes, it's important to
learn from individual experiences. In real life it's much easier and more effective to
learn from the experiences, mistakes and successes of others. It also enables other
institutions to improved preventions, interventions and programs, legislative policies,
and community best practices to address and reduce the current drug epidemic
(Hangrove, Bunn and Slavova, 2018). However, some of the barriers in implementing
effective community-based drugs programs include lack of funding, lack of staff

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resources, and lack of understanding of best practices. Another difficulty programs
often cite when attempting to implement best practices programs is finding user-
friendly guidelines for how to do so successfully (Ragin et al., 2004). To realize the
full value of best practices, everyone needs to be involved. To continue or achieve
a best practice culture, organizations must communicate their commitment
to best practices and ask community what they want and need (Perkins, 2008).
Moreover, best practices are only useful if they are put into practice.
Community-driven implementation builds heavily on the decision making of
community leaders, often in partnership with researchers, with a focus on improving
the community relevance and sustainability of a program. The involvement of
researchers in identifying best practices may be quite limited or very involved
(Minkler, 2004), but it always focuses on community leadership and establishment of
an organizational structure for building and sustaining one or more programs (Baptise,
Blachman, et al., 2007). However, there are gaps observed with the best practices of
the programs as if they were only relying on the implementation of the programs and
not on the capacity of implementer itself. Also as institutions implemented these
programs, we sought to identify common difficulties they encountered. This
information would help not only the institutions, but also external agencies and
national governments, to more effectively target and monitor their contributions to
strengthen the quality of practices (Wallis and Selina, 2017).
Therefore, this study aims to assess the best practices of City Anti-Drugs
Abuse Council in Tagaytay City, Cavite to improve and maintain the programs and
strategies implemented. Knowledge of these different dimensions is essential for
understanding why some local governments’ program strategies against drugs are
more efficacious than others. In line with this the information obtained in this study is
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needed to disseminate to local government authorities, police services and NGOs to
assist them in developing and formulating a drug awareness and prevention programs
in other city.
Statement of the Problem
In general, this study was conducted to assess the best practices of city anti-
drugs abuse council in Tagaytay City, Cavite.
Specifically, it aims to answers the following research problems:
1. What is the level of awareness of city anti-drugs abuse council/barangay anti-
drugs abuse council officials and selected residents on the best practices of city
anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay
City in terms of:
1.1. program objectives;
1.2. program strategies; and
1.3. program resources?
2. What is the level of implementation of city anti-drugs abuse council/barangay
anti-drugs abuse council officials and selected residents on the best practices of
city anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay
City in terms of:

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3. What are the problems encountered on city anti-drugs abuse council community
based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of:
4. What are the possible solutions on the problems encountered on city anti-drugs
abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of:
Objectives of the Study
The study aims to:
1. determine the level of awareness of city anti-drugs abuse council/barangay anti-
drugs abuse council officials and selected residents on the best practices of city
anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay
City in terms of:
1.3. program resources;

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2. determine the level of implementation of city anti-drugs abuse council/barangay
anti-drugs abuse council officials and selected residents on the best practices of
city anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in
Tagaytay City in terms of:
3. identify the problems encountered on city anti-drugs abuse council community
4. determine the possible solution on city anti-drugs abuse council community
4.3. program resources.

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Conceptual Framework of the study
BEST PRACTICES OF TAGAYTAY CITY

ANTI-DRUGS ABUSE COUNCIL
 Program objectives
 Program strategies
 Program resources
Possible
Level of Level of Problems Solutions to
Awareness Implementation Encountered Address the
Problems
Figure 1. The paradigm showing the variables of the study
The first step is to determine the level of awareness of City Anti-Drugs abuse
council through objectives, strategies and resources of the programs. Second step
render the level of implementation by the city anti-drugs abuse council. Third depicts
the problems encountered in best practices of city anti-drugs abuse council. Fourth,
indicates the possible solutions to the problems identified thus, also provide a baseline
data and recommendation for improvement of the practices based on program
objectives, program strategies and program resources. Each step has a direct
relationship with each other, hence, provides a sequential process to be conducted.

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Significance of the Study
The outcome of this study will be greatly benefitted by the following:
It can inspire the other CADAC committee to participates in whatever little
way possible to help the community in generating full understanding of the problem
and boost their knowledge to become efficient in the programs implementing.
Tagaytay Police Force would conceive other ways to improve present drug
prevention programs and make it more strong and efficient in community safety,
community information and community mobilization.
The Community particularly those who are vulnerable to drugs will become
aware and will encouraged to get involved in the activities concerned with the
prevention and control of drug problems.
Provides the Local Government Unit an enhance and effective strategy to
take away and suppress the dangerous drugs and its users by different programs.
Finally, this research could be used by Future Researchers the findings of
this study can serve as basis and references if they are planning to conduct similar
study.
Scope and Limitation of the study
This study aims to assess the best practices of CADAC in Tagaytay City,
Cavite to improve and maintain the programs and strategies implemented.
This study does not focus on drug related issues such as drug testing programs
in schools and workplaces. Also, the program operations by CADAC are not included
due to confidentiality.
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Pertinent data was obtained from the researcher’s formulated survey
questionnaires answered by the participants. The questions do not include any
personal and sensitive information and other questions that are not related to the topic.
Time and Place of the Study
The study was conducted in the City of Tagaytay, Cavite from October 2018
to May 2019.
Definition of Terms
For purposes of clearer and better understanding, the following terms were
operationally defined.
Barangay. Refers to the recipient of the anti-drugs abuse council and headed
by a Chairperson.
Board. Refers to group of people under Dangerous Drug Board.
CADAC. Refers to City anti-drugs abuse council.
Community. Group of people living in the same place or having a particular
characteristic in common.
Dangerous Drugs. Substance affecting the central nervous system which
taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioural changes in
a person taking it.
Demand Reduction. The Drug Demand Reduction pillar is geared towards
reducing the consumers demand for drugs and other substances.

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Drug Abuse. Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of
a substance in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods
which are harmful to themselves or others.
Drug Cleared Barangay. Classified as previously drug affected and subjected
to drug clearing operation and declared free from any illegal drug activities pursuant
to the parameters set forth by the Board.
Drug Dependence. World Health Organization defined, it is a cluster of
variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority
thereby involving among others, a strong desire or sense of compulsion to take the
substances and the difficulties in controlling substances, taking behaviour in terms of
its onset, termination or levels of use.
Pusher. Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives
away to another on any terms or distributes, dispatches in transit or transport
dangerous drugs or who act as a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of the
RA 9165.
Rehabilitation. Refers to the process of medical treatment for dependence on
psychoactive substances such as alcohol and prohibited drugs as defined in R.A.
9165.
Supply Reduction. Supply reduction strategies are directed toward enforcing
the prohibition of illegal drugs and regulating and enforcing access to legal drugs and
substances, particularly those that are high of probability for abuse, including
pharmaceuticals and other precursors and essential chemicals.
Treatment. Refers to the development of specific cognitive skills related to
understanding, learning and remembering that help the patient adjust attitudes and
beliefs that lead to drug abuse and crime.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents related studies and literature from different sources
which provided the researchers with necessary background and knowledge of the
research problem. It also serves as the foundation to the present study.
Best Practices
The term best practice is an important step for identifying practices for
organizations. Definitions were different, yet similar themes can be seen. The first
theme is that best practices improve or enhance project performance. Second, best
practices are proven through research or by peer organizations. Finally, best practices
must consistently provide results when used as intended (Bosfield, 2014). The
Hackett group (2013) also has a specific list of characteristics a practice must satisfy
to be considered best. A practice must be: (1) aligns with strategy; (2) reduces costs;
(3) improves productivity; (4) promotes timely execution; (5) enables better decision
making; (6) utilizes existing resources; (7) ensures acceptable levels of control and
risk management; (8) optimizes the skills and capabilities of the organization; and (9)
promotes collaboration with concerned agencies.
The term best practices has been used in management, computer software
development (Ambler and Lines, 2012), and health care (Frampton and Charmel,
2008) to describe practices that work and have consistently been shown to be
exceptional. Across the disciplines, best practices are described as synthesis
of practice and research, meaning they are both useful and tested in practice. To put it
simply, they are practices that are solid, reputable and a state-of-the-art work in a field
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(Zemelman et al., 1998). Despite this commonality, there are different formulations
of best practices.
The term best practices for some disciplines is to standardize the field,
offering prescribed methods or pre-made templates for people to follow or a scheme
of appropriate practices (Francis and Holloway, 2007). This standardization becomes
problematic when best practices are reduced to a list from which practitioners can
pick and choose, because a fixed list ignores the fact that best practices are dynamic
and ever-changing. It is also often fail to account for the circumstances of practice as
not every practice is appropriate for every context nor implementing the same every
time from the list of best practices.
Best practices refer to those that are applied by the best organizations
operating in similar conditions and pursuing similar goals (Wagner, 2009). They are
applied to achieve continuous improvement of organizational performance and
competitiveness by critical assumption of conceptual and system practices in
management of the best organizations in a specific sector or region. Using best
practices allows implementation of significant changes on an easier, faster and
cheaper basis (Axson, 2007). The purpose of benchmarking is to understand why
comparable organizations are better, how they have become the best in their sector or
region and then take advantage and implement the necessary changes to improve
organizational performance and competitiveness according to one’s own conditions
(Dvořáková et al., 2004).
According to Higginson (2008), the conclusive goal of best practices is a
standard-operating method that produces the best performance and results. Having an
enterprising culture that embraces the sharing of best practices can quickly enact new
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processes or programs that can help improve internal processes and service to
community.
In the Philippines, The Development Academy, is the one responsible for
recognition of best practice that seeks to promote and showcase outstanding practice
by the public sector organizations. That provides an opportunity for every local
government to share and learn from other’s experience (DAP, 2018). The notion
of best practices gained widespread appeal in 2005 with the development of the
Center for Knowledge Management (2002).
Awareness of Best Practices
In English, the term awareness is broad and ambiguous, meaning different
things in different contexts, such as conscious, knowledge and attention (Schmidt,
2002). Awareness, an understanding of what others are doing, is critical for successful
collaboration. As a typical collaborative activity, best practices, also requires a high-
level awareness of the status of the programs objectives, strategies and resources,
especially when a team is distributed (Chen 2014).
One of the earliest definitions of awareness (Dourish and Bellotti, 1992)
concerns the understanding of the activities of others. In addition to this definition,
there are many other types of awareness; (1) presence awareness refers to the
presence status of other collaborators (Milewski and Smith, 2000), including elements
such as identity, availability, and communication preference; (2) workspace
awareness refers to the knowledge about others’ interaction with the workspace
(Gutwin et al., 1996); (3) social awareness concerns the interests, opinions, and
emotional state of group members (Calefato et al., 2011); (4) project awareness
concerns the awareness of the overall project progress as well as the actions of the
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teammates (Anderson and Bouvin, 2000) and (5) Group-structural awareness involves
knowledge about people’s roles, responsibilities, status, and positions in a group
(Gutwin and Greenberg, 2002).
High level of awareness results to better practices and effectiveness of
programs strategies (Rossi, Freeman, and Lipsey, 2004). Program evaluations are
important because they help in the design of valuable and effective programs.
Programs that can prove their effectiveness have a much higher likelihood of
obtaining funding (Rossi, et al.).
According to Royse, Thyer, Padgett, and Logan (2001), the purpose of
programs resources is to provide an agency with a comprehensive description and
analysis of how programs are conceptualized, planned, implemented, modified and
terminated. This method of evaluation helps a program define the population they are
serving, the problem being addressed, the goals and objectives in place to address that
problem and if the program practices are appropriate for meeting the goals and
objectives. In short, objectives, strategies and resources is designed to help a program
determine what services are being provided, to whom, when, how often, and in what
setting (Royse et al., 2016).
Implementation of Best Practices
According to (Fixsen, et al., 2005) Implementation is defined as “a specified
set of activities designed to put into practice an activity or program of known
dimensions". Within this definition, "a specified set of activities" refers to a plan for
implementing the programs practices. Additionally, activity or program refers to the
intended change initiative. Finally, “known dimensions” refers to the intended
outcomes of the change initiative if implemented successfully. The implementation of

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practices is a complex process with many stages to manage and requires a level of
expertise on the part of the principal and implementers (McCall, 2009).
Fixsen et al. (2005) suggested three general degrees of implementation: paper,
process, and performance. Paper implementation refers to plans, policies, and
procedures formulated during the beginning stages of the change process and
disseminated to the stakeholders as a document (Fixsen et al., 2005). This is a written
plan for the intended change initiative. Often organizations, including schools, stop at
this stage of the process and fail to implement the desired change (Kotter, 2007).
Process implementation refers to the professional development, adoption of
practices, and structures put in place to support the implementation of the change
initiative (Fixsen et al., 2009). However, this is not enough; performance
implementation is required. This represents altering the culture of the school by
adopting new standard operating procedures that align with the change initiative and
continually monitoring progress (Fixsen et al., 2005). The difference between process
implementation and performance implementation is the intentional and evaluative
manner in which the procedures and processes are monitored and, if necessary,
changed (Erickson, 2015). Each degree of implementation contributes to helping a
school to attain the level of performance implementation.
Programs implementation is seen as a tension generating force in
society. Tensions are generated between and within four components of the
implementing process: (1) idealized policy; (2) implementing organization; (3) target
group and (4) environmental factors (Smith, 2012). The tensions result in transaction
patterns which may or may not match the expectations of outcome of the programs
objectives. The transaction patterns may become vital into institutions. Both the
transaction patterns and the institutions may generate tensions which, by feedback to
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the policymakers and implementing unit, may support or reject further
implementation of the programs (Dye, 1972).
Implementation of strategy is normally defined as a process of decision
making moving through the following stages: (1) setting goals and objectives; (2)
identifying options; (3) evaluating and choosing practices; (4) applying the plan and
(5) revising the plan as required. The most important of the implementation stage of
the strategies process was clearly demonstrated in the study of Pressman and
Wildavsky (1973), which shows a large disparity between plan objectives and
implementation outcomes. Barron (2013) argued that one key contributor to
implementation failure is that policy makers do not understand the difficulty of
coordinating the large number of activities, competing interests, and diverse agencies
involved in implementation. Consequently, increase the complexity of the programs
strategies and therefore the likelihood of implementation failure.
Program resources are defined as the degree to which a program has sufficient
funding, staff, and community involvement. This is a significant strength of the
program. Program success can be determined by looking at the agencies goals and
objectives. Simply, if the program is achieving its goals, then it is an effective
program. But this highlights only the importance of having well developed goals and
objectives. It is very difficult to determine if a program is doing what it set out to do if
these goals and objectives are unclear. Programs resources best practices are essential
for any organization as these practices are well known for the effective function of
implementers in increasing the organization productivity and efficiency (Al-Manhali,
2011). Also, researchers started studying these practices, analyzing them and
accordingly raise their findings and recommendations to guarantee boosting the
productivity. Developing and sustaining a comprehensive program that follows best

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practices guidelines often proves to be a challenge due to the considerable amount of
resources necessary (Dahlberg and Potter, 2001).
Problems Regarding of Best Practices
At times the term best practice is overused, making it difficult to identify and
implement relevant practices. Shull and Turner (2005) recognized this problem when
researching the identification and implementation 13 of best practices for the US
Department of Defense. Bosfield (2014) acknowledged that “many so-called best
practices are actually disciplines or ‘what to dos’ not specific enough to really
implement”.
Best practices increase the likelihood of programs performance, however,
despite the availability of such resources for the local government, organizations
continue to inconsistently implement and use these practices. There are multiple
reasons for usage inconsistency: (1) not all best practices are applicable to every
programs, project type or organization, and they are not universally applied within
individual organizations; (2) knowledge is lost in organizational personnel turnover
that leads to inconsistent implementation and use of best practices; (3) best practice
management processes within organizations are not effective and (4) Fragmentation
across the organization with no central location to find such resources (Bosfield,
2014).
In reality, identifying best practices is astonishingly easy, implementing them
is astonishingly hard (Schrage, 2003). It is essential that the topic of programs is
discussed prior to the consideration and review of agencies objectives (Mitra, 2010).
Implementation of best practices must first address how the program is to be
developed prior to the available indicator. Modification of an existing program

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requires considerable effort and support from others within that program in
community (Lafferty and Hovden, 2003).
The use of so-called best practices may lure leaders into a false
sense of security (Hallencreutz, 2011).Best practice should never be the goal, it
should be a means to an end (Schrage, 2003). More specifically, capacity building
requires all stakeholders to be well educated on the intricacies of the reform,
passionate about its success and have a clear vision of its purpose (Kaniuka, 2012).
Best practices highlights how critical evaluation is to determining program
effectiveness (Thorton et al., 2002). Both initial and ongoing evaluation is needed to
help a program determine if they are effectively following best Practices for drug
related prevention, and if the program has effectively reached their goals and
objectives. Studies show that often programs are tempted to skip this step because
they lack the resources or knowledge of how to effectively measure and evaluate their
program (Thorton et al.).
Community-Based Approach
According to International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare (2015),
community-based strategies include leadership, community participation, planning,
implementation, and capacity building. In addition, these community-based strategies
were linked to cultural values, sharing, knowing, support, family and
inclusion. Community-based strategies combined with effective prevention efforts
lead to an expanded understanding of drug abuse, both within the community and
among non-community based institutions (Kelley, BigFoot, Small, Mexicancheyenne
and Gondara, 2015). Community-based initiatives are important for addressing
various social problems and increasing life-chance opportunities in marginalized

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neighborhoods (Matthews, 2009). Nevertheless, practitioners still have a key part to
play in generating and applying knowledge that contributes to the betterment of
society. Their role, however, has taken on new meaning given a recently developed,
community-based philosophy (Murphy 2014) that emphasizes community
participation.
As cited in Guidance for community-based treatment and care service for drug
users in Southeast Asia, there is strategic approach currently undertaken to combat
illicit drug use, known as the community-based approach that will respond with effort
for the country as a whole. Supply reduction, demand reduction and law enforcement
with community as an element are the strategic approach to be provided (United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008). According to World Health Organization
Pyramid of Mental health Services (2012), the core goal of community-based
approach is to ensure a holistic approach to treatment and care of drug users. There
are complexities of drug problems as the community-based approach explained, by
not sending drug users away and out of sight, helps the community to understand the
process and that will help reduce stigma and discrimination against drug users.
Therapeutic Community program which is practice nowadays, its main
objective is the "resocialization" of the individual with help of the community and
active components of treatment including other residents, staff and the social context
(Grannum, 2017). Community based treatment is designed to help residents examine
damaging beliefs, self-concept and destructive patterns of behavior and adopt new,
more harmonious and constructive ways to interact with others (National Institute on
Drug Abuse, 2010).
Furthermore, Andrew Morral, (2004) analyzed that community-based drug
treatment programs is considered as the most thorough examination ever of the

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effectiveness of commonly available treatment approach because it can help troubled
teens reduce substance abuse and improve their psychological health.

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METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes how the present study was conducted. It provides
processes involved in arriving at the research findings and conclusion. It includes the
research design, participants of the study, sources of data, research instrument, data
gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data used in this study.
Research Design
This study aims to assess the best practices of city anti-drugs abuse council in
Tagaytay City, Cavite to improve and maintain the programs and strategies
implemented.
Descriptive research method was use in presenting and analyzing the topics or
issues from the data gather. Ethridge (2004) defined descriptive research may be
characterised as simply the attempt to determine, describe or identify what is. Also, it
described the actual conditions and practices.
Participants of the Study
There were two sets of participants in this study with a total of 278. The first
set was composed of 53 selected city anti-drugs abuse council members and barangay
anti-drugs abuse council officials provided by the city of Tagaytay, Cavite. On the
other hand, the second set of participants was composed of 225 selected residents of
Tagaytay City who were familiar in the program objectives, strategies and resources
of city anti-drugs abuse council.

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Sampling Technique
Purposive and convenience random sampling techniques will going to be use
in selecting the CADAC members, BADAC officials and residents of Tagaytay City,
Cavite. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method and it occurs when
researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population
to participate in the study. In this sampling procedure, researchers often believe that
they can obtain a representative sample by using a sound judgment, which will result
in saving time and money (Black, 2010) .While, convenience random sampling is a
specific type of non-probability sampling that relies on data collection from
population members who are conveniently available to participate in the study
(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). Thus, these techniques can be very useful;
where members of the target population meet certain practical criteria, such as easy
accessibility, geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or the willingness to
participate are included for the purpose of the study. The sample was selected because
of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researchers. Since, only those
implementers of the best practices provided by CADAC and its selected residents who
were available during the conduct of survey in the municipality of Tagaytay,
purposive and convenience random sampling was utilized in this study.
Sources of Data
To gather the needed data the following was employed. Primary data source
was obtained from surveys of the participants. The self-made questionnaire was the
primary source of data. It contains questions that were stated in the problem. The
questionnaire was answered and checked according to their preferences.

27
Secondary data source provided support to the findings of the study and aid in
the development of the questionnaire.
Research Instrument
This study aims to assess the best practices of city anti-drugs abuse council in
implemented.
A self-made questionnaire was the main gathering tools of this study. After a
set of instructions and reminders, the researchers had set down the questions for the
survey proper. The data was divided into three parts. First part will determine the
level of implementation and awareness of city anti-drugs abuse council in Tagaytay
City, Cavite; the second part identifies the problems encountered on city anti-drugs
abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City and the third
part establishes the possible solutions to address the problems.
The research instrument provided the information needed by the researchers in
the content of the research, to associate the results and to meet the necessary
objectives present in the study. Pretesting and revision of the questionnaire was done
to improve the choice of words and sentence construction, check the validity and
reliability of the questions, eliminate unnecessary questions and therefore eliminate
errors and perfect the data collection instrument (Arboleda, 1998).
Data Gathering Procedure
Procedure is the most important thing in research methodology. Without plan
and procedure researchers cannot reach any conclusion. A letter of request was given
to the Mayor of Tagaytay for the permission to conduct the study. Upon approval
28
signing of consent form followed the facilitation and the voluntary participation of the
participants. The researchers disseminate the questionnaire to the city anti-drugs
abuse council members, selected barangay ant-drugs abuse council officials and
selected residents of Tagaytay, Cavite. Data collection was done during the
participant’s free time and availability. They were also given enough time to answer
the first set of survey questionnaire wherein the researchers will assures that necessary
information was protected and kept confidential. The questionnaires were collected
from the respondents a day after the distribution to ensure that the questionnaires will
not be misplaced. This will served as the basis to formulate another set of questions to
attain the solutions to address the problems encountered on the practices provided by
the city anti-drugs abuse council. Same set of participants shall answer the second set
of questionnaire. Tabulation of the completed questionnaires was done after
completing the required number of respondents. Subsequently, the researchers will
discuss in detail about their study and explain about the nature and purpose of the
study. The data collected were subjected for statistical treatment and analysis.
Statistical Treatment of Data
To determine the level of awareness and implementation of city anti-drugs
abuse council officials and selected residents of Tagaytay City on the best practices of
city anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay
City in terms of program objectives, program strategies and program resources, mean
and standard deviation was employed.
To determine the problems on City anti-drugs abuse council community based
drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program objectives, program
strategies and program resources, frequency and percentage was employed.

29
Furthermore, to establish the possible solution on city anti-drugs abuse council
community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program
objectives, program strategies and program resources, frequency and percentage was
also utilized.
30
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data
gathered. The data were tabulated for discussion. In depth analysis and interpretation
were made for better appreciation and understanding of the data.
Table 1 shows the Level of awareness on the best practices of city anti-drugs
abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of
program objectives as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council
officials and residents.
For City and Barangay anti-drugs abuse council Officials, program objectives
got the total mean score of 3.66 with interpretation of “high level of awareness”.
Indicator five (provides an after-care services for the drug related persons such as;
counselling and livelihood programs) had the highest mean score of 3.70 with
interpretation of high level of awareness.
For residents indicator four (give an emphasis to the role of parents and
children in the anti-drug campaign) obtained the highest mean score of 3.86 with
interpretation of high level of awareness. It implies that city anti-drugs abuse council
program objectives, gives a significant emphasis to the important role of the parents
and children in the anti-drug campaign. In fact, the rationale behind including the
family in drug education programs is the idea that when positive, nurturing
relationships are established between parents and their children, this bond can
continue to positively influence development into teen years. When a family life does
not foster positive bonds, teens are more susceptible to high-risk behaviors such as
31
substance abuse, why it is important to involve the parents in the drug education
process (Mallick, 2007).
On the other hand, for residents, indicator for program objectives got the total
mean score of 3.78 with interpretation of high level of awareness.
As shown, it is interesting to note that both participants observed least in
implementation of sustainable livelihood projects as a reintegration program to former
drug pushers and users with the mean of 3.60 for city anti-drugs abuse council
officials and 3.70 for residents with interpretation of high level of awareness. While
they gave highest agreement on all program objectives indicators with mean score
3.76 and interpretation of high level of awareness. Thus, it is evident that the program
objectives of city anti-drugs abuse council are prevalent in Tagaytay, Cavite.

32
Table 1. Level of awareness on the best practices of city anti-drugs abuse council
objectives as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council officials and
residents
OFFICIALS RESIDENTS
INDICATORS
MEAN MEAN
Awareness on Program SCORE
INTERPRETATION
SCORE
INTERPRETATION
Objectives:
1. Conduct a drug 3.66 High Level of 3.78 High Level of
prevention and control Awareness Awareness
seminars to all stakeholders
in the barangay.
2. Implement sustainable 3.60 High Level of 3.70 High Level of
livelihood projects as a Awareness Awareness
reintegration program to
former drug pushers and
users.
3. Conduct an advocacy 3.64 High Level of 3.75 High Level of
and/or preventive education Awareness Awareness
programs.
4. Give an emphasis to the 3.68 High Level of 3.86 High Level of
role of parents and children Awareness Awareness
in the anti-drug campaign.
5. Provides an after-care 3.70 High Level of 3.81 High Level of

services for the drug related Awareness Awareness
persons such as; counselling
and livelihood programs.
HIGH LEVEL
TOTAL OF HIGH LEVEL OF
3.66 AWARENESS 3.78 AWARENESS
Legend:
None 1.00-1.74 Very Low Level of Awareness
Low 1.75-2.49 Low Level of Awareness
Moderate 2.50-3.24 Average Level of Awareness
High 3.25-4.00 High Level of Awareness
33
Table 2 shows the level of awareness on the best practices of city anti-drugs
program strategies as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council
For city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council officials, program strategies
got the total mean score of 3.54 with interpretation of high level of awareness.
Among the indicators, indicator one (peer groups against drugs program)
obtained the highest mean score of 3.57 with interpretation of high level of awareness.
Peer groups against drugs were employed by the City anti-drugs abuse council. As its
revealed 28 actively participating Barangays in Tagaytay City. This is further
supported by Andrew Morral, (2004) that peer groups as community-based drug
treatment programs is considered as the most thorough examination ever of the
effectiveness of commonly available treatment approach because it can help troubled
teens reduce substance abuse and improve their psychological health. While the least
observed was the indicator two (proper procedure and identification process in the
initial contact of persons related to illegal drugs) having a mean of 3.47 with
On the other hand, Residents observed the proper procedure and identification
process in the initial contact of persons related to illegal drugs. Hence it gained the
highest mean score of 3.78 with interpretation of high level of awareness. The
residents obtained the total highest mean 3.74 with interpretation of high level of
awareness. It is further supported by the study of World Health Organization Pyramid
of Mental health Services (2012), even there are complexities of drug problems as the
community-based approach explained, by not sending drug users away and out of
sight, it helps the community to understand the process and that will help reduce
34
stigma and discrimination against drug users. However the residents least observed
was the indicator one (peer groups against drugs program) having a mean of 3.71 with

35
strategies as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council officials and
residents
OFFICIALS RESIDENTS
INDICATORS
MEAN MEAN
INTERPRETATION
SCORE
INTERPRETATION
Strategies:
1. Peer groups against drugs 3.57 High Level of 3.71 High Level of
program. Awareness Awareness
2. Proper procedure and 3.47 High Level of 3.78 High Level of
identification process in the Awareness Awareness
initial contact of persons
related to illegal drugs.
3. Observance of the drug 3.55 High Level of 3.74 High Level of
abuse prevention and Awareness Awareness
control week.
4. Improvement in the 3.55 High Level of 3.76 High Level of
processing of rehabilitation Awareness Awareness
of drug personalities.
5. Attending national 3.55 High Level of 3.72 High Level of

congress of anti-drug abuse Awareness Awareness
council as capability-
building program.
HIGH LEVEL
Legend:
36
Table 3 shows the level of awareness on the best practices of city anti-drugs
program resources as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council
For city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council officials, program resources
got the total mean score of 3.45 with interpretation of high level of awareness.
Indicator five (coordinates with local government unit for logistical assistance
in the conduct of anti-illegal drug programs) obtained the highest mean score of 3.53
with interpretation of high level of awareness. Coordination with local government
unit for logistical assistance in the conduct of anti-illegal drug programs is observed
by the City anti-drugs abuse council officials. It was further supported by such
community-based approach requires local governments to coordinate their programs
not only across multiple departments within a government (Krause, & Hawkins,
2016), but also across community members, the private and non-profit sectors (Sharp
et al., 2010), which is more time intensive and costly than taking a less holistic
approach.
Likewise, for residents they were also observed coordination with local
government unit for logistical assistance in the conduct of anti-illegal drug programs
gained highest mean score of 3.78 with interpretation of high level of awareness. The
residents, program resources obtained the total highest mean 3.68 with interpretation
of high level of awareness. While the least observed for both participants was the
indicator one (provide adequate and sustainable financial and technical support and
strengthen the LGU’s and community partners in the implementation of anti-drugs
programs) having mean of 3.34 for city anti-drugs abuse council and 3.61 for
residents with both interpretation of high level of awareness.

37
strategies as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council officials and
residents
OFFICIALS RESIDENTS
INDICATORS
MEAN MEAN
INTERPRETATION
SCORE
INTERPRETATION
Resources:
1. Provide adequate and 3.34 High Level of 3.61 High Level of
sustainable financial and Awareness Awareness
technical support and
strengthen the LGU’s and
community partners in the
implementation of anti-
drugs programs.
2. Implement sustainable 3.47 High Level of 3.68 High Level of
support projects such as Awareness Awareness
sports, religious,
community service and
other social activities social
activities.
3. Maximize reporting 3.43 High Level of 3.67 High Level of
platform to support Awareness Awareness
monitoring and evaluation
system.
4. Implement community- 3.47 High Level of 3.66 High Level of
based prevention and Awareness Awareness
treatment or community-
based rehabilitation
programs.
5. Coordinates with Local 3.53 High Level of 3.78 High Level of

Government Unit for Awareness Awareness
logistical assistance in the
conduct of anti-illegal drug
programs.
HIGH LEVEL
Legend:
38
Table 4 shows the level of implementation on the best practices of city anti-
drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in
terms of program objectives as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse
council officials and residents.
For city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council officials, program objectives
got the total mean score of 3.55 with interpretation of “highly implemented”.
Indicator five (sustains coordination with concerned government agencies in
actions in drug related activities) obtained the highest mean score of 3.62 with
interpretation of highly implemented. The sustained coordination with concerned
government agencies in actions in drug related activities was supported by the
validation of experts in the field of public service, with different indicators used in the
study.
On the other hand, for residents indicator one (conduct information drive and
educational campaign provided by collaborating agency responsible for anti-illegal
drugs program) gained highest mean score of 3.84 with interpretation of highly
implemented. The residents, program objectives obtained the total highest mean 3.75
with interpretation of highly implemented. It is further supported by the Board
Regulation No. 03 (2017) by the Dangerous Drugs Board that mandates all city anti-
drugs abuse council in every local government unit shall render assistance to the
coordinating law enforcement agencies in the eradication of illegal drugs. They are
appointed to serve as focal point through which a various organizations and
individuals work together cooperatively in the planning, implementation and
evaluation of programs on drugs abuse prevention.
While the least implemented according to both participants was the indicator
five (provide a monthly written report for formulation of possible programs) having a
39
mean of 3.49 for city anti-drugs abuse council and 3.69 for residents with both
interpretation of highly implemented.
Table 4. Level of implementation on the best practices of city anti-drugs abuse
council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of
program objectives as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council
officials and residents
OFFICIALS RESIDENTS
INDICATORS
MEAN MEAN
Implementation on SCORE
INTERPRETATION
SCORE
INTERPRETATION
Program Objectives:
1. Conduct information 3.58 Highly 3.84 Highly
drive and educational Implemented Implemented
campaign provided by
collaborating agency
responsible for anti-illegal
drugs program.
2. Sustains coordination 3.62 Highly 3.80 Highly
with concerned government Implemented Implemented
agencies in actions in drug
related activities.
3. Employ drug prevention 3.53 Highly 3.82 Highly
program within the area. Implemented Implemented
4. Education about rules 3.57 Highly 3.71 Highly
and regulation of Implemented Implemented
conducting drug related
programs.
5. Provide a monthly 3.49 Highly 3.69 Highly

written report for Implemented Implemented
formulation of possible
programs.
HIGH LEVEL OF HIGH LEVEL OF
TOTAL 3.55 IMPLEMENTATION 3.75 IMPLEMENTATION
Legend:
Poor 1.00-1.74 Not Implemented
Average 1.75-2.49 Somewhat Implemented
Good 2.50-3.24 Implemented
Excellent 3.25-4.00 Highly Implemented
40
terms of program strategies as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse
got the total mean score of 3.48 with interpretation of highly implemented.
Among indicators, both indicator two and three (reduce the consumers’
demand for drugs and substances through wide awareness about bad effects of drugs
in locality and adopts a compassionate approach to the victims of drug use by
encouraging voluntary treatment and rehabilitation) obtained the highest mean score
of 3.53 with interpretation of highly implemented. The reduce the consumers’ demand
for drugs and substances through wide awareness about bad effects of drugs in
locality was the primary function of city anti-drugs abuse council with the
coordination to barangay level and adopts a compassionate approach to the victims of
drug use by encouraging voluntary treatment and rehabilitation as cited in guidance
for community-based treatment and care service for drug users in Southeast Asia,
there is strategic approach currently undertaken to combat illicit drug use, known as
the community-based approach that will respond with effort for the country as a
whole. Supply reduction, demand reduction and law enforcement with community as
an element are the strategic approach to be provided (United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime, 2008).
For residents, indicator four (encourage other collaborating agencies to make
and implement programs) gained highest mean score of 3.79 with interpretation of
highly implemented. The residents obtained the total highest mean 3.76 with
interpretation of highly implemented.

41
While the least implemented according to city anti-drugs abuse council was
the indicator five (conduct surveys to determine the magnitude of drug abuse problem
as basis for formulation of policies and drug abuse prevention programs) having a
mean of 3.40 with interpretation of highly implemented. For the residents they
observed two least implemented indicators was one (production of information-
education collaterals materials including flyers, brochure, comics and posters) and
five (conduct surveys to determine the magnitude of drug abuse problem as basis for
formulation of policies and drug abuse prevention programs).

42
program strategies as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council
OFFICIALS RESIDENTS
INDICATORS
MEAN MEAN
INTERPRETATION
SCORE
INTERPRETATION
Program Strategies:
1. Production of 3.45 Highly 3.74 Highly
information-education Implemented Implemented
collaterals materials
including flyers, brochure,
comics and posters.
2. Reduce the consumers’ 3.53 Highly 3.76 Highly
demand for drugs and Implemented Implemented
substances through wide
awareness about bad effects
of drugs in locality.
3. Adopts a compassionate 3.53 Highly 3.77 Highly
approach to the victims of Implemented Implemented
drug use by encouraging
voluntary treatment and
rehabilitation.
4. Encourage other 3.47 Highly 3.79 Highly
collaborating agencies to Implemented Implemented
make and implement
programs.
5. Conduct surveys to 3.40 Highly 3.74 Highly

determine the magnitude of Implemented Implemented
drug abuse problem as basis
for formulation of policies
and drug abuse prevention
programs.
Legend:
43
terms of program strategies as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse
got the total mean score of 3.58 with interpretation of highly implemented.
Indicator three (coordinates with partner Non-Governmental Organization for
implementation of programs related to drug prevention) obtained the highest mean
score of 3.68 with interpretation of “highly implemented”.
For residents, indicator one (utilization of force multiplier in the strategies and
programs implemented by the city) gained highest mean score of 3.77 with
interpretation of highly implemented. The residents obtained the total highest mean
3.72 with interpretation of highly implemented. It is further supported by the
Department of Interior and Local Government (2015) MC No. 2015-063 which shall
render an organize auxiliary team and with basic knowledge against street level illegal
drug trade through seminars or trainings.
While for both participants they observed the least implemented was the
indicator two (offer developmental programs to equip city anti-drug abuse Council
personnel with similar skills and knowledge) having a mean of 3.47 for city anti-drug
abuse council officials and 3.68 for residents with both interpretation of highly
implemented.
44
program resources as perceived by city and barangay anti-drugs abuse council
OFFICIALS RESIDENTS
INDICATORS
MEAN MEAN
INTERPRETATION
SCORE
INTERPRETATION
Program Resources:
1. Utilization of force 3.55 Highly 3.77 Highly
multiplier in the strategies Implemented Implemented
and programs implemented
by the city.
2. Offer developmental 3.47 Highly 3.68 Highly
programs to equip City Implemented Implemented
Anti-Drug Abuse Council
personnel with similar skills
and knowledge.
3. Coordinates with partner 3.68 Highly 3.71 Highly
Non-Governmental Implemented Implemented
Organization for
implementation of
programs related to drug
prevention.
4. Maintains good rapport 3.66 Highly 3.72 Highly
with local police unit to Implemented Implemented
strengthen support from the
campaigns against illegal
drug activities.
5. Provide trainings to city 3.53 Highly 3.71 Highly

anti-drugs abuse council Implemented Implemented
members for better
implementation of
programs.
Legend:
45
Table 7 presents the problems encountered on City anti-drugs abuse council
objectives. As shown 129 of participants revealed that there were inadequate
capabilities of city anti-drugs abuse council members in response to drug related
incidence with 46 percent ranking as the most experienced problem while, the
least problem was the weak capacity of local government units to provide services
for drug control with 5.4 percent. This implies that even there was an effective
drug control programs provided by the local government some members of anti-
drugs abuse council were not efficient in giving response in drug related
incidence. However, the local government unit of Tagaytay was effective and the
processes of developing drug control programs are within a multicultural context.

46
Table 7. Shows the frequency and percentile distribution of the participants on the
problems encountered on City anti-drugs abuse council community based drug
cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program objectives.
PARTICIPANTS
PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED FREQUENCY PERCENT RANKING
Program Objectives
1. Inadequate capabilities of 129 46.4 1
city anti-drugs abuse council
members in response to drug
related incidence.
2. Failure to have the public a 98 35.3 2
strong grasp of information.
3. Weak capacity of local 15 5.4 7
government units to provide
services for drug control.
33 11.9 5
4. Lack of access to holistic
treatment modalities.
5. Lack of trainings on drug 27 9.7 6
education and information
programs.
6. Weak coordination with 35 12.6 4
other institutions
implementing programs and
projects on drug-abuse
prevention.
72 25.9 3
7. Poor practices on the
implementation of anti-illegal
drugs programs.
Table 8 indicates the problems encountered on City anti-drugs abuse council
community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of of program
strategies. 58 of the participants or 20.9 percent revealed that there was lack of
funds for research that will help for formulation of programs. It appears that
participants believed on the importance of research for better formulation of drug
prevention programs. While the least problem encountered was the weak
47
implementation of drug-free policies and programs in various settings and
incapability to properly implement community-based treatment with zero
frequency.
cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program strategies.
PROBLEMS PARTICIPANTS
Program Strategies
1. Weak implementation of 0 0 -
drug-free policies and programs
in various settings.
2. Failure to cooperate with 43 15.5 3
regional and international unit on
drug control.
3. Weak capacity of local 1 .4 5
government units to provide
services for drug control.
4. Absence of suggestions and 49 17.6 2
recommendations by the
community in the
implementation of CADAC.
5. Insufficient number of
CADAC member for 42 15.1 4
implementing programs and
strategies.
6. Incapability to properly 0 0 -
implement community-based
treatment.
7. Lack of funds for research that 58 20.9 1
will help for formulation of
programs.
48
Table 9 indicates the problems encountered on City anti-drugs abuse council
resources. 71 of the participants or 25.5 percent revealed that there was lack of
resources and financial support for alternative development programs. It seems
that city anti-drugs abuse council focused on prevention programs while giving
least importance to alternative development programs that will help in addressing
the livelihood of drug related personalities. While the least problem encountered
was the incapability to properly implement community-based treatment with zero
frequency.
cleared operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program resources.
PROBLEMS PARTICIPANTS
Program Resources
1. Lack of resources and financial 71 25.5 1
support for alternative
development programs.
2. Limited utilization of 31 11.2 3
community-based intervention
for drug use prevention.
3. Scarce fund to maintain a
community-based rehabilitation 49 17.6
2
other than institutionalized
facility.
4. Absence of suggestions and
recommendations by the 3 1.1
5
community in the implementation
of CADAC.
5. Lack of access to government
23 8.3
residential and private drug abuse 4
treatment and rehabilitation
centers.
6. Incapability to properly 0 0 -
implement community-based
treatment.
49
Table 10 indicates the possible solution on City anti-drugs abuse council
objectives. To address the problem encountered on inadequate capabilities of city
anti-drugs abuse council members in response to drug related incidence 229 of the
participants or 82.4 percent revealed that there was a need to provide an action
plan about drug related incidence for every head of anti-drugs abuse council.
According to PMAJ Rodney Raymund Louie J. Baloyo IV, the plan of action will
serve as the steps taken in order to achieve the objectives with the proper
resources needed.
Likewise, to address the problem encountered on failure to have the public a
strong grasp of information 206 of the participants or 74.1 percent believed that
there was a need to conduct school based seminars for primary and high schools
about illegal drugs. It was further supported by the study of United States
Department of Education (2002), School-based drug prevention shown to be
effective in reducing abuse and therefore makes more sense to view drug
prevention principally as a public-health program rather than principally as a
criminal justice intervention in the war on illicit drugs.

50
possible solutions on City anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared
operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program objectives.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS PARTICIPANTS

FREQUENCY PERCENT RANKING
Program Objectives
1. Inadequate capabilities of city
anti-drugs abuse council
members in response to drug
related incidence:
2
a. Provide several trainings and 222 79.9
workshop to enhance the
knowledge, skills and
competency of city anti-drugs
abuse council members.
5
b. Enactment of professional 176 63.3
standards for anti-drugs abuse
council.
3
c. Provide an incentive program 218 78.4
for members of anti-drugs abuse
council.
4
d. Intervention program from the 184 66.2
concerned government agencies
in order to capacitate the
members of anti-drugs abuse
council.
1
e. Provide an Action plan about 229 82.4
drug related incidence for every
head of anti-drugs abuse council.
2. Failure to have the public a
strong grasp of information:
a. Conduct a broader scope of 187 67.3 4
public education towards risks
associated with drug use.
b. Developing community 200 71.9 2

partnerships that will further
disseminate anti-drugs
prevention programs.
c. Conduct school based 206 74.1 1
seminars for primary and high
schools about illegal drugs.
51
d. Dissemination of leaflets, 192 69.1 3

giving away of flyers and posting
of safety precautions through the
help of volunteer and
collaborating agency.
e. Comprehensive system of 176 63.3 5
conducting an advocacy and
information drive aligned with
local government actions.
strategies. 235 of the participants or 84.5 percent believed that to address the
problem on lack of funds for research that will help for formulation of programs,
there was need to seek financial assistance to private companies/organizations as
endorsed by the barangay captain/mayor.
On the other hand, 213 of participants or 76.6 percent agreed to have an
establish plan of action that is community friendly to address the problem on
absence of suggestions and recommendations by the community in the
implementation of city anti-drugs abuse council. This indicates that the city anti-
drugs abuse council and residents of Tagaytay City are wanted to be informed the
community on the plan of action of the city anti-drugs abuse council.

52
operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program strategies.

Program Strategies
1. Lack of funds for research that
will help for formulation of
programs:
a. Allocating fund of local 200 71.9 2
government to conduct a
research.
b. Seek financial assistance to 159 57.2 3
private companies/organizations
to support its operations.
c. Encourage local researchers to 140 50.4 4
conduct their study which will
further help the anti-drugs abuse
council from its results.
d. Seek financial assistance to
private companies/organizations 235 84.5 1
as endorsed by the barangay
captain/mayor.
e. Conduct alternative fund 1 .4 5
raising events to support research
that will help in formulation of
possible programs.
2. Absence of suggestions and
recommendations by the
community in the
implementation of CADAC:
a. Establish a modernize
suggestion and recommendation 165 59.4 5
feedback through social media.
b. Conduct a monthly open 196 70.5 4
forum for the development of
drug prevention and
implementation programs.
c. Invite community stakeholders 211 75.9
to attend the quarterly barangay 2
assembly.
53
d. Conduct a quality assurance 208 74.8 3

services to community
stakeholders.
213 76.6 1
e. Establish a plan of action that
is community friendly.
resources. 223 of the participants or 80.2 percent revealed that there was a need to
seek financial assistance to private companies/organizations to support its operations
to address the problem on lack of resources and financial support for alternative
Moreover, 238 of the participants or 85.6 percent believed that the
coordination with institutionalized facility to help in the assistance of drug related
incidence would address the problem on scarce fund to maintain a community-based
rehabilitation other than institutionalized facility. This implies that the allocation of
budget on the city anti-drugs abuse council was not enough to support its program
developments.
54
operation in Tagaytay City in terms of program resources.

Program Resources
1. Lack of resources and
financial support for alternative
development programs:
a. Coordinate with concerned 211 75.9 3
agencies for alternative
development of programs.
captain/mayor.
204 73.4 5
c. Conduct alternative fund
raising events to support their
resources and for alternative
programs.
d. Allocating fund of local 205 73.7 4
government to suffice resources
and financial support for
1
e. Seek financial assistance to 223 80.2
2. Scarce fund to maintain a
community-based rehabilitation
other than institutionalized
facility:
a. Allocating fund of local 210 75.5 4
government to maintain a
community-based rehabilitation.

c. Coordinate with 238 85.6 1
institutionalized facility to help
in the assistance of drug related
incidence.
55
d. Seek financial assistance to

195 70.1 5
captain/mayor.
e. Conduct alternative fund 211 75.9 3
raising events to support
maintenance of community-
based rehabilitation.
56
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the

study.
Summary
The study assesses the best practices of City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council in
implemented. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the level of awareness and
implementation, determine the problems encountered and establish possible solutions
to address the problems in terms of program objectives, strategies and resources.
Descriptive research design was used in this study. The study was conducted at
Tagaytay City, Cavite. A total of 278 participants were selected through purposive
and convenience random sampling technique which a survey questionnaire was
utilized as research instrument coming from 15 barangays that were able to respond.
The study revealed that the level of awareness and implementation of city anti-
drugs abuse council officials and residents in terms of program objectives, strategies
and resources was high. Indicating the prevalence effort of city anti-drugs abuse
council in the implementation of its community based approach programs.
Specifically, the drug-cleared status of Tagaytay City, signified its effectiveness.
For city anti-drugs abuse council officials and residents, the inadequate
capabilities of city anti-drugs abuse council members in response to drug related
incidence in the program objectives, lack of funds for research that will help for
formulation of programs in the program strategies and the lack of resources and
financial support for alternative development programs in the program resources are
57
the common problems encountered on city anti-drugs abuse council community based
drug cleared operation in Tagaytay City.
Regarding to possible solution the most suggested by the city anti-drugs abuse
council officials and residents is to provide an action plan about drug related
incidence for every head of anti-drugs abuse council for program objectives, followed
by the coordination with institutionalized facility to help in the assistance of drug
related incidence for program strategies and lastly seek financial assistance to private
companies/organizations to support its operations for program resources.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn.
Generally, Participants level of awareness was highly aware. They give an
emphasis to the role of parents and children in the anti-drug campaign. It implies that
city anti-drugs abuse council program objectives, gives a significant emphasis to the
important role of the parents and children in the anti-drug campaign. Same with
program strategies that peer groups against drugs were employed by the City anti-
drugs abuse council. As its revealed 28 actively participating Barangays in Tagaytay
City. Also, the program resources that coordinate with local government unit for
logistical assistance in the conduct of anti-illegal drug programs is observed by the
City anti-drugs abuse council officials this includes the planning and controlling of
resources effective and efficiently. Correspondingly, the level of implementation of
city anti-drugs abuse council was highly implemented in any terms indicated therein.
When it comes to problem encountered, in terms of program objectives
participants revealed that there were inadequate capabilities of city anti-drugs abuse
council members in response to drug related incidence ranking as the most

58
experienced problem while, the least problem was the weak capacity of local
government units to provide services for drug control This implies that even there was
an effective drug control programs provided by the local government some members
of anti-drugs abuse council were not efficient in giving response in drug related
incidence. In terms of program strategies the participants revealed that there was lack
of funds for research that will help for formulation of programs. It appears that
participants believed on the importance of research for better formulation of drug
prevention programs. In terms of program resources participants revealed that there
was lack of resources and financial support for alternative development programs. It
seems that city anti-drugs abuse council focused on prevention programs while giving
least importance to alternative development programs that will help in addressing the
livelihood of drug related personalities.
Overall, in terms of possible solution both participants perceived that
providing an action plan about drug related incidence for every head of anti-drugs
abuse council would address the problem regards to inadequate capabilities of city
anti-drugs abuse council members in response to drug related incidence and with the
established plan of action that is community friendly it will addressed the absence of
suggestions and recommendations by the community in the implementation of city
anti-drugs abuse council.
Recommendations
Recommendations for programs result from information obtained from this
study and further study recommendations result from questions raised during this
process. Recommendations are made for both program and research.

59
Program Recommendations
The following suggestions for program application are proposed from the
study’s Findings.
1. City anti-drug abuse council officials and residents of Tagaytay City should re-
evaluate their plan of actions to more community friendly approach as one of their
best practices.
2. City anti-drugs abuse council officials must help pave the way by giving the
necessary funds to train staff and develop programs with Barangay anti-drugs abuse
council that meet the needs of community.
3. Auxiliary member of anti-drugs abuse council must be developed their sense of
responsibility. The team is the foundation upon which all other programs and
characteristics can be developed in the community. Once the teaming process is
mastered in a building then all other programs can be introduced and staff trained.
Research Recommendations
The following suggestions are proposed for further research.
1. A study should be conducted that reviews the implementation of Barangay ant-
drugs abuse council.
2. A qualitative research design should be used to examine differences in city anti-
drugs abuse council officials of different city and municipality.
4. A similar study should also be conducted including a school-based approach in
drug prevention programs.
5. A study should be conducted to determine if socio economic profile such as age,
years in service, educational attainment, level of awareness and knowledge have any
impact on best practices of implementation of drug prevention programs.

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Best Practices of City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council (Cadac) As Community-Based Approach in Drug-Cleared City of Tagaytay, Cavite

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1

BEST PRACTICES OF CITY ANTI-DRUGS ABUSE COUNCIL (CADAC)

Mark Ervin V. Alarca

An undergraduate thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Criminal Justice,

There is no doubt that prevalence of illicit drugs is a global problem (National

to education, resulting to an endless number of consequences on family health (United

production and consumption or trafficking of drugs.

is regulated by three international conventions: the 1961 Single Convention on

Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

introduction of progressive and practical drug control policies in individual countries

be one of the main issues that affect international society.

Many scholars have underscored the role of local governments in addressing

is a distinctive pattern in their implementation of programs that usually include a set

of incentive-oriented and information-based tools designed to encourage individuals

Accordingly, local governments have increasingly adopted comprehensive programs

these variations therefore provide richer explanation about local governments’

differently. Rather, scholars have typically regarded these decisions monolithically

stakeholder pressures and organizational capacities are likely to relate to whether or

influence whether or not these programs address a narrow or a broad range of

community issues (Chair, 2016).

Consequently, in the Philippines, the people who have authority or control of

Local leaders are expected to make decisions in a hierarchical society. As such, it is in

community as a whole is very important (Dela Peña, 2003). As a result, creation of

law enforcement alone cannot address the issue.

Furthermore, revitalizing the City Anti-Drugs Abuse Council, which is created

anti-drugs abuse council (BADAC) as grassroots program of the Department of

were deputized and empowered to implement strategic policies on drug prevention

of illegal drugs. (DILG, M.C. 2015-63).

Gruenewald (2003) suggest that different prevention programs addressed

maximum effectiveness. Comprehensive community-based approaches have emerged

private sectors. This support is based on the observation that community-based

problems in a community. It is expected that the implementation of community-based

social consequences of drug use (Gorman and Molina, 1997).

institutions to improved preventions, interventions and programs, legislative policies,

effective community-based drugs programs include lack of funding, lack of staff

resources, and lack of understanding of best practices. Another difficulty programs

full value of best practices, everyone needs to be involved. To continue or achieve

a best practice culture, organizations must communicate their commitment

Community-driven implementation builds heavily on the decision making of

community leaders, often in partnership with researchers, with a focus on improving

the community relevance and sustainability of a program. The involvement of

researchers in identifying best practices may be quite limited or very involved

(Minkler, 2004), but it always focuses on community leadership and establishment of

not on the capacity of implementer itself. Also as institutions implemented these

programs, we sought to identify common difficulties they encountered. This

national governments, to more effectively target and monitor their contributions to

strengthen the quality of practices (Wallis and Selina, 2017).

strategies implemented. Knowledge of these different dimensions is essential for

needed to disseminate to local government authorities, police services and NGOs to

Statement of the Problem

drugs abuse council in Tagaytay City, Cavite.

Specifically, it aims to answers the following research problems:

1. What is the level of awareness of city anti-drugs abuse council/barangay anti-

anti-drugs abuse council community based drug cleared operation in Tagaytay

City in terms of:

1.1. program objectives;

1.2. program strategies; and

1.3. program resources?

2. What is the level of implementation of city anti-drugs abuse council/barangay

City in terms of:

2.1. program objectives;

2.2. program strategies; and