APPENDIX 1106 Mathematical Operations A.1_ EXPONENTIAL NOTATION “The mumbers use in chemistry are often either extremely lage or extremely small Such numbers ae conveniently expreseed inthe forth Noca0e ‘where Nisa number between 1 and 10, and Is the exponent Some examples ‘ofthis exponent nolan, which sao cae siete rata, alow 1,200,000%51.2 x 10 (read “ome point eo times ten tothe sth power") (0.000604 is 6.04 x 10° (read "sx point zor fur times ten tothe negative fourth power") A positive exponent, a inthe fest example, tll us how many tes 2 smamber must be multiplied by 10 give the long, form ofthe number 12 10 = 12% 19% 10 X 10x 10 % 10 % 10x tens) = 1200000 This also convenient think ofthe postice exponent asthe numberof places the decal poiat must be moved to thee to aban a urier preter han Tan les than TI we begin with 3480 and move the decimal point thee places to the eft, we end up with 345 % 10 Tia relaed fashion, negative exponent tell us how many times we must lividea number by 10 fo give the lng form ofthe number 608 a 0b 104 = 0.000604 1 convenient to think ofthe negutive exponent asthe number of place the ‘decimal print mathe moved to the right to obtain a nmber greater than 1 Bt less han 0; Irwe begin with 0.0048 and move the decimal pont three paces the ight, we end sp wth 48 10° Inthe system of exponential notation, with each shift ofthe decimal point ‘one place to the righ the exponent decries by 1 30 = 48 x04 ‘Silly, with ech shit of dhe decimal point one place to thee the exponent increases by I rea Many scientific calculators have a key labeled EXP or EE which suse to ‘enter nuaibers in exponential notation, To enter the umber 38 X 10? on such ‘eaeulator, the key sequence is Se (On some calculators the display will show 5.8, then a space, followed by 03, the exponent On other calculator, a small 10 shown with an exponent 3 048 x 107“Toenters negative exponent use the key labeled +/~, For example, tent ‘the muimber 36 % 10°, the key sequences Be hon entering « munber i exponent rotating do mat key i the 10 you ase Ie EXD or FE ttn In working with exponents iis important to real that 108 = 1, The foe lowing rules are useful for carrying exponents trough calculations, 1, Addon ond Subtraction In onder to ad or subtract numbers expressed in ‘exponential nolauon, the powers of 10 mustbe te same (622 x 108) ~ G21 x 10) = (2 « 104 = Gal x 16} 7 525% 10" (6 signticat Figures) 525 x 108 = (625 10%) ~ (0577 x 10%) (625 x 0°} = 77 x 10%) = 567 10? (significant figures) When you use a calculator toads or subtract, you nee not be concerned ‘with having numbers ith the samt exponen, because the calculator au Vomatially takes eave of tis atte Multiistio and Dison _ When numbers expressed in exponential nota: tion are multiplied, the exponents are added: when numbers expressed in ‘exponential notation ae divided, the exponent ofthe denominator i ub tracted from the exponent ofthe numesstor (64 x rohy@ x 10 = ayn) « 108 Sabae Loeat (a woven cso) = 0829) 09 = 39308 aac ag Bach 0409 cat ii SEE 80 ogre a7 ck 53, Powers and Raols_ When numbers expresod in exponential notation are raised toa power, the exponents are mlipied by the power When the ‘ool of numbers expressed in exponential aolaton are taken, the xpo- rents re divided by the oot (12 x 10% = 1.27 10% 17 x10 Was xe = W25 x 108 1s x18 ‘Seinti calculators usualy have keys beled # and VF for squaring and taking the square root of «numer, ceapesvey To ake higher powers ot roots many calculators have "end VY (or INV g") hays. For example (0 aveyf pesform the operation \/7S > 10“ on such aclculatr, you would key in 75 x 10°, press the VW key (or the INV and then the keys), enter the oot 3,and finaly press =. Tha resultis 9.1% 107 ‘AA Exponential Notation 1105;1106 APPENDIX A Mathematical Operations "SAMPLE EXERCISE 1 | Using Exponential Notation Pato ach ofthe folowing peraton, sing Your aeuatr where posse (a) We te namber DS stndra exponen notation 0) G0 x1) + 7x 10°), (e@ (588 «108237 107) a Visa® soution (3 Brcs we move the decal point he places othe ght to convert OM 10 Sa feet saxo Seti clues are generally abet convert number to exponential notation ‘Sg to to xpos Cell our ntrcion mama iso now Bus pe ‘on tssccompls on your elas (0) od hse nies Langhand, we ast contest ham othe same expen (60 x 1) + (47 x 10%} ~ 0+ 047) x 10 (ate that he sult ony to sgncan gues) To perform this operation ona GSEEAES we cert Sat uote cho ie hey Beno elo set ‘nde the hy. 1 Perorming i operation Jonghand, we have (698 277) 109 = 166 « 10" = 1466 x 10 (Om a scenic cleltr, we enter 5.98 ¥ 10 pros the % hy, enter 277% 10, Sha press the = hy = {ah operons th operaon on alcalatay, w eter the number pas the $F key (Gude RV and y hs) ener and press the = hay. The sults 15% 10" sm practice exincise Peo he flowing operons (2) We 700 teen potatin showing to giant gue © Ga8x 10>) fa x10 — {0 aan oye 10) Ad) (6.67 xP Anse) 7% 10 0) 8228 30°69 247 108,297 10 A.2_ LOGARITHMS Common Logarithms ‘Tho common, or base-10, logarithm (abbreviated lg) of any number isthe ‘power fo which 10 ust be raised to equal the autaber, For example, the cox ‘mon logarithm of 1000 (writen log 1000) is 3 becuse raising 10 tothe third power gives 100 10" ~ 1000, therefore log 1000 = 3 Further examples are Jog 0? ogi =9 (Remember shat 0? — 1) log 10-8 = -2 In these examples the common logarithm can be obtained by inspection, How {ever itis not posible o obtain the logarton of a mamber such 3531.25 by i “pecton, The logarithm of 31.25 fs the number ¥ tat satises the following ‘elatonship wt = 3125