EVACUATION

AND
FLOOD PROOFING

GROUP 4

FLOOD EVACUATION:

• INTRODUCTION

• FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM

• FLOOD EVACUATION PLAN

• EVACUATION CENTERS

INTRODUCTION:
Emergency evacuation is the immediate and urgent movement of people away from a threat or actual occurrence of a hazard.
Examples range from the small scale evacuation of a building due to a storm or fire to the large scale evacuation of a district because
of a flood, bombardment or approaching weather system. Emergency evacuation procedures are developed to ensure the safest and
most efficient evacuation time of all expected residents of a structure, city, or region. A benchmark "evacuation time" for different
hazards and conditions is established. These benchmarks can be established through using best practices, regulations, or using
simulations, such as modeling the flow of people in a building, to determine the benchmark. Proper planning will use multiple
exits, contra-flow lanes, and special technologies to ensure full, fast and complete evacuation. Consideration for personal situations
which may affect an individual's ability to evacuate is taken into account, including alarm signals that use both aural and visual alerts,
and also evacuation equipment such as sleds, pads, and chairs for non-ambulatory people.

FLOOD WARNING SYSTEMS:

A flood warning system is a way of detecting threatening events in advance. This enables the public to be warned en masse so that
actions can be taken to reduce the adverse effects of the event.
The purpose of a flood warning service is to detect and forecast threatening flood events so that the public can be alerted in advance
and can undertake appropriate responses to minimize the impact of the event. This is a particularly important technology in developing
countries, where flooding results in massive loss of life and property.
A flood warning process has two distinct stages: (1) flood warning and (2) response. These stages are composed of a number of sub-
stages and are linked through the dissemination of warnings.

FLOOD EVACUATION PLAN(FEP):

Having an evacuation plan in place before a flood occurs can help avoid confusion and prevent injuries and property damage. A
thorough evacuation plan should include:

• Conditions that will activate the plan

• Chain of command

• Emergency functions and who will perform them

• Specific evacuation procedures, including routes and exits

• Procedures for accounting for personnel, customers and visitors

• Equipment for personnel

• Review the plan with workers

LOCAL FEP’S ARE GOVERNED BY THE NDRRMP:
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfills the requirement of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which
provides the legal basis for policies, plans and programs to deal with disasters. The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas, namely, (1)
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery,
which correspond to the structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). By law, the Office of
Civil Defense formulates and implements the NDRRMP and ensures that the physical framework, social, economic and environmental
plans of communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such plan.

FLOOD EVACUATION CENTERS(EC):

• There are several considerations which one should keep in mind when planning for an evacuation camp. And these are as
follows :

• Safety of the place/building. Be sure that it is not threatened by the same hazard that brought about the emergency.

• If a building is to be used as an EC, be sure it is suitable for the purpose. A movie house is definitely not a good choice. In
the Philippines the most common buildings used are ; schools, churches, gyms.

• Organizational structure among those who will manage the camp

• Social organization among the evacuees

• Provision of basic services(e.g. health services)

• Provision for privacy and recreational activities

• Promotion of self- reliance and employment opportunities

FLOODPROOFING:

• INTRODUCTION

• DRY FLOODPROOFING

• WET FLOODPROOFING

• OTHER FLOOD PROOFING METHODS

INTRODUCTION:
Flood proofing is defined as combination of structural and non-structural changes, or adjustments made in the building that reduces or
prevents flood damage to the structure and/or its contents. It can also be stated as any structural or non-structural measures intended
to prevent damage from flooding to a building.
It also covers the preparation of plans and emergency actions taken such as sandbagging, moving furniture’s and valuables to high
floors, blocking openings or safely evacuating the area.
However, flood proofing is not cure for flood problems but one of the many available flood damage reduction tools.

FLOODPROOFING FACTORS:

• Height of maximum flood level

• Velocity of water flow during flood peaks

• Duration and frequency of flood

The ultimate decision to use flood proofing techniques alone, or in combination with flood protection works requires cost-benefit
analysis. Flood proofing is economically justified when the anticipated benefits exceeds the estimated cost.

TWO TYPES OF FLOODPROOFING:

• DRY FLOODPROOFING

• WET FLOODPROOFING

DRY VS WET FLOODPROOFING:

DRY
Keeps the floodwater OUT of the building or structure

WET
Allows water to move IN the enclosed parts of a building's lower area, and then out when water recedes.

DRY FLOODPROOFING:
A dry flood-proofed structure is made watertight below the expected flood level in order to prevent floodwaters from entering in the first
place. Making the structure watertight requires sealing the walls with waterproof coatings, impermeable membranes, or a supplemental
layer of masonry or concrete, installing watertight shields on openings and fitting measures to prevent sewer backup (FEMA, 2007).

DRY FLOODPROOFING IS DEPENDENT IN PART ON:

• Flood depth and length of time structure is flooded

• Potential for heavy floodwater movement or currents and wave action

• Potential for debris in the floodwaters or with high winds

• Wall construction and foundation

DRY FLOODPROOFING INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:

• USING WATERPROOF MEMBRANES OR OTHER SEALANTS TO PREVENT WATER FROM ENTERING THE
STRUCTURE THROUGH WALLS

• INSTALLING WATER-TIGHT SHIELDS OVER WINDOWS AND WALLS

• INSTALLING MEASURES TO PREVENT SEWER BACKUP

A. WATERPROOF MEMBRANE
Installing heavy plastic sheeting or waterproof membrane along a wall’s exterior surface is an effective means of waterproofing. The
waterproof membrane can be installed relatively quickly; however, it does require human intervention. The membrane is unsightly and
cannot remain in place indefinitely. Furthermore, the plastic will deteriorate with continued exposure to solar radiation.
 B. CLOSURES
In conjunction with a waterproof membrane, openings in the walls need to be closed, either with temporary closures or permanently
sealed shut.

C. SEWER BACKUP PROTECTION

Backup of sanitary sewers into a structure is a major concern due to health hazards. Even after floodwaters have receded, contents
and belongings that have been exposed to sewage are severely contaminated and can be nearly impossible to clean. The five main
approaches to protect a structure against sewer backup are floor drain plugs, floor drain standpipes, overhead sewers, backup valves
and grinder pumps.

ADVANTAGES

• Dry flood proofing is less costly than other retrofitting methods.

• Does not require the additional land that may be needed for levees and floodwall

DISADVANTAGES

• May not be used to bring a substantially damaged or substantially improved residential structure into compliance with the
community’s floodplain management ordinance or law.

• Dry flood proofing requires human intervention and adequate warning to install protective measures.

• Does not minimize the potential damage from high-velocity flood flow and wave action.

• Ongoing maintenance is required.

• Flood shields may not be aesthetically pleasing.

WET FLOODPROOFING:
Wet floodproofing measures typically include structural measures, such as properly anchoring structures against flood flows, using
flood resistant materials below the expected flood depth, protection of mechanical and utility equipment and use of openings or
breakaway walls to allow passage of flood waters without causing major structural damage (FEMA, 2010).

WET FLOODPROOFING IS USED FOR:

• Walkout basements.

• Below-grade basements.

• Crawlspaces or garages

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

• CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• BASEMENT AREAS

• FLOOD DURATION
 • LOCATION OF UTILITIES

• CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Because wet floodproofing allows floodwaters to enter the structure, all construction and finishing materials that may be under water
must be resistant to flood damage. For this reason, wet floodproofing is practical only for non-living spaces, a walkout-on-grade
basement, crawlspace, or garage. Wet floodproofing is not practical for most slab -on-grade structures that have the living space at or
near ground level. Whether or not wet floodproofing is appropriate depends on the flood conditions, the design and construction of the
structure, and whether the structure has been substantially damaged or is being substantially improved. However, many industrial or
commercial structures could benefit greatly from wet floodproofing techniques.

MATERIALS THAT RESIST WATER DAMAGE:

· Concrete, concrete block, or glazed brick
· Clay, concrete, or ceramic tile
· Galvanized or stainless steel nails, hurricane clips, and connectors (in areas subject to salt water flooding)
· Indoor-outdoor carpeting with synthetic backing (do not fasten down)
· Vinyl, terrazzo, rubber, or vinyl floor covering with waterproof adhesives
· Metal doors and window frames
· Polyester-epoxy paint (do not use mildew-resistant paint indoors, especially on cribs, playpens, or toys because it contains an
ingredient that is toxic.)
· Stone, slate, or cast stone (with waterproof mortar)
· Styrofoam insulation
· Water resistant glue
FLOODWATER-EXPOSED BUILDING COMPONENTS SHALL BE WATER-RESISTANT

• BASEMENT AREAS
Wet floodproofing is appropriate if all valuable contents have been or can readily be relocated to a flood-free space above the flood
protection level and hydrostatic vent openings have been installed. If basement utilities cannot be relocated to a higher level, they can
be protected by being placed in a watertight room or enclosure made of impermeable material such as concrete.

• FLOOD DURATION
If the duration of the flood is longer than one day, wet floodproofing is not a reasonable approach to protecting a structure. The
structural integrity of building components can be affected by long exposure to floodwaters and the very high moisture content of the
atmosphere within buildings can lead to conditions very favorable to the growth of mold and mildew. Wooden structural members will
warp and lose their ability to act as the design was intended.

• LOCATION OF UTILITIES
Any electrical outlets should be relocated or elevated to higher areas on the wall above the flood protection elevation, as there is a
danger of not being unable to shut off the electrical panel before the basement floods. Relocation of utilities also includes the electrical
service panel and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) ductwork.

ADVANTAGES

• Wet floodproofing measures are often less costly than other mitigation measures.

• Allows internal and external hydrostatic pressures to equalize, lessening the loads on walls and floors.
 DISADVANTAGES

• Extensive cleanup may be necessary if the structure becomes wet inside and possibly contaminated by sewage, chemicals, and
other materials borne by floodwaters.

• Pumping floodwaters out of a basement too soon after a flood may lead to structural damage.

• Periodic maintenance may be required.

• Does not minimize the potential damage from high-velocity flood

OTHER METHODS OF FLOODPROOFING:

• ELEVATION
Most buildings can be raised so that the lowest floor is above the possible flood level. If you had foundation damage from the
flood, you may need to raise the house to repair it. It will be easier and cheaper to elevate the house at that time.
An elevated building will need a new foundation. The contractor will jack up a structure and temporarily set it on a temporary framework
called cribbing while the foundation is built underneath. The foundations of an elevated building may be columns, piers, pilings, or
raised foundation walls. The elevated building will usually look better and have added protection if fill dirt is placed around the new
foundation.

OTHER METHODS OF FLOODPROOFING:

• RELOCATION
Moving a building out of the flood-prone area is the surest way to protect it from flood damage. Most houses and smaller
commercial buildings in good condition can be moved, and it is usually no problem to find contractors experienced in moving buildings.
You will have to purchase a new lot unless your present lot is large and has a good spot on higher ground for your house. Relocation
and elevation are the only reasonable choices for protecting a home that is subject to deep flooding of more than six(6) feet in depth or
to coastal flooding.

OTHER METHODS OF FLOODPROOFING:

• FLOODWALLS
Floodwalls, berms, and levees all work to keep floodwaters from reaching your house. They are built to at least the height of
the flood protection level in your area. Floodwalls are usually made of concrete. Berms are simply small levees, usually built from fill
dirt.
Floodwalls of all types work best in places where flooding is less than three feet deep. If flood-waters near your home develop swift
currents, floodwalls, levees, and berms cannot be used - they may wash away. Floodwalls and berms may not be appropriate for
homes with basements.
If there is not enough room for a berm or levee, you may be able to build a floodwall made of concrete, which takes up less room. The
walls should contain internal reinforcing bars to give added strength as well as to help walls resist cracking and settling over time. Walls
must be properly anchored to withstand the same water pressure that can destroy basement walls.