Experiment No. 1 California Bearing Ratio

Experiment No.
1
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to introduce to the students the standard method of determining the strength of base, subbase and
sub grade material using the California Bearing Ratio.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
 Connect the CBR value in the determination of the thickness of sub grade soil for a specific wheel load.
 Determine the California bearing ratio in a given soil sample.
describe the methods of how the California bearing test is performed
3. Discussion:
The California Bearing Ratio test (CBR) was developed by the California Division of Highways as a method
of classifying the soils for suitability for use in highway construction, especially for the classification of base coarse
materials for the support of flexible pavements. Shortly after the start of World War II the US Army Engineers adopted
the CBR test for use in design and construction of bases for airfield runways. The army engineers greatly improved
the test procedure by substituting a dynamic method of compacting the soil and this change is now accepted as the
standard procedure.
The CBR test is a measure of the shearing resistance of the soil under controlled density and moisture
conditions. Therefore the test cannot be considered as a classification test since the results are not constant for given
soils but dependent on such factors as density and moisture content as well as size and shape of the grains.
The CBR value is expressed as a percentage of the unit load required to force a piston into the soil divided
by the unit load required to force the same piston to the same depth into a standard sample of compacted, crushed
stone.
CBR = test unit load x 100

Standard unit load
The standard unit load obtained from the average of a large number of tests on different crushed stones and
are as follows:
Penetration (in) mm Unit load (psi) MPa

(0.1) 2.5 (1000) 6.895
(0.2) 5.0 (1500) 10.342
(0.3)7.5 (1900) 13.100
(0.4) 10.0 (2300) 15.858
(0.5) 12.5 (2600) 17.926
The CBR usually selected is at 0.1-inch penetration. If the CBR 0.2-inch penetration is greater than at the
0.1 inch penetration, the test should be rerun if the check test gives similar results. The value for the 0.2-inch
penetration is used. The CBR test can also be made in place on
4. Resources:
1. CBR Mold
2. Hammer
1
3. Spacer disk
4. Apparatus for measuring expansions
5. Dial indicators
6. Surcharge weight
7. Penetration piston
8. Loading device
9. Soaking tank
10. Drying oven
11. Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pans
12. Spoons, straight edge, balance, drying oven
13. Desiccator and drying can
5. Procedure:
aCourse: CE510 Experiment No.: 1
Group No.: 1 Section: CE52FA2
Group Leader: Artus, Angelica G. Date Performed: 11-23-18
Group Members: Abuan, Sid Nicholas M. Date Submitted: 12-7-18
1. Advincula, Roy Justo M. Instructor: Engr. Camino
2.Alafriz, Luher Joyda P.
3.Alejandro, Mark Andrew U.
4.Ampoloquio, Mica P.
5.Magbutay, Gibson Dominic
2
6. Data and Results:
Description of Sample: Reddish, Clayey typed soil
Sampled at: San Mateo, Rizal
CONDITION OF SAMPLE:
( / ) SOAKED ( ) UNSOAKED
DAY DENSITY:
Before Soaking = 3161.2 g

After Soaking = 4030.53 g
Water Content = 27.5
Before Compaction: 107 mm
After Compaction: 110 mm
Average After Soaking: 10.85 mm
SWELL (PERCENTAGE OF INITIAL HEIGHT) = 2.80%

SURCHARGE WEIGHT = 869.33 g
AREA OF
PENETRATION
LOAD PENETRATION UNIT LOAD IN
NUMBER
(sq.mm)
inch mm lbf Kn. Piston psi mpa
0.025 0.64 4720.99 21 2026.8299 1502.591 10.36
0.050 1.27 7643.5 34 2026.8299 2432.28 16.77
0.075 1.91 10790.8 49 2026.8299 3507.01 24.18
0.100 2.54 13263.7 59 2026.8299 4222.05 29.11
0.125 3.18 14387.8 64 2026.8299 4580.29 31.58
0.150 3.81 15961.4 71 2026.8299 5080.67 35.03
0.175 4.45 16860.7 75 2026.8299 5366.4 37.00
0.200 5.08 17984.7 80 2026.8299 5724.64 39.47
0.300 7.62 26752.3 119 2026.8299 8515.17 58.71
0.400 10.16 34171 152 2026.8299 10876.38 74.99
0.500 12.7 37992.7 169 2026.8299 12093.25 83.38
Proving ring number:________________________________
REMARKS:
3
7. Conclusion:
After plotting the penetration vs unit load of standard unit load obtained and our sample, we found out that our test
sample exhibit higher bearing capacity as it requires larger amount of force in order to penetrate a specific depth.
8. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):
Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Identify the Designs an experiment Designs an experiment
Fails to design an
procedures involved satisfying the minimum exceeding the
experiment following
in designing the requirements of the requirements of the
procedures
experiment procedures procedures
Develops a protocol to Develops a protocol to
Develop a protocol Fails to develop a
conduct an experiment conduct an experiment
to conduct an protocol to conduct an
satisfying the minimum exceeding the
experiment experiment
requirements minimum requirements
Total Score
Mean score=(Total Score/2)
Percentage Score= (Total Score/6) x 100%
9. References
Budhu, M. (2008). Foundations and Earth Retaining Structures. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons
American Society for Testing and Materials (1999). Standard Test Method for CBR of Laboratory Compacted Soils
(D1883). Pennsylvania: ASTM International
4
Experiment No. 2
CONSOLIDATION TEST
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to impart the consolidation theory on the behavior of fine-grained soil during application of loading.
 understand the behavior of soil in relationship to time in the consolidation process
 determine the settlements of soil due to consolidation of soil
 describe the theory of consolidation
3. Discussion:
During application of loading, the behavior of coarse-grained soil very much differs to that of fine-grained
soil. Coarse-grained soil can facilitate drainage of excess pore water pressure due to its high permeability. The
drainage of pore water from the pore spaces would then lead to settlement and as the loads are transferred to the
soil skeleton.
This process however is slowed done in the case of fine-grained soil due to its low permeability. The excess
pore water pressure is drained slowly as the loads are transferred to the soil skeleton. This process is time-dependent,
hence called as consolidation.
A device used to measure the rate of consolidation is called an odometer. It is important for the engineer to
understand the rate of consolidation of the soil as this can help predict the differential and total settlement of the soil.
Undesirable magnitude of settlement can drastically damage the structure such as the case of the Leaning Tower of
Pisa wherein the differential settlement of the structure is unchecked, leading to catastrophic remedial measures for
the structure.
4. Resources:
1. Casagrande type odometer, which includes:
1.1 Consolidation ring, internal diameter 75 mm, height 20 mm.
1.2 Fixed ring, consolidation cell.
1.3 Dial gauge reading to 0.01 mm having a travel of at least 10 mm.
1.4 Loading device.
2. Flat glass plate, approximately 100 mm * 100 mm.
3. Oven with temperature control.
1. Top pan weighing balance reading accurate to 0.10 g.
2. Vernier calipers.
3. Packet of 75 mm Filter Papers.
4. Silicone Grease or Petroleum Jelly.
5. Set of Standard Weights.
6. Stopwatch or Clock readable to 1 second.
7. Palette Knife.
5. Procedure:
1. Sample Preparation
2. Weigh the odometer ring and 2 glass plates. Measure the inside diameter of the ring.
3. Select a cutter and/or trimming lathe having the same diameter as the ring.
4. Curve the sample to a diameter slightly greater than the ring and to a thickness of 2 inches.
5. Trim the sample to the exact diameter using the lathe and force the cutter over the sample.
6. Slide the sample into the ring and trim flush with the ring. Place a glass plate over the trimmed end, invert
the sample and trim the other side. Place a second glass plate on this side (for protection and to prevent
evaporation) and weigh.
5
7. Soak the porous plates in water and then wipe away the excess water. Place the plates and the sample in
the odometer and assemble it for use.
Determination of Specific Gravity:
The specific gravity of the soil specimen is to be determined using water pycnometer method. Unless the specific
gravity is predetermined before the specimen, the students are to get a soil sample to determine the specific gravity
while undertaking the experiment.
Test Procedure:
1. Balance and zero the loading machine. Place the oedometer beneath the loading beam and slowly bring the
beam to bear lightly on the spherical cap of the oedometer.
2. Re-balance and zero the loading machine. Adjust and read the micrometer gauge.
3. Apply the first load of 2.5 kPa, and read the micrometer dial at the following total elapsed times; ¼ min, ½
min, 1 min, 2min, 8 min, 16 min, 32 min, 1 hr, 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs, 10 hrs, 24 hrs. Other times may be used as
long as the intervals are similar. Plot the curve of the dial reading vs. the logarithm time in minutes. This will
form a reversed “S” with a straight-line sloping tangent, which represents 100 percent consolidation. Do not
stop making readings until this shape appears.
4. After 100 percent consolidation has been reached, or after 24 hours, whichever is longer, increase the load
to 1000 psf and repeat step 3. The following loads usually comprise a routine test: 12, 25, 50,100, 200 kPa.
5. Care should be taken to prevent evaporation of water from the sample. The oedometer base should be
closed and all vents filled with saturated cotton. The top of the ring should be surrounded with a wick of damp
cotton. After a load about 16000 psf has been reached, the sample may be flooded and kept that way until
the end of the test.
6. After the final reading, dismantle the oedometer and dry the sample to determine the weight of solids.
7. When time-consolidation will take place in less than 24 hrs., the time readings may be emitted. Load the
sample at 24-hours intervals and read the settlement 24 hrs. later just before adding the next load.
8. Compute the void ratio corresponding to 100 percent consolidation for each load. Plot the curve showing the
void ratio as a function of the log of the stress. Compute the compression index and estimate the pre-
consolidation load.
Calculation:
Dry mass of the specimen (Md):
Md = Mwf / (1+f)
Where:
Mw = moist mass of the specimen after test
f = moisture content of the specimen after the test
Moisture content of the specimen before the test:
0 = (Mw0 – Md) / Md
Where:
Mw0 = moist mass of the specimen before the test
0 = moisture content of the specimen before the test
Initial dry density of the specimen (d), Volume of dry solids (Vs) and Equivalent height of solids (Hs):
6
d = Md / V0
Vs = Md / (Gs . w)
Hs = Vs / A
Where:
d = initial dry density of the specimen
V0 = initial volume of the specimen
Gs= specific gravity of soil solids
w= unit weight of water
A = specimen area, cm2
Void Ratio before test (e0) and after test (ef):
e0 = (H0 – Hs) / Hs
ef = (Hf – Hs) / Hs
Where:
H0 = height of specimen before test
Hf = height of specimen after test
Degree of saturation before test (S0) and after test (Sf):
(Mw0 – Md)
S0 =
A. w . (H0 – Hs)
(Mwf – Md)
Sf =
A . w . (H0 – Hs)
Plotting the Graph:
 Plot the deformation readings, d in the y-axis versus the logarithm of time (in mins) in the x-axis for every
load increment.
 Draw a straight line on the points that exhibit a trend in a straight line and a constant slope, Line A. On the
steepest part of the deformation curve, draw a tangent line, Line B. The intersection of Line A and Line B
represents the deformation d100 and time t100 corresponding to 100% primary consolidation. Compression in
excess of the primary consolidation is considered to be part of the secondary compression.
 Determine the ratio corresponding to 0% primary consolidation by selecting two points that has a time ratio
in the range of 1 to 4. The deformation of the larger of the two times has to satisfy the criteria between ¼ to
½ of the total deformation of the load increment. The deformation representing 0% consolidation, d0 is
calculated below:
d0 = di – (df - di)
where:
df = final deformation of specified time increment
di = initial deformation of selected time increment
7
 Determine d50, by taking the average of d100 and d0. The value of t50 can be taken graphically from the
deformation, log-time curve representing the 50% consolidation.
 Compute the coefficient of consolidation (cv) for each increment of load.
T . H2 D50
cv = t
where:
T = dimensionless time factor, use T50 = 0.197
HD50 = length of the drainage path at 50% consolidation (full specimen height for single drainage)
Load Deformation Properties:
 Tabulate the deformation corresponding to each increment. Calculate the change in height H, relative to
initial specimen height for each reading.
 Calculate the following values then plot the deformation results:
Void Ratio, e:
e = e0 - H/ Hs
Vertical strain, :
 h/ H0 x 100%
Vertical stress, v:

v = P/A
 Estimate the point of maximum curvature, set as point A. Draw a tangent line (Line X) from point A and a
horizontal line (Line Y) going to the right. Create a bisector between Lines X and Y and set as Line Z.
Extend Line X until it intersects line Z. The pressure corresponding to the intersection is the
preconsolidation pressure, ’c.
Course: Experiment No.:

Group No.: Section:
Group Leader: Date Performed:
Group Members: Date Submitted:
1. Instructor:
2.
3.
4.
8
Specific Gravity, Gs=

Description Data Description Data
Moisture Content before Volume of dry solids (Vs)
test, o
Moisture Content after Equivalent height of solids
test, f (Hs)
Moist mass of the Void Ratio before test (e0)
specimen before the test,
Mw0
Moist mass of the Void Ratio after test (ef)
specimen after the test,
Mwf
Dry mass of specimen, Md Degree of saturation
before test (S0)
Initial dry density of the Degree of saturation after
specimen (d) test (Sf)
Loading = Loading = Loading =

Time (min) Dial Reading Time (min) Dial Reading Time (min) Dial Reading
0 0 0
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.25 0.25 0.25
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 4 4
10 10 10
15 15 15
30 30 30
60 60 60
120 120 120
240 240 240
Loading = Loading = Loading =

Time (min) Dial Reading Time (min) Dial Reading Time (min) Dial Reading
0 0 0
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.25 0.25 0.25
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 4 4
10 10 10
15 15 15
30 30 30
60 60 60
9
120 120 120
240 240 240
Time Deformation Curve
Analysis of Consolidation Test Data
10
Evaluation of Preconsolidation Pressure
7. Conclusion:
11

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Fails to design an
procedures
Total Score
9. References
American Society for Testing and Materials (1989). One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soil using
Controlled-Strain Loading (D-4186). Pennsylvania: ASTM International
12
Experiment No. 3
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to introduce to the students the procedures in the standard penetration test and its use in
determining the engineering parameters of the soil in the field.
 Perform the standard penetration test in a selected site.
 create a borehole log to summarize the results of the experiment
 Correlate the results of the standard penetration test to its predicted engineering properties.
3. Discussion:
The standard penetration test (SPT) is the most popular field test used in determining the
engineering properties of the soil subsurface. It is advantageous compared to other alternative field test as
it allows recovery of soil samples that can be further tested in the laboratory.
The SPT is conceptualized in the early 1900s and standardized by Henry Mohr wherein he
suggested that a 63.5 kg hammer is allowed to free-fall at a height of 0.76 meter to determine the penetration
resistance of the soil called the N-value. The N-value is the number of blows that would require for the
sampler to advance 300 mm.
Various correlations was devised to determine the engineering properties of the soil based from the
N-values spearheaded by Terzaghi. In his work, N-values of sand can be used to determine its friction angle
and relative density. For clays, the undrained shear strength is determined using the N-values but the results
are not as accurate as that of sand.
4. Resources:
1. Shovel or hand-auger
2. Split-Spoon sampler
3. Standard Penetration Test Set
4. Casing
5. Procedure:
1. Using a test pit or a hand auger, prepare the site wherein the SPT is to be conducted. Assemble the A-frame. If the
sampling depth is below the water table, use a casing to prevent the caving of the soil and keep the borehole open.
2. Attach the sampler to the sampling rod. Gently lower into the borehole. Align the hammer above and set the anvil
to the top of the sampling rods.
3. Apply a seating blow to prepare the test. Mark the drill rods for every 150-mm increment.
4. Drive the sampler by letting the 63.5 kg hammer free-fall from a height of 0.76m using a cathead with 2-1/4 turns
at the rope. Count the number of blows for every 150-mm increment. The test is to be marked as refusal when the
following conditions were achieved:
a) a total of 50 blows is reached for a 150-mm increment
b) a total of 100 blows is reached
c) no advancement after 10 blows
5. Calculate the N-value as the total number of blows in the last 300-mm increment of the test.
6. Lift the sampler and open. Record the percent recovery and length of the sample recovered. Record the sample
description such as color, stratification and composition. Place the sample in a moisture-proof container.
13
Group No.: Section:
1. Instructor:
2.
3.
4.
Borehole 1
Depth SPT Recovery Description
to
to
to
to
Borehole 2
Depth Depth Depth Depth
7. Conclusion:
14

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Fails to design an
procedures
Total Score
9. References
American Society for Testing and Materials (1999). Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split Barrel
Sampling of Soils (D-1586). Pennsylvania: ASTM International
15
Experiment No. 4
DIRECT SHEAR TEST
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to familiarize the student with the procedure for rapidly determining strength parameters of soils
such as the angle of internal friction and cohesion.
 Connect the shear parameters in the design of earthen dams and embankments.
 Determine the shear strength parameters of the given soil sample by Direct Shear Test.
 Describe the purpose of direct shear test.
3. Discussion:
The direct shear test is a test suited for rapid determination of consolidated drained strength properties. The short
drainage paths through the test specimen allow the excess pore pressure to be dissipated more rapidly compared
with other drained stress tests. The test can be used on all soil materials and undisturbed, remolded or compacted
materials with the only requirement being the maximum particle size no greater than 50 mm in diameter.
There is an observed rotation of the principal axis in the direct shear test which may or may not mimic actual field
conditions. In addition, failure may not occur on the weak plane as the specimen is forced to fail on the horizontal
plane at the middle section of the specimen. However, this test can be advantageous for testing soil materials with a
predetermined weak plane for analyzing the interfaces of two dissimilar materials.
4. Resources:
1. Sample Former – a cutter or mold for forming samples to fit the shear box. Samples can be compacted
directly in the shear box.
2. Direct shear Machine
3. Proving shear assembly.
4. Extensometer assembly , 2 sets
5. Remolding Cylinder and tamper
6. Stop Watch
7. oven with temperature control
8. drying cans
9. balances
10. vernier caliper
11. pans
5. Procedure:
Preparation of Sample for Cohesive Soil
Undisturbed Sample
1. Measure the height and diameter of the specimen rings and calculate their weight. Clamp the rings together with
three bolts.
2. From the sample tube extrude a sample approximately 3 in. long. Cut the soil with a wire saw.
3. Use the specimen trimmer to rim the soil sample to a diameter of 2 ½ in.
4. Place the specimen into the specimen rings.
5. Trim both the top and bottom faces of the specimen flush with the rings.
6. Weigh the rings and specimen together to obtain the specimen weight.
7. From the soil trimmings, obtain at least two representative specimens for water content determination.
16
Remolded Sample
1. Immediately after shearing the undisturbed specimen, quickly remove it from the machine. Wrap it in a rubber
sheet, and remold thoroughly with the fingers. This should be done quickly with every precaution taken to prevent
loss of moisture from the soil.
2. Bolt the two rings together (the rings should be properly cleaned). Work the remolded soil into the rings. If the
soil is not enough, a small amount of the same remolded soil may be added.
3. Trim the top and bottom faces flush with the rings.
Shearing Test
The procedure for the shear test is the same for both undisturbed and remolded specimens.
1. For undrained test, place a thin piece of plastic sheet at the bottom of the chamber on top of the porous stone.
2. Set the rings (with specimen) firmly in the groove on the base of the immersion chamber. Bolt head should be
up.
3. Insert bolts in the three-headed holes remaining in the upper ring turning them until they bear firmly against the
lower ring.
4. Set the upper-ring-stop firmly on the upper sample ring, and move the assembly so that the rings-stop lugs bear
against the base lugs.
5. Place the slid Lucite block and loading block on top of the specimen, then replace the loading beam. Adjust the
load beam with four knurled nuts until it barely touches the loading block.
6. Take the play out of the shear drive system by turning the knurled nut bearing against the immersion chamber
lug. Do not put any shear load on the sample rings.
7. Loosen the clamp on the load ring (proving ring) extension shaft, and clamp it so that it bears against the shear
strain dial indicator in its extended position.
8. Place the vertical strain dial indicator on top of the pin in the load arm, so that half of its movement is registered.
9. Zero all dial indicators.
10. Determine from the calibration chart the air pressure to give the desired normal load.
11. Make sure all valves are closed including the air regulator and relief valve.
12. Crack open the compressed-air tank. One of the two gages on the tank indicates the pressure of the air in the
tank; the other indicates delivery pressure (the one with smaller pressure range). Increase the delivery pressure
of desired amount by slowly turning the screw-control.
13. Slowly open the air regulator on the machine (black knob) until the desired normal pressure is indicated in the
pressure gage in front of the machine. The normal load is now applied.
14. Carefully removed the three clamping bolts from the sample rings. Turn each of the three remaining bolts ¼ turn
clockwise to provide clearance between the rings, then remove these bolts.
15. From the speed calibration chart, determine the controller reading for desired shearing speed. Turn the selecting
knob G to the selected reading.
16. For unconsolidated undrained test, start the shearing action immediately, by turning on the motor switch I. be
sure the switch H is on its forward position.
17. Take the readings of time, providing ring dial (shear force) and shear displacement dial at intervals of every
0.0005 in. displacement. These intervals may be doubled when the shearing speed used is high.
18. At the completion of the shear test, stop the motor, shut off the air regulator P and open the relief valve N to
remove the normal load.
19. Shut off the supply of compressed air by closing B. relieve the residual pressure.
20. To return the threaded drive shaft to its final position at the completion of a test, remove the shear pin from the
shaft support, insert the small ball crank handle provided n the hole in the back of the drive shaft and rotate the
handle.
21. After testing the remolded specimen, take the entire specimen for water content determination.
Calculations:
17
1. Mass density of soil ():
Mass of soil in shear box
= Volume of soil in shear box
2. Normal vertical stress ():
 = P/A
Where:
P = Normal vertical force
A = Area
3. Shear stress ():

 = V/A
Where:
V = shear force

Group No.: Section:
1. Instructor:
2.
3.
4.
Visual Classification:
Remarks: _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Description Data Description Data

Diameter of Shear box Volume (V)
Area (A) Mass (m)
Sample Height (h) Density ()
Rate of Displacement: ____
18
Normal Stress: ____ kPa
Horizontal Dial Horizontal Load Dial Rdg Horizontal Shear Shear Stress
Rdg Displacement Force
Graphs:
7. Conclusion:
19

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Fails to design an
procedures
Total Score
9. References
American Society for Testing and Materials (1998). Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under
Consolidated Drained Condition (D-3080). Pennsylvania: ASTM International
20
Experiment No. 5
VANE SHEAR TEST
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to familiarize the student with the procedure of determining the shear strength of soil in the field.
 Determine the shear strength of soil in the field.
 Describe the main defect of vane shear test.
3. Discussion:
The vane shear test makes use of a four-bladed vane that will rapidly shear the soil in the field. The vane
diameter varies depending on the consistency of the soil to be tested. Vanes of larger diameter is suggested for soft
soils for better torque resolution. A vane of smaller diameter meanwhile is suggested for stiffer soils.
The vane shear test is used extensively for site investigation for determining the undrained shear strength of
fine-grained soils and other fine geomaterials such as mine tailings and organic muck. The equipment is usually hand
held, however there may be found some difficulty in keeping the stability of the rod vane and positioning the equipment
vertical which may compromise the accuracy of the result.
This method is not applicable for high permeability soils such as sand and gravel. Their high permeability
may cause the soil to dilate, collapse or generate negative or positive pore pressure during rapid shearing. It is
therefore important to have a good knowledge of the type of soil to be tested in judging the applicability of the field
vane test for the in-situ soil.
4. Resources:
1. Vane Shear Set.
2. Steel Torque Rods.
Triaxial Shear Test.
1. Vacuum shear base and cap.
2. Rubber membrane-for holding sample.
3. Forming jacket, funnel, tampers-for molding sample.
4. Vacuum gage and source-for internal vacuum.
5. Loading machine-to apply axial load.
6. Balance, protractor, scale, calipers.
5. Procedure:
In case where a vane is used, advance the housing to a depth which is at least five vane housing diameters less than
the desired depth of the vane tip. Where no vane housing is used, stop the whole in which the vane is lowered at a
depth such that the vane tip may penetrate undisturbed soil for a depth of at least five times the diameter of the hole.
1. Advance the vane from the bottom of the hole or the vane housing in a single trust to a depth at which the test
is to be conducted. Take precautions to make sure no torque is applied on the torque rods during the trust.
2. With the vane in position, apply the torque on the vane at the rate which should not exceed 0.1 deg/s. this
generally requires a time to failure of from 2 to 5 n except in very soft clays where the time to failure may be as
much 10 to 15 min.
3. Following the determination of the maximum torque, rotate the vane rapidly through a minimum of 10
revolutions; the determination of the remolded strength should be started immediately after completion of rapid
rotation and in all cases within 1 minute after the remolding process.
4. In the cases where soil is in contact with the torque rods, determine the friction between the soils and the rod
by means of tests conducted on similar rods at similar depths with the use of a dummy. Conduct the rod friction
21
test at least once in a site; this shall consist of a series of torque.
5. In apparatus in which the torque rod is completely isolated from the soil, conduct a friction test with a blank rod
(note 2) at least once in each site to determine the magnitude of the friction of the bearings. In a properly
functioning vane apparatus, this friction should be negligible.

Group No.: Section:
1. Instructor:
2.
3.
4.
Borehole 1:
Depth Shear Strength

to
to
to
to
to
Borehole 2:

to
to
to
to
to
Borehole 3:

to
to
to
to
to
7. Conclusion:
22

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Fails to design an
procedures
Total Score
9. References
American Society for Testing and Materials (2001). Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil
(D-2573). Pennsylvania: ASTM International
23
Experiment No. 6
CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST FOR COHESIVE SOIL
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to present the basic procedure for obtaining angle of internal friction and cohesion of cohesive
soils.

 Determine the relationship of confining pressure to the shear strength of the soil.
 Understand the site condition wherein consolidated undrained condition applies.
3. Discussion:
The triaxial test is a laboratory test wherein it mimics the in situ condition of the soil wherein the soil is
undergoing stresses on the vertical and lateral direction. The confining pressure is an important parameter in deriving
the shear strength of the soil. Unlike the direct shear test wherein failure is being forced on the horizontal plane, the
triaxial test forces the soil in the weakest plane.
The consolidated undrained condition of Triaxial test as the name implies involves the application of loading
on the soil forcing it to deform at a constant without drainage. This is similar in field conditions wherein the soil have
been fully consolidated under a set of stresses, is subjected to a change in stress without time for further consolidation
to take place.
The results of this experiment depend highly on the quality of undisturbed samples retrieved on the field, its
handling and preparation prior to the test itself. The experience of the geotechnical engineer is an important aspect
in providing an assessment of the deviation between sample conditions and site conditions. The results of this
laboratory test is useful for embankment analysis, earth pressure calculations and foundation design.
4. Resources:
1. Vacuum shear base and cap
2. Rubber membrane for holding sample
3. Forming jacket, funnel, tampers for molding sample
4. Vacuum gage and source for internal vacuum
5. Loading machine to apply axial load
6. Balance protractor, scale, calipers
5. Procedure:
a) Soil Lathe
Trim the sample to approximate size and insert in the lathe, making sure that the upper head is firmly in
contact with the soil. Final trimming is done by sliding the knife or wife saw along the two vertical guides which are
set to produce the correct diameter. Cutting should be done both from the top and the bottom of the sample toward
the center. If cutting is done from the top to bottom only, there is good possibility that the sample will break out around
the bottom. The student should try both the knife and the saw for trimming to determine which one gives the better
results.
After each cutting operation, the sample rotated slightly so that a round sample will be formed. When the
sample has been completely rounded, it should be removed and trimmed to proper length using a miter box so that
the ends will be flat, parallel and normal to the axis. The length of the sample should be to 2 to 2.5 times the diameter.
b) Cutter
24
1. Trim ends of soil chunk so that it will rest flat on the table and stand in a vertical position, but do not trim to proper
length. Place the cutter on top of the chunk and trim to appropriate diameter over entire length. Trim on a short
distance below cutter to diameter slightly larger than that of the cutter and force cutter down.
2. Weigh and measure dimensions of sample.
3. Place sample on a lower stone of triaxial cell. If the specimen is to be saturated, the cell should be attached to a
desired water supply and the entrance lines and lower stone saturated prior to placing the sample.
4. Place membrane on specimen. This may be done by using membrane stretcher or by pulling the membrane down
over the sample and upper loading plate. The membranes should be neatly extended over the upper and lower plates
and bound securely by means of rubber bands or O-rings.
5. Assemble triaxial cell, place in loading machine and attach necessary air water lines.
Test Procedure
Due to the low permeability of cohesive soils, the undrained condition required for this test can be obtained
by conducting the test in a short period of time. The specimen is simply not given time to drain. The strength of the
sample should be estimated prior to testing and the appropriate ultimate load determined. The test load increments
can be determined by dividing the estimated ultimate load by the number of points desired in plotting the stress-strain
curve. Generally, ten to twelve points will be sufficient. Near the ultimate load, it may be desirable to change
the increments so as to obtain a more accurate value of the ultimate load.
1. Bring loading head in contact with the cell loading ram and apply confining pressure.
2. Adjust loading machine so that the ram is in contact with the upper end of the specimen. Balance machine for zero
load.
3. Set up micrometer dial to measure deflection and zero. Check to see if all necessary data has been obtained and
recorded.
4. Apply predetermined load increments at 30-second intervals. Read and record deflection 15 seconds after each
loading.
5. Continue loading until sample has failed or until the strain has exceeded 15%.
6. Remove sample, clean and reassemble the tri -axial cell if it is not going to
be used immediately .Measure angle failure and sketch the failure condition.
7. Conduct moisture content determination on entire sample or on portions of sample taken along the failure plane.

Group No.: Section:
1. Instructor:
2.
3.
4.
25
Strain
Axial Stress
Stress Strain Curve
Data sheet________ of _______

Sample No._________________
Name______________________________Date_________Squad No._____
Description of Sample ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Sample Dimensions at Start of Test

Ave Area______________
Section Diameter Area ______________
Top ______________ Height_____________
Center ______________
Bottom ______________ Weight____________
Lateral Pressure __________________ Rate of Loading___________
Load Load Dial Center Deform Strain Core Stress Remarks

Dial Reading Dm/ Area
Area
26
Water Content Determination Supplementary Data
Container No._____________ Failure Angle_________
Wt. of Wet Soil + Cont_______________ G = ________________
Wt. of Dry Soil + Cont_______________ Unit Weight__________
Wt. of Water_______________________ Void Ratio___________
Wt. of Container____________________ S__________________

Wt. of Dry Soil____________________
Water Content in %_________________
Computation Sheet
27
7. Conclusion:

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Fails to design an
procedures
Total Score
9. References
American Society for Testing and Materials (1995). Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive
Soils (D-4767). Pennsylvania: ASTM International
28
Experiment No. 7
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to introduce to the student a method of determining the shear strength of cohesive soils using
unconfined compression test.
 determine the shear strength of cohesive soil.
 describe the main feature of unconfined compression test.
3. Discussion:
The unconfined compression test is the simplest of the shear test performed on soils. It is similar to the
compression test on wood, steel, concrete and other materials. It consists of applying a gradually increasing vertical
pressure to a carefully prepared cylindrical or prismatic soil specimen and making simultaneous measurements of the
vertical strain to failure.
It is used primarily to determine the shear strength of cohesive soils, which is equal to about one-half of the
unconfined compression testing devices, the “controlled-stress” device and “controlled-strain” device. The controlled-
stress device is one in which the sample is loaded in increments. The usual procedure for loading the sample is to
“load on the minute and read on the half minute”. The test is run with a stopwatch or second timer and increments of
load are applied on the even minutes and the readings of the vertical strain are taken on the half minutes.
The controlled strain type of testing device applies a strain on sample at a controlled rate. The usual
procedure form testing is to apply the strain to the sample at a uniform rate and to read the load at increments of the
vertical dial movement. For example, the load might be read at every 10 divisions of vertical dial movement. This test
method covers the determination of the unconfined compression strength of soil in the undisturbed, remolded or
compacted condition, using the “ controlled-strain” application of the axial load.
Undisturbed samples are used for strength determination, sometimes, these are remolded and similarity
tested to get the lost strength or what is known as “Sensitivity”. Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the undisturbed
compressive strength to the corresponding remolded strength of cohesive soils.
4. Resources:
1. Unconfined compression machine.

2. Sample molder and tamper
3. Extensometer Assembly.
4. Protractor and caliper
5. Wax Paper.
6. Oven with temperature control
7. drying cans
8. balances
9. pans.
5. Procedure:
A. SIZE OF SAMPLE
Min. diameter – 30 mm (1.3 inches) to max. diameter 72 mm (2.8 inches)
Min. height to diameter ration shall be 2 to 2.5
29
B. SAMPLE PREPARATION:
B.1. Undisturbed Sample:
1. Prepare sample in accordance with Experiment no. 4

2. Trim and cut to the desired size as specified in A.
B.2. Remolded Sample:
1. After testing the undisturbed sample, wrap in wax paper or any non-absorptive material. Break up the sample
and knead thoroughly with the fingers until it is uniform.
Note: Avoid entrapping air in the specimen and preserve the natural water content of the soil
2. Place sample in the cylindrical mold in successive layers. Each layer should be sufficiently tamped in order to
obtain a uniform density in the entire sample.
3. Remove the sample form mold with an extruder and square both ends and determine the mass and dimensions
of the test specimen.
4. Start the test immediately.
C. TESTING OF SAMPLE: (Remolded or Undisturbed)
1. Place the specimen in the loading device so that it is centered on the bottom platen. Adjust the loading device
carefully so that the upper platen just makes contact with the specimen. Zero the deformation indicator (dial).
2. Apply the load so as to produce an axial strain at a rate of ½ to 2% per minute.
3. Record load, deformation and time values at sufficient interval (usually at every 30 seconds) to define the shape
of the stress-strain curve (usually 10 to 15 points are sufficient).
Note: The rate of strain should be chosen so that the time to failure does not exceed about 15
minutes.
a. For softer materials that will exhibit larger deformation at failure should be tested at a higher rate of
strain.
b. Stiff or brittle materials that will exhibit small deformations at failure should be tested at a lower rate of
strain.
4. Continue loading until the load values decreases with increasing strain, or until 15% strain is reached.
5. Remove specimen from the machine, and take it to the moist room. Make a sketch of the test specimen at failure
showing the slope angle of the failure surface if the angle is measurable, with respect to the horizontal plane.
6. Determine the water content of the test specimen using the entire specimen.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Axial Strain (unit strain) = L/Lo x 100 + 
Where:
L = length change of specimen as read from deformation indicator, mm
Lo = initial length of test specimen, mm
 = axial strain
2. Corrected Area (A):
30
At + 2Ab + Am
A = Ao / (1-) ; Ao =
4
Where:
Ao = initial average cross-sectional area of the specimen, mm2
 = Axial strain
At = Area at top of sample
Ab = Area at bottom of sample
Am = Area at middle of sample
3. Axial Compression Stress (c) (Normal stress)


c = P/A
Where:
P = given applied load
A = corresponding ave. cross-sectional area (corrected), mm2
P = A1 = proving ring dial movement
Kpr = proving-ring constant in N/mm (Ib/in)
4. Sensitivity = peak undisturbed strength

Peak remolded strength
If there is no peak strength, use strength at 15% strain.
5. Shearing Stress = peak undisturbed compressive strength

2
6. Plotting:
Construct a graph showing the relationship between compressive stress (ordinate) and axial strain
(abscissa).

Group No.: Section:
1. Instructor:
2.
3.
4.
31
Description of Sample:_________________________________________________________
Sample at:__________________________________________________________________
Diameter of Sample mm (inch):__________________________________________________
Initial Area, (Ao) mm2:_________________________________________________________
Initial Height, (Lo) mm:_________________________________________________________
Water Content, (w) %:________________________________________________________
Unit Strain = L/Lo x 100 +  =________________ A = Ao / (1-) =
Elapsed Load dial Axial Load Strain dial Total Unit Strain Corrected Stress
time Strain Area
Proving ring number: _________________________

Strain rate:__________________________%/min
32
7. Conclusion:

Score
indicator 1 2 3
Fails to design an
procedures
Total Score
9. References
American Society for Testing and Materials (2000). Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil (D-2166).
Pennsylvania: ASTM International
33

Experiment No. 1 California Bearing Ratio

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Experiment No. 1 California Bearing Ratio

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Experiment No.

CBR = test unit load x 100

Penetration (in) mm Unit load (psi) MPa

Before Soaking = 3161.2 g

SWELL (PERCENTAGE OF INITIAL HEIGHT) = 2.80%

Proving ring number:________________________________

8. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

Determination of Specific Gravity:

Dry mass of the specimen (Md):

Moisture content of the specimen before the test:

Void Ratio before test (e0) and after test (ef):

Degree of saturation before test (S0) and after test (Sf):

Plotting the Graph:

Load Deformation Properties:

Vertical stress, v:

Course: Experiment No.:

Specific Gravity, Gs=

Loading = Loading = Loading =

Loading = Loading = Loading =

Time Deformation Curve

Analysis of Consolidation Test Data

Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

6. Data and Results:

Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

2. Normal vertical stress ():

3. Shear stress ():

Course: Experiment No.:

6. Data and Results:

Description Data Description Data

Rate of Displacement: ____

Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

Course: Experiment No.:

6. Data and Results:

Depth Shear Strength

Depth Shear Strength

Depth Shear Strength

Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

Course: Experiment No.:

Stress Strain Curve

Data sheet________ of _______

Sample Dimensions at Start of Test

Load Load Dial Center Deform Strain Core Stress Remarks

Wt. of Container____________________ S__________________

8. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

Performance Beginner Acceptable Proficient

1. Unconfined compression machine.

B.1. Undisturbed Sample:

1. Prepare sample in accordance with Experiment no. 4

B.2. Remolded Sample:

C. TESTING OF SAMPLE: (Remolded or Undisturbed)

1. Axial Strain (unit strain) = L/Lo x 100 + 

2. Corrected Area (A):

3. Axial Compression Stress (c) (Normal stress)

4. Sensitivity = peak undisturbed strength

If there is no peak strength, use strength at 15% strain.

5. Shearing Stress = peak undisturbed compressive strength

Course: Experiment No.:

Unit Strain = L/Lo x 100 +  =________________ A = Ao / (1-) =

Proving ring number: _________________________

8. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

Data sheet__ of _

Wt. of Container__ S