Description: On Mar.

8, 2000, Plaintiff Michael Newdow (Newdow), on behalf of

himself and his daughter as "next friend," brought this lawsuit (originally Newdow v.
United States Congress, Elk Grove Unified School District, et al.) challenging the
recitation of the US Pledge of Allegiance in public schools. The US 9th Circuit Court of
Appeals ruled on June 26, 2002, that the US Pledge of Allegiance violated the
Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the Constitution due to the words "under
God," and thus could not be recited in public schools. The court also held that Newdow
had standing as a parent to challenge a practice that interferes with his right to direct his
daughter's religious edcuation.

Elk Grove Unified School District appealed to the US Supreme Court on Apr. 30, 2003.
The Supreme Court granted the School District's appeal petition to consider two
questions: (1) whether Newdow had standing as a noncustodial parent to challenge the
School District's pledge policy, and (2) if so, whether the policy offended the First
Amendment. Oral arguments took place on Mar. 24, 2004. On June 14, 2004 the
Supreme Court announced its unanimous judgment to reverse the 9th Circuit's decision.
The court reasoned (in a 5-3 decision) that Newdow "lacked prudential standing" to
challenge the school district's Pledge of Allegiance policy in federal court because he was
concurrently involved in a California family court dispute with his daughter's mother, and
because the mother stated that she wanted their child to recite the Pledge as worded with
"under God." The five justices ruling against Newdow's standing did not address the
constitutional question. Justice Scalia recused himself, and the remaining three justices
concurred with the majority opinion to reverse the 9th Circuit Court, but dissented on the
issue of standing.

To get around the prudential standing issue, Newdow had three families anonymously
join him as co-plaintiffs in his next attempt (Newdow v. Carey, 2005 - 2010) to end the
recitation of the US Pledge of Allegiance in public schools