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Equilibrium Staged Operations
Equilibrium Staged Operations
STAGED
OPERATIONS
THE MAIN TOPICS OF INTEREST ARE:
GAS ABSORPTION
DISTILLATION
EXTRACTION
LEACHING
GAD ADSORPTION.
The driving force for any mass transfer operation depends on the
distance between the equilibrium line and the operating line. When the
two lines touch there is no driving force and the mass transfer stops.
For same components, same T and P, same gas, same liquid and same
solute, both the stripping and absorption will have the same equilibrium
relationship.
Cremsers equation (please refer treybal for the equation) is used for
various calculations in the countercurrent mode of operation.
Zi = (1- Ψ) xi + Ψ yi
yi = Ki xi ( equilibrium relationship)
The top section of the column is enrichment section and the bottom
section is called stripping section.
Even when two liquids of same latent heat flow in opposite direction,
mass transfer still takes place but the flow rate of the liquid stream and
the vapor stream remains unchanged.
Assumptions:
where L’ = L + q*F
G’ = G + (1-q)*F
q line equation:
CONDENSERS:
Partial condensers: they also behave as an additional stage and
hence separation occurs. Flash condensation takes place in the
condenser.
REBOILERS:
Total reflux condition: distillate (D) is zero and bottoms flow rate is (B)
is zero. The slopes of both enrichment section and stripping section
become equal to 1. This condition gives the minimum number of trays.
Reference page numbers: treybal (page 367 to page 374 , page 382 to
page 388 and page 402 to page 426).
BATCH DISTILLATION: used for small scale operation, used for fine
chemicals of high purity, frequent changes in the feed to be handled
and product specifications.
Rayleigh’s equation:
Assumptions:
Equation:
Reference page numbers: treybal ( page 352 to page 353 and page 455
to page 460).
GAS ADSORPTION:
Adsorbent: solid.
Ɵ = (Kp /Kp+1)
p is the pressure.
K= ( Ka / Kd ).