Bolted Connection Slides PDF

High Strength Bolts - Geoff Kulak
American Institute of Steel Construction April 14, 2011
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Professor Emeritus at the University of Alberta
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There's always a solution in steel. 1

High-Strength Bolts: The Basics Role of the Structural

• Fundamentals and Behavior Engineer…
• Specification Requirements (AISC 2010)
• Selection of suitable bolt
types and grades
• Design of the fasteners
• Responsibility for installation
• Responsibility for inspection
5 6
ASTM A307 Bolts ASTM A325 Bolts

• often a good choice when loads are • Type 1 or Type 3 (weathering steel)
static
• ASTM Spec. RCSC Spec.
• strength level inferior to high-
strength bolts (60 ksi tensile ult.) • Minimum tensile strength: 120 ksi
• pretension indeterminate • Pretension can be induced if desired
7 8

Comparison of Bolts: Direct Tension

ASTM A490 Bolts
7/8 in. dia. A490 bolt
80
• Types 1 or Type 3 (weathering steel)
•
60 7/8 in. dia. A325 bolt
Minimum tensile strength: 150 ksi, bolt
tension
kips
(maximum 170 ksi) 40
7/8 in. dia. A307 bolt
• ASTM Spec. RCSC Spec. 20
• Pretension can be induced if desired

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
elongation (inches)
9 10
Comments… …comments cont’d

• Nuts: ASTM A563
• Note: we quote the ultimate tensile
strength of the bolt • Washers: if needed, ASTM F436
– benchmark for strength statements (e.g.
shear strength is some fraction of
• Bolt – nut – washer sets implied so far,
ultimate tensile strength) but other configurations available
• What about yield strength? • Bolt notation: Group A (A325, F1852)

and Group B (A490, F2280)
• What is “proof load”
11 12

Loading of Bolts Shear Loading

• Shear
– load transfer by shear in bolt and
bearing in connected material OR
– load transfer by friction (followed by
shear and bearing)
• Tension
• Combined Tension and Shear
Truss Joint
13 14
Bolts Loaded in Tension Bolts in Tension – prying

Prying force Bolt force
bolts in tension
Applied force
these
bolts in
shear High-
High-strength bolts in tension can
be a source of problems
15 16

Bolts in combined tension and shear Consider a simple joint —

bolts in
combined
bolts in shear shear and
P
tension
P
17 18
Finally...
P d
P
P{
and associated τ=
shear stress A
P/2 t
Free body P
of bolt P/2
P { a bearing force
this force is equal and
opposite to the bearing force
P shown previously
19 20

In the example, we identified… AISC Standard 2010

• Parallel LRFD and ASD rules
• force in the bolt (a shear force)
• LRFD uses a resistance factor, Ø
• force that the bolt imposed on the plate (a • ASD uses a safety factor, Ω
bearing force)
• Loads as appropriate:
• force in the plate itself (a tensile force)
– factored loads for LRFD
• force transfer could also be by friction:
friction: – non-factored loads for ASD
not included in this illustration
21 22
Installation —
AISC Specification cont’d
• Snug-
Snug-tight only
LRFD: req’d strength LRFD ≤ φ R n
• Pretensioned
ASD: req’d strength ASD ≤ R n / Ω – Calibrated wrench
– Turn-
Turn-of-
of-nut
– Other means:
 Tension control bolts
 Load-
Load-indicator washers
23 24

Behavior of a large joint (shear splice) —

Bolts in Shear: Issues
• Shear strength of bolt (single shear
average or double shear, threads in shear
bolt plane?)
shear
MPa
• Bearing capacity of bolt (never
governs)
• Bearing capacity of plate
• Tensile (comp.) capacity of plate
deformation over α , mm
25 26
Slip in bolted joints… Bolts in shear-type connections:

• Can be as much as two hole
clearances Specifications include information for:
• Some bolts will already be in bearing – bearing type connections

at start of loading
– slip-
slip-critical connections
• Both laboratory tests and field
measurements indicate that slip is
more like 1/2 hole clearance
27 28

Bearing-type connections: Bolts in bearing-type connections…

• Issues
– bolt shear strength
Region of bearing-
bearing-
– bearing capacity of connected material
load
type behavior
– member strength
• Shear strength of bolts is not dependent

on presence or absence of pretension.
pretension
(How come?) deformation
29 30
Bolt Shear Strength Individual bolt in shear
• Bolt shear strength ≈ 62% of bolt ultimate

tensile strength (theory
(theory + tests)
tests)
– Design rule takes 90% of this value
– Threads in shear plane?
– Long joint effect: another discount
applied.
31 32

Physical test —
Uneven loading
of bolts –
(End four bolts of 13)
33 34
Back to bolt in shear —

Bolt Pretension v. Shear
• The bolt pretension is attained as a result of small Shear strength
axial elongations introduced as nut is turned on
of single bolt
• These small elongations are relieved as shear (tests) —
deformations and shear yielding take place
• Confirmed by both bolt tension measurements

and shear strength tests
τ = 0.62 σ u bolt
• So, bolt shear strength NOT dependent on
pretension in the bolt.
Shear deformation
35 36

Bolts in Shear — AISC nominal shear strength …

φ R n = φ Fnv A b Fnv = 90% (0.625 × Fu ) = 0.563 Fu
e.g. A325 bolt, no threads in shear plane ,

φ R n = design shear strength
Group A : see tabulated value in Table J3.2
(0.563 ksi Fu = 0.563 x 120 ksi = 68 ksi)
Fnv = nominal shear strength, ksi
37 38
Comments…
and… • The discount for length (use of 90%) is
conservative
For threads included, the tabulated • If joint length > 38 in., a further reduction,
values are 80% of the above. to 83%
• The ø – value used for this case (0.75) is

conservative
39 40

Let’s return now to slip-critical

connections… Slip-Critical Connection
Clamping force from bolts (bolt pretension)
Load at which slip takes place

will be a function of …?
42
Slip-critical joints specified when…

Bolts in slip-critical connections… • Load is repetitive and changes
from tension to compression
(fatigue by fretting could
occur.)
• Change in geometry of
load
structure would affect its

performance.
region of slip-
slip-critical • Certain other cases.
joint behavior
• Comment:
Comment: for buildings, slip-
slip-
deformation critical joints should be the
exception, not the rule (but,
see also seismic rules)
43 44

First principles, slip resistance is — Design slip resistance, AISC
R n = μ D u h f Tb n s
P = ks n ΣTi
no. slip planes
ks = slip coefficient (µ) clamping force
slip coefficient
n = number of slip planes (usually 1 or 2)
Ti = clamping force (i.e., bolt pretension) …terms hf and Du need to be defined
and a value inserted for Ø
45 46
and the modifiers …

A note for advanced readers!!
h f = modifier re fills : either 1.0 or 0.85
φ = 1.0 for std. holes and for short slots ⊥ Du is a statistical parameter that
= 0.85 for oversize and short slots parallel results in a probability of slip of 5% at
the service load level when the joint is
= 0.70 for long slotted holes designed using factored loads.
D u = 1.13, ratio of installed bolt
The resistance factor reflects the
tension to specified minimum bolt tension consequence of exceeding the “slip
limit state.” As the consequence of
μ = 0.30 clean mill scale, hot − dipped galvanized
slip gets more severe, the resistance
and roughened, etc. (Class A surfaces) factor is decreased.
μ = 0.50 unpa int ed and blast − cleaned, etc.
(Class B surfaces)
47 48

Bolts in Tension Bolts in Tension – some comments

• Capacity of a bolt in tension: product of • Preference: avoid joints that put bolts
the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
into tension, especially if fatigue is an
and the tensile stress area of the bolt
(i.e. Fu Ast ) issue
• Specifications directly reflect this • Use A325 bolts rather than A490 bolts
calculated capacity (…
(…to come)
• Minimize the prying action
• Force in bolt must reflect any prying
action effect
49 50
Bolt tension + external tension

Question…
1. Pretension the bolt → tension in
• pretensioned bolt in a connection the bolt, compression in the plates
2. Add external tension force on
• apply external tension force to the
connection →
connection
• Bolt tension increases
• do the bolt pretension and the • Compression between plates decreases
external tension add?
Examine equilibrium and compatibility…
compatibility…
51 52

And the result is… AISC rule, bolts in tension—

• The bolt force does increase, but not bolt area for nominal
diameter
by very much (≅ 7%) φ R n = φ Fnt A b
• This increase is accommodated
nominal tensile strength
within the design rule.
φ R n = design tensile strength
53 54
What is nominal tensile strength, Fnt ? So, the AISC rule for bolts in tension…
φ R n = φ Fn t A b
Pult = Fu A st = Fu (0.75A b )
where Fnt = 0.75 Fu as tabulated
or, Pult = 0.75 Fu A b Adjusted area in the Specification
As we now know, the 0.75 really
{
Call this Fnt has nothing to do with Fu

55 56

Returning to shear splice joints, Bearing capacity (of

we still have to deal with the connected material)
bearing capacity of the connected
material.
d
Shear-
Shear-out of a
block of material
or yielding
P/2 t
P
P/2
57 58
Bearing stresses at bolt holes… Shear-out rule…

s Le
Shear - out is 2 ( τ ult × Lc × t )

Needed: or, R n = 2 ( 0.75 σu × Lc × t )
Lc 1. shear-
shear-out rule
t1 2. yield rule
t2
(deformation)
and AISC rule is: R n = 1.5 Fu Lc t
d
59 60

Plate bearing… Plate bearing…

from tests:
σb Le
= Making the substitution and using
σ pl
u d
Fu ≡ σ pl
u
L 
..after some arithmetic R n = σ b d t = σ upl  e  d t
 d  R n = 3 d t Fu
valid for L e ≥ 3 d
61 62
Finally, the AISC rule for Further note re bearing…

plate bearing capacity is …
When deformation a consideration,
use
R n = 1.5 Fu Lc t ≤ 3.0 d t Fu
R n = 1.2 Fu L c t ≤ 2.4 d t Fu
(with a φ-value still to be inserted)
Why this difference, and when do we
use the latter? (value of φ still to be
applied)
63 64

Failure (ult. load) is

by tensile fracture at
Block shear location shown,
regardless of
rupture geometric
proportions.
Shear yield along vertical
planes.
Failure is controlled by
ductility – not strength.
65 66
Basics… An example of
shear + tension
Tr + Vr = φ A nt Fu + 0 .60 φ A gv Fy failure in a
where A nt = net area in tension coped beam…
and A gv = gross area in shear
tension fracture shear yield
…and some other requirements, including

specific case of coped beams, limit on shear
67 68

Back to installation… Bearing-Type Connections—

Installation of Bolts
• Bolts can be installed to “snug-

snug-tight
condition — ordinary effort of worker using
a spud wrench. (Pretension unknown, but
usually small)
69 70
1. Calibrated Wrench
Installation — Installation
• Reliable relationship between torque
and resultant bolt tension?
NO ! (and forbidden by RCSC)
• Establish relationship by calibration

of the installing wrench.
– bring parts together, continue turning nut,
bolt elongates, tension develops in bolt, and
clamped parts compress
71 72

Hydraulic calibrator – Calibrated wrench, cont’d

• Adjust wrench to stall or cut out at
desired level of bolt pretension
• Target value of pretension (RCSC) is
1.05 times specified min. value
• Calibrate using at least three bolts
• Calibration is unique to bolt lot,
length, diameter, grade of bolt
• Washers must be used
73 74
2. Turn-of-Nut Installation Does this

definition of
• Run nut down, bring parts into close
contact snug-tight
• Work from stiffer regions to edges seem a little
vague?
• Establish “snug-
snug-tight”
tight” condition (first
impact of impact wrench or full effort of
worker using a spud wrench)
• Apply additional one-
one-half turn (or other
value, depending on bolt length)
How influential is “snug-tight?”
75 76

60 Bolt Tension by Turning the Nut 60 Bolt Tension by Turning the Nut
bolt specified minimum bolt specified minimum

tension 40 tension tension 40 tension
(kips) (kips)
20 20
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.04

bolt elongation (in.)
range of bolt bolt elongation (in.)
elongations
at snug
bolt elongation at one-half turn bolt elongation at one-half turn
77 78
Inspection of Installation Inspection of Installation

• Principles:
• Is bolt tension required? — if not, why
– Determination of the bolt pretension inspect for it !
after installation is not practical
• Know what calibration process is required
– Understand the requirements e.g., are and monitor it on the job site
pretensioned bolts required?
• Observe the work in progress on a regular
– Monitor the installation on the site basis
– Proper storage of bolts is required
79 80

Inspection of installation: Snug tight only req’d….

Consider the following AISC cases —
• Bearing-type connections
1. Bolts need be snug-
snug-tight only
• Bolts in tension (A325 only)
2. Bolts are pretensioned (but not a slip-
slip-
– only when no fatigue or vibration (bolt
critical joint) could loosen)
3. Slip-
Slip-critical joint
81 82
Inspection: if pretensioned bolts required…

required…
Inspection – snug tight
• All of requirements for snug-
snug-tight case
• Bolts, nuts, and washers (if any) must meet • Observe the pre-
pre-installation verification process
the requirements of the specifications
– turn of nut, or;
• Hole types (e.g., slotted, oversize) must
meet specified requirements – calibrated wrench, or;
• Contact surfaces are reasonably clean – other (direct tension washers, tension-
tension-control
bolts)
• Parts are in close contact after bolts
snugged • Calibration process done minimum once per day
• All material within bolt grip must be steel • Calibration process done any time conditions
change
83 84

An inspected joint (turn-of-nut)

Inspection: for slip-critical joints
• All of the above, plus

• Condition of faying surfaces, holes, etc.
• In addition to observing the calibration
process, the inspection must ensure that
the same process is applied to the field
joints
85 86
and some other comments…

• Pretension values greater than
those specified are not cause
for rejection.
• Rotation tests are useful for
short-grip bolts or coated
fasteners (requirement is in
ASTM A325 spec. and is for
galvanized bolts)
87 88

Actual pretensions, cont’d Actual pretensions, cont’d

• For A325 bolts, turn-of-nut: • A325, ½ turn-of-nut: 35% increase
– Average tensile strength exceeds spec. • A490, ½ turn-of-nut: 26% increase
min. tensile by about 1.18 • A325 and A490, calibrated wrench: 13%
– Average pretension force is 80% of increase
actual tensile • etc. for other cases
– Result is that actual bolt tension is
about 35% greater than specified bolt Note: these increased pretensions are
tension embodied in the specification rules
89 90
Some other options for bolts — Tension Control Bolts

region of
constant torque
ASTM F1852,
F2280 groove at which shear
will take place
91 92

Tension control bolts…. Tension-Control Bolts

• NOTE: evidence that tips have • Advantages
sheared off is not in itself evidence
– Installation is from one side
that desired pretension is present
– Electric wrench is used
• Consider limits: – Installation is quiet
– Friction conditions are very high…
high… • Disadvantages
– Friction conditions are very low…
low… – More expensive
• Hence, calibration is essential! – Pre-installation calibration required
93 94
Direct tension indicators— Direct Tension Indicators

• Protrusions formed in
special washer
• Protrusions compress
as force in bolt is
developed
• Use feeler gage to
measure gap (or refusal) ASTM 959
• User must verify the process
(like calibrated wrench)
95 96

Reliability of these... Some additional topics …

• Calibration required
• Details, other topics
• Reliability same as calibrated wrench
– washers (but not today!)
• Tension-
Tension-control bolt is torque-
torque-dependent – slotted or oversize holes (but not today!)
• Load-
Load-indicating washer is elongation-
elongation- – seismic design
dependent
97 98
Seismic design of connections Pre-qualified bolted connections

• Analyze structure in order to
compute the forces
– Use FEMA 350 and/or AISC Seismic
Design Spec.
• With forces now known, design
connectors
• Advisable to use pre-qualified
configurations
Note: some details not shown,
e.g., continuity plates
99 100

…bolted joints, seismic design

• All bolts pretensioned
• Faying surfaces as per slip-critical
• Use bearing values for bolts
All-
All-bolted connection – moderate quakes: no slip
– major quakes: slip will occur and bolts go into bearing
• Normal holes or short slotted only (perpendicular)

• No bolts + welds in same faying surface
101 102
Seismic design, cont’d It all started with rivets….

• Non-ductile limit state in either member or
connection must not govern.
• Calculate bolt shear strength as per
bearing type but use 2.4 d t Fu bearing rule
• Must use expected yield and ultimate
strengths, not the specified values
e.g. A36 plate : use 1.3 σ y spec.
103 104

Design Determine ultimate load for this gusset

example: plate (which is one that was tested)
gusset plate 14.76
connection 2 30°
3@2.76=8.27
Fy = 39.9 ksi
15.75
Fu = 69.0 ksi
7/8 A325 bolts 2.68
7.22
(holes 15/16 in.) t = 0.26 in.
Pu test =164 kips

(compression) 19.69
105 106
Set out the issues… Continuing…
• Brace force in tension– • Brace force in compression

– slip load of bolts (no slip at service load) – slip capacity of bolts (already checked for load
in tension)
– shear load of bolts – shear capacity of bolts (already checked for
load in tension)
– bearing capacity of plate
– bearing capacity of plate (already checked)
– block shear
– block shear (doesn’
(doesn’t apply)
– capacity of gusset plate in compression (New)
107 108

Slip load (calculate at factored load level)

Slip load calculation cont’d.
R n = μ D u h f Tb n s (per bolt )
R n = μ D u h f Tb N s (per bolt )
μ = 0.30 (clean mill scale) h f = 1.0 (no fills))
A b = π d 2 / 4 = 0.60 in.2 (7/8 in.dia.) = 0.30 × 1.13 × 1.0 × 37.88 kip × 2 slip planes (std.holes) :
= 25.68 kips / bolt
Fu = 120 ksi (A325 bolts)
n s = 2 slip planes
or, for 8 bolts, (φ = 1.0); R n = 205 kips
Tb = spec. min. bolt pretension = (0.75 × A b )(Fu )70%
= 0.75 × 0.60 in.2 ×120 ksi × 70% = 37.88 kips
109 110
Shear resistance of bolts

Bearing resistance (use φ = 1.0)
φ R n = φ Fv A b
R n = 1.5 Fu L c t ≤ 3.0 d t Fu
Use ø =1.0 so that we can compare this
load with the test load, assume threads in
shear plane, no joint length effect
3 d t Fu =
Fv = 90% [0.62 × 120 ksi] = 68 ksi 3 × 7 / 8 in. × 0.26 in. × 69.0 ksi = 47.1 k/bolt
φ R n = 1.0 × 68 ksi × 0.60 in.2 = 41.0 kips (per bolt ) 1.5 Lc t Fu =

or, for 8 bolts, 2 shear planes, threads in shear plane
1.5 × 1.53 in. × 0.26 in. × 69.0 ksi = 41.2 k
= (41.0 × 8 × 2)kips × 0.80 = 525 kips
111 112

Block shear
Bearing resistance…
2.00
3@2.76=8.27
…the governing value is 41.2 kips/bolt
and, for 8 bolts—
Bearing resistance is 330 kips A nt = (0.26)( 2.68 − 15 / 16) = 0.45 in.2

2.68
A gv = (8.27 + 2.00)2 × 0.26 = 5.34 in.2
Tr + Vr = φ A nt Fu + 0.60 φ A gv Fy
113 114
Block shear, cont’d Brace force in compression:
Tr = 0.45 in.2 × 69.0 ksi = 31.0 kips
Vr = 0.60 × 5.34 in.2 × 39.9 ksi = 127.8 kips
and the total block shear resistance issue is sway

(unfactored) is (31 +128) =159 kips buckling in
this region
115 116

Whitmore
Checking the buckling… method…. 30°
• Use beam formulae to

• Whitmore method (checks yield) check perceived
critical sections
• Thornton method (checks buckling) • Use 30o , as shown to
• Modified Thornton method (checks check yielding at
location shown.
buckling)
• Does not predict
ultimate capacity very
well, usually
conservative but
sometimes non-
non-
conservative
117 118
Thornton method… Thornton method, modified

• Use longest (or
average) of L1, L2, L3 L1 45o
to compute a As per Thornton
buckling load on a 30°
unit width column,
method but
L1
then apply this to the spread load out
total width. at 45o L2
• Use k = 0.65 in the L2
column formulae
L3
L3
119 120

Yam & Cheng gusset plate tests Calculations for buckling capacity:
(U of A, 13 tests)
L1 Using scale dwg.
L2 = 9.65 in.
Pu Pu Pu
PW PT PT ' Width of the 45o
L2
base is 19.2 in.
mean 1.33 1.67 1.06

L3
std. dev. 0.26 0.12 0.08
φc Pn = φc A g Fcr (use φc = 1.0)
Fy / Fe
we’ll use this method Fcr = (0.658 ) Fy use k = 0.65
121 122
Consider a 1 in. wide And applying this to the total width…

strip that is 9.65 in. long
Pu = (6.91 k/in.) (19.2 in.) = 132 kips
width = 1
length =9.65
t = 0.26 and the test ultimate load on this particular
specimen was 164 kips
1
I × 1 × 0.263 so, Pu / PT’ = 1.23
r= = 12 = 0.0751 in.
A 0.26 × 1
(The corresponding ratios for Whitmore
and Thornton for this specimen were 1.31
and then completing the calculations,
and 1.80)
Pn = 6.91 kips (on a 1 in. wide strip)
123 124

Summary of our calculations Some references —
Load and Resistance Factor Design

Brace slip bolt plate block buckling test Specification for Structural Joints
Force load shear bearing shear load Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts,
Research Council on Structural
Tension 205 525 330 159 — — Connections, 2004 (RCSC)
(free download available at
boltcouncil.org)
boltcouncil.org)
Compress. — — — — 132 164
125 126
References, cont’d.
• G.L. Kulak, J.W. Fisher, and J.A.H. Struik,

Struik, Guide to Design
Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints,
Joints, Second Edition, John
Wiley, New York, 1987 (free download at RCSC website)
• Bickford, John H., "An Introduction to the Design and
Behavior of Bolted Joints," Second Edition, Marcel Dekker
Inc., New York, 1990
Thank You!
• G.L. Kulak, A Bolting Primer for Structural Engineers,
Engineers, AISC
Design Guide 17, Chicago, 2002
• Larry Kloiber and Larry Muir, “The 2010 AISC Specification: Please give us your feedback!
Changes in Design of Connections,”
Connections,” Modern Steel
Construction, Sept. 2010 www.aisc.org/cesurvey
127 128

AISC Seminars AISC Seminars

2011 Spring Schedule – 6 seminar topics coming to
26 cities 2nd Thursday of the month
Upcoming Cities for April: • No webinar in May

Detroit – Houston – Denver • June 9, 2011: Extended Shear Plate Connections –
Larry Muir
Upcoming Cities for May:
St. Louis – Boston - Miami
• July 14, 2011: Design For Stability – Lou
Geschwindner
Philadelphia – Sacramento
www.aisc.org/seminars www.aisc.org/webinars
AISC eLearning AISC SteelCamp
Over 60 hours of presentations available 2 day, 4 topics, 15 hours of Continuing

anytime, online. Education,
One low price.
CEUs/PDHs are available.
New York City – June 16-17
San Francisco – July 21-22
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High Strength Bolts - Geoff Kulak

American Institute of Steel Construction April 14, 2011

AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

There’s always a solution in steel. There’s always a solution in steel.

AISC Live Webinars High-Strength Bolts: The Basics

Today’s audio will be broadcast through the internet.

There’s always a solution in steel. There’s always a solution in steel.

There's always a solution in steel. 1

High-Strength Bolts: The Basics Role of the Structural

ASTM A307 Bolts ASTM A325 Bolts

There's always a solution in steel. 2

Comparison of Bolts: Direct Tension

• ASTM Spec. RCSC Spec. 20

• Pretension can be induced if desired

Comments… …comments cont’d

• What about yield strength? • Bolt notation: Group A (A325, F1852)

There's always a solution in steel. 3

Loading of Bolts Shear Loading

Bolts Loaded in Tension Bolts in Tension – prying

There's always a solution in steel. 4

Bolts in combined tension and shear Consider a simple joint —

There's always a solution in steel. 5

In the example, we identified… AISC Standard 2010

There's always a solution in steel. 6

Behavior of a large joint (shear splice) —

Slip in bolted joints… Bolts in shear-type connections:

• Some bolts will already be in bearing – bearing type connections

There's always a solution in steel. 7

Bearing-type connections: Bolts in bearing-type connections…

• Shear strength of bolts is not dependent

Bolt Shear Strength Individual bolt in shear

• Bolt shear strength ≈ 62% of bolt ultimate

There's always a solution in steel. 8

(End four bolts of 13)

Back to bolt in shear —

• Confirmed by both bolt tension measurements

There's always a solution in steel. 9

Bolts in Shear — AISC nominal shear strength …

e.g. A325 bolt, no threads in shear plane ,

• The ø – value used for this case (0.75) is

There's always a solution in steel. 10

Let’s return now to slip-critical

Load at which slip takes place

Slip-critical joints specified when…

structure would affect its

There's always a solution in steel. 11

First principles, slip resistance is — Design slip resistance, AISC

and the modifiers …

There's always a solution in steel. 12

Bolts in Tension Bolts in Tension – some comments

Bolt tension + external tension

There's always a solution in steel. 13

And the result is… AISC rule, bolts in tension—

Call this Fnt has nothing to do with Fu

There's always a solution in steel. 14

Returning to shear splice joints, Bearing capacity (of

Bearing stresses at bolt holes… Shear-out rule…

Shear - out is 2 ( τ ult × Lc × t )

There's always a solution in steel. 15

Plate bearing… Plate bearing…

Finally, the AISC rule for Further note re bearing…

There's always a solution in steel. 16

Failure (ult. load) is