Basic Trigonometry: Angle

Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry
CHAPTER 1 BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
Angle
Angle is formed when two rays are drawn with a common vertex. It shows the direction and
amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
e
id
als
in
rm
Te
θ
Vertex Initial side
An angle θ is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular

coordinate system and its initial side coincides with the positive x-axis.
ide
ls
ina
rm
Te
Vertex θ
x
Initial side
Angles are measured by determining the amount of rotation needed for the initial side to
become coincident with the terminal side. The two commonly used measures for angles are:
i. degrees
ii. radians
1


Note:
e
sid
al For a circle of radius r, 1, the rays of a
min
central angle , with measure 1 radian

Ter
r would subtend an arc of length 1.

θ
Vertex
r Initial side
Relationship between degrees and radians:

360° = 2π or 180° = π radians
π 180
Therefore: 1° = radians and 1 radians = degrees
180 π
Example:
Convert each angle in degrees to radians.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Example:
Convert each angle in radians to degrees.
(a) rad (b) rad (c) rad (d)
2


The Unit Circle
The unit circle is an approach of introducing the trigonometric functions.
The unit circle is a circle whose radius, r is 1 and whose center is at the origin of a
rectangular coordinate system and has a circumference of length 2π (s = rθ ).
1
P (x,y)
θ
x
-1 1
-1
Let θ (radians) be the angle in standard position whose terminal side is the ray from the
origin through P as shown above. The point, P = (x, y ) on the unit circle (r = 1) is
corresponding to the angle θ (radians).
Thus, the six trigonometric functions of θ can be defined as following:

1. The sine function associates with θ the y-coordinate of P and is denoted by
sin θ = y
2. The cosine function associates with θ the x-coordinate of P and is denoted by

cos θ = x
3. If x ≠ 0 , the tangent function is defined as

y
tan θ =
x
3


4. If y ≠ 0 , the cosecant function is defined as
1
csc θ =
y
5. If x ≠ 0 , the secant function is defined as

1
sec θ =
x
6. If y ≠ 0 , the cotangent function is defined as

x
cot θ =
y
Example:
Let be the point on the unit circle that corresponds to . Find the values
of all six trigonometric functions.
4


π π
Trigonometric Functions of = 30° and = 60°
6 3
30°
c=1 Consider a right triangle in which one of the angles is
b
and the third angle is with
60° hypotenuse of length 1.

a

30°
The triangle is therefore equilateral, so
c=1 1 each side is of length 1.
b

60° 60°
a a
Thus, by the Pythagorean Theorem, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ,
3
b=
2
Example:
Find the exact values of the six trigonometric functions of , and
5


Using a Circle of Radius r to Evaluate Trigonometric Functions
For an angle θ in standard position, let P = (x, y ) be the point on the terminal side of θ that
is also on the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .

Then,
The signs of the Trigonometric Functions

The following are the signs of the six trigonometric functions for each quadrant:
Quadrant sin θ , csc θ cos θ , sec θ tan θ , cot θ
I Positive Positive Positive
II Positive Negative Negative
III Negative Negative Positive
IV Negative Positive Negative
Example:
Find the exact values of each of the six trigonometric functions of an angle if is
a point on its terminal side.
6


The definition of the ratios can be extended to include angles larger than 90°
y
II I
sin All
x
III IV
tan cos
Figure: The x and y axes divide the plane into four quadrants.
Let θ 1 be an angle in quadrant I ( 0° ≤ θ1 < 90° ) and the basic trigonometric ratios are as
y x y
follows: sin θ 1 = cos θ 1 = tan θ 1 =
r r x
1. For quadrant II ( 90° ≤ θ 2 < 180° )

y
sin θ 2 = sin(180° − θ 1 ) = = sin θ 1
r
−x
cos θ 2 = cos(180° − θ 1 ) = = − cos θ 1
r
y
tan θ 2 = tan(180° − θ 1 ) = = − tan θ 1
−x
2. For quadrant III ( 180° ≤ θ 3 < 270° )
−y
sin θ 3 = sin(180° + θ 1 ) = = − sin θ 1
r
−x
cos θ 3 = cos(180° + θ 1 ) = = − cos θ 1
r
−y
tan θ 3 = tan(180° + θ 1 ) = = tan θ 1
−x
3. For quadrant IV ( 270° ≤ θ 4 < 360° )
−y
sin θ 4 = sin( 360° − θ 1 ) = = − sin θ 1
r
x
cos θ 4 = cos(360° − θ 1 ) = = cos θ 1
r
−y
tan θ 4 = tan(360° − θ 1 ) = = − tan θ 1
x
7


Domain and range of trigonometric functions
Function Symbol Domain Range

Sine f (θ ) = sin θ All real numbers All real numbers from -1 to 1, inclusive
Cosine f (θ ) = cosθ All real numbers All real numbers from -1 to 1, inclusive
Tangent f (θ ) = tan θ All real numbers, except odd All real numbers
π
multiples of (90°)
2
Cosecant f (θ ) = cscθ All real numbers, except integral All real numbers greater than or equal to
multiples of π (180°) 1 or less than or equal to -1
Secant f (θ ) = secθ All real numbers, except odd All real numbers greater than or equal to
π 1 or less than or equal to -1

multiples of (90°)
2
Cotangent f (θ ) = cot θ All real numbers, except integral All real numbers
multiples of π (180°)
Even-Odd Properties
𝑠𝑖𝑛 – 𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 – 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 – 𝜃 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

csc(−𝜃) = − csc 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 – 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 – 𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
Example:
Find the exact value of:
(a) (b) (c)
8


Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

Graph of y = sin x , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π

Properties of the Sine Function
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. The range consists of all real numbers from − 1 to 1, inclusive.
3. The sine function is an odd function, as the symmetry of the graph with respect to the
origin indicates.
4. The sine function is periodic, with period 2π .
5. The x-intercepts are …, − 2π , − π , 0, π , − 2π , …; y-intercept is 0.
3π π 5π 9π
6. The maximum value is 1 and occurs at x = … , − , , , , …;
2 2 2 2
π 3π 7π 11π
The minimum value is − 1 and occurs at x = … , − , , , ,…
2 2 2 2

9


Graph of y = cos x, − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π

Properties of the Cosine Function
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. The range consists of all real numbers from − 1 to 1, inclusive.
3. The cosine function is an even function, as the symmetry of the graph with respect to the
y-axis indicates.
4. The cosine function is periodic, with period 2π .
3π π π 5π 3π 5π
5. The x-intercepts are x = … , − , − , , , , , …; y-intercept is 1.
2 2 2 2 2 2
6. The maximum value is 1 and occurs at x = … , − 2π , 0, 2π , 4π , …;
The minimum value is − 1 and occurs at x = … , − π , π , 3π , 5π , …
10


Graph of y = tan x, − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π

Properties of the Tangent Function
π
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers, except odd multiples of .
2
2. The range is the set of all real numbers.
3. The tangent function is an odd function, as the symmetry of the graph with respect to the
origin indicates.
4. The tangent function is periodic, with period π .
5. The x-intercepts are x = … , − 2π , − π , 0, π , 2π , 3π , …; y-intercept is 0.
3π π π 3π
6. Vertical asymptotes occur at x = … , − , − , , ,…
2 2 2 2

11


Period of the Trigonometric Functions
Periodic Function
A function f is called periodic if there is a positive number p such that, whenever θ is in the
domain of f, so is θ + p , and
f (θ + p) = f (θ )
Note;
If there is a smallest such number p, this smallest value is called the ( fundamental ) period
of f.
The values of the trigonometric functions of θ + 2π are equal to the values of the
corresponding trigonometric functions of θ .
sin (θ + 2πk ) = sin θ

cos(θ + 2πk ) = cos θ
Thus,
• the sine, cosine, cosecant, and secant functions are periodic with period 2π .
sin(θ + 2π ) = sin(θ ) cos(θ + 2π ) = cos(θ )
csc(θ + 2π ) = csc(θ ) sec(θ + 2π ) = sec(θ )
• the tangent and cotangent functions are periodic with period π .

tan(θ + π ) = tan(θ ) cot(θ + π ) = cot(θ )
Example:
Find the exact value of:
(a) (b) (c)
12


Trigonometric Identities and Equations
1. Identities are statements that are always true. Example: 2x + 4x = 6x is an identity

which is always true.
2. Equations are statements that are only true under certain conditions. Example: 2x = 10
is an equation which is only true if x = 5.
Trigonometric Identities
§ Trigonometric identities are identities that contain trigonometric functions such as sin,
cos or tan.
§ Each identity describes some property of some trigonometric function.
§ These identities can be used to:
ð Simplify trigonometric expressions.
ð Prove that two trigonometric expressions are equivalent.
ð Solve trigonometric equations that arise in various applications.
For example:
Identities
1
(x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 csc x =
sin x
Any values of x are true for the both sides.
Conditional equations
5
2x + 5 = 0 True only if x = −
2
sin x = 0 True only if x = kπ , k an integer.
13


Basics Trigonometric Identities:
1. Quotient Identities
sin x cos x
tan x = cot x =
cos x sin x
2. Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
csc x = sec x = cot x =
sin x cos x tan x
3. Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x
4. Even-Odd Identities
sin (− x ) = − sin x cos(− x ) = cos x tan (− x ) = − tan x
csc(− x ) = − csc x sec(− x ) = sec x cot(− x ) = − cot x
Guidelines for Establishing Identities

1. It is almost always preferable to start with the side containing the more complicated
expression.
2. Rewrite sums or differences of quotients as a single quotient.
3. Sometimes rewriting one side in terms of sines and cosines only will help.
4. Always keep your goal in mind. As you manipulate one side of the expression, you
must keep in mind the form of the expression on the other side.
Establishing Identities
Example: Establish the following identities:
a) cosec θ. tan θ = sec θ
14


b) sin! (−θ) + cos! (−θ) = 1
!! !"# !
c) !! !"# !
= tan θ
!"# ! ! ! !"# !
d) !! !"# !
+ !"# !
= 2 cosec θ
Solving simple trigonometric equations
Example: Solve the following trigonometric equations for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°:
!
a) cos 𝜃 = !

15


b) 2 sin 𝜃 + √3 = 0
!
c) sin 2𝜃 = !
!
d) tan !𝜃 − ! ! = 1
e) 2 sin! 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0
f) 3 cos 𝜃 + 3 = 2 sin! 𝜃
16

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Calculus Mathematics (FEST 016) Basic Trigonometry

CHAPTER 1 BASIC TRIGONOMETRY

An angle θ is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular

central angle , with measure 1 radian

r would subtend an arc of length 1.

Relationship between degrees and radians:

(a) rad (b) rad (c) rad (d)

Thus, the six trigonometric functions of θ can be defined as following:

2. The cosine function associates with θ the x-coordinate of P and is denoted by

3. If x ≠ 0 , the tangent function is defined as

5. If x ≠ 0 , the secant function is defined as

6. If y ≠ 0 , the cotangent function is defined as

of all six trigonometric functions.

60° hypotenuse of length 1.

Thus, by the Pythagorean Theorem, c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ,

is also on the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .

The signs of the Trigonometric Functions

Quadrant sin θ , csc θ cos θ , sec θ tan θ , cot θ

I Positive Positive Positive

II Positive Negative Negative

III Negative Negative Positive

IV Negative Positive Negative

1. For quadrant II ( 90° ≤ θ 2 < 180° )

2. For quadrant III ( 180° ≤ θ 3 < 270° )

3. For quadrant IV ( 270° ≤ θ 4 < 360° )

Function Symbol Domain Range

π 1 or less than or equal to -1

𝑠𝑖𝑛 – 𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 – 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 – 𝜃 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃

(a) (b) (c)

sin (θ + 2πk ) = sin θ

• the tangent and cotangent functions are periodic with period π .

Trigonometric Identities and Equations

1. Identities are statements that are always true. Example: 2x + 4x = 6x is an identity

Guidelines for Establishing Identities

Example: Establish the following identities:

a) cosec θ. tan θ = sec θ

b) sin! (−θ) + cos! (−θ) = 1

Solving simple trigonometric equations

Example: Solve the following trigonometric equations for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°:

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