EXPERIMENT # 3

TITLE:
Mathematical modeling of the following systems:
1. Spring-Mass Damper
2. RC Circuit
And observe the Step Response & Pole Zero Map on MATLAB.

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the performance of a spring mass damper system and RC Circuit, under various
conditions, through modeling, without having to subject the real system to these conditions.

THEORY:

1. Spring-Mass Damper System:

The free-body diagram for this system is shown below. The spring force is proportional to the

displacement of the mass, , and the viscous damping force is proportional to the velocity of the

mass, . Both forces oppose the motion of the mass and are, therefore, shown in the negative -

direction. Note also that corresponds to the position of the mass when the spring is unstretched.
 ∑ F(x) = F(t) − 𝑏𝑥̇ − 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥̈

F(t) = m𝑥̈ + bẋ + kx (1)

Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (1) (Assume all initial conditions are zero)
𝐹 (𝑆) = 𝑚𝑆 2 𝑋(𝑆) + 𝑏𝑆𝑋(𝑆) + 𝑘𝑋 (𝑆)
𝑋(𝑆) 1
= (2)
𝐹(𝑆) 𝑚𝑆 2 +𝑏𝑆+𝑘

Where Eq. (2) is termed as the “Transfer Function” of Spring-Mass Damper System and “𝒎𝑺𝟐 + 𝒃𝑺 + 𝒌”
is known as the Characteristic Equation.

Initial Assumptions:
1. m = 1
2. b = 1
3. K = 1

2. RC Circuit:
We know that:

𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 (3)
𝑉𝑆 −𝑉 𝑉
= 𝐶𝑉̇ +
𝑅1 𝑅2

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑅𝐶𝑉̇ + 2𝑉 (4)
Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (4) (Assume all initial conditions are zero)
𝑉𝑆 (𝑆) = 𝑅𝐶𝑆𝑉 (𝑆) + 2𝑉(𝑆)
𝑉(𝑆) 1
= (5)
𝑉𝑆 (𝑆) 𝑅𝐶𝑆+2
Where Eq. (5) is termed as the “Transfer Function” of RC Circuit System and “𝑅𝐶𝑆 + 2” is known as
the Characteristic Equation.
Initial Assumptions:
1. R = 4 Ω
2. C = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟊

EXPERIMENTATIONAL ANALYSIS:
• Software used: MATLAB R2019a

1. Spring-Mass Damper System:

• CODE:
• OUTPUT:
 • INTERPRETATION:

• Risetime — Time it takes for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the steady-state response.
• Settling Time — Time it takes for the error |y(t) - yfinal| between the response y(t) and the steady-state
response yfinal to fall to within 2% of yfinal.
• SettlingMin — Minimum value of y(t) once the response has risen.
• SettlingMax — Maximum value of y(t) once the response has risen.
• Overshoot — Percentage overshoot, relative to yfinal).
• Undershoot — Percentage undershoot.
• Peak — Peak absolute value of y(t)
• Peak Time — Time at which the peak value occurs.

➢ For the given values of b, m and k the system has achieved stability as evident
from the Pole-zero Map and settling time in Time-domain characteristics.
2. RC Circuit:
• CODE:

• OUTPUT:
• INTERPRETATION:
• Risetime — Time it takes for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the steady-state response.
• Settling Time — Time it takes for the error |y(t) - yfinal| between the response y(t) and the steady-state
response yfinal to fall to within 2% of yfinal.
• SettlingMin — Minimum value of y(t) once the response has risen.
• SettlingMax — Maximum value of y(t) once the response has risen.
• Overshoot — Percentage overshoot, relative to yfinal).
• Undershoot — Percentage undershoot.
• Peak — Peak absolute value of y(t)
• Peak Time — Time at which the peak value occurs.

➢ For the given values of R and C the system has achieved stability as evident from
the Pole-zero Map and settling time in Time-domain characteristics.

CONCLUSSIONS:

✓ The experiment enabled us to apply a successful system stability analysis on Spring-

mass Damper and RC Circuit systems.
✓ The significance of Pole-zero Map was highlighted, enabling us to determine the
positional stability of a system using the Characteristic Equation derived from the FBD.
✓ Time-Domain Characteristics were studied in order to achieve optimum system
stability.
✓ Physical Implementation of Stability Analysis was well understood and accomplished.