VOCABULARY

PERSONALITY - Positive aspect

ambitious ambicioso
attentive cortés
audacious audaz
calm calmo
charming encantador
cheerful = amusing divertido
considerate considerado
courageous = brave valiente
creative creativo
curious curioso
determined = b-willed decidido
energetic energético
extroverted extrovertido
frank franco
friendly amigable
generous generoso
gentle = kind, polite amable
honest = truthful honesto
humble humilde
ingenious ingenioso
likable / likeable agradable, simpático
loyal = faithful leal
mature maduro
obedient obediente
optimistic optimista
organized organizado
passionate apasionado
patient paciente
polite amable
practical práctico
realistic realista
reliable = trustworthy confiable
respectful respetuoso
responsible responsable
self-confident seguro
sensible sensato
sensitive sensible
sincere sincero
sociable = outgoing sociable
strong fuerte
sympathetic compasivo

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 thankful = grateful agradecido
tolerant = patient paciente
understanding comprensivo
zealous entusiasta

PERSONALITY - Negative aspect

absent-minded distraído, despistado

aggressive agresivo
annoying molesto
arrogant arrogante, prepotente
bad-tempered malhumorado
boastful fanfarrón
bossy mandón
cheeky atrevido
clumsy torpe
deceitful falso
dishonest deshonesto
disrespectful irrespetuoso
dominant dominante
dull = boring aburrido
eccentric excéntrico
envious envidioso
forgetful olvidadizo
frivolous frívolo
fussy quisquilloso
hypocritical hipócrita
impatient impaciente
impulsive impulsivo
indifferent indiferente
insecure inseguro
insensitive insensible
insolent insolente
introverted introvertido
irascible irascible
irresponsible irresponsable
jealous celoso
lazy haragán
lonely solitario
materialistic materialista
mean = cruel cruel
mean = stingy,  tight-fisted mezquino
modest modesto
moody malhumorado
nosey metido

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 obsessed obsesionado
pessimistic pesimista
proud = arrogant orgulloso
quarrelsome pendenciero
querulous quejumbroso
resentful rencoroso
rude = impolite descortés
selfish egoísta
self-seeking interesado
shy tímido
spiteful rencoroso
strict estricto
stubborn = obstinate obstinado
talkative charlatán
unpredictable impredecible
unreliable = untrustworthy desconfiable
unsympathetic apático
vain = conceited vanidoso
weak débil

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

attractive atractivo
beautiful hermoso
good-looking guapo
handsome guapo (para hombres)
old viejo
pale pálido
plain poco atractivo
pretty bonito (para mujeres)
tanned bronceado
ugly feo
unattractive poco atractivo
young joven

baby-faced con cara de bebé

fresh-faced con cara fresca, joven
pasty-faced con cara pálida
round-faced con cara redonda
stone-faced con cara de piedra (que no muestra
emociones)
thin-faced con cara delgada

short bajo

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medium height de estatura media
tall alto
tiny pequeño

average build de constitución media

fat gordo (despectivo)
muscular musculoso
obese obeso
overweight gordo, excedido de peso
plump regordete
skinny flaco
slender esbelto
slim delgado
stocky corpulento
stout corpulento
thin flaco
well-built fornido

elegant elegante
scruffy desaliñado
smart elegante
untidy-looking desaliñado
well-dressed bien vestido

short/long hair cabello corto/largo

straight hair cabello lacio
curly hair cabello rizado
dark/light hair cabello oscuro/claro
black hair cabello negro
blond/fair hair cabello rubio
brown hair cabello castaño
grey hair cabello con algunas canas
white hair canas
redhead pelirrojo
receding hair entradas (en el cabello)
bald calvo
braid trenza
bun rodete
ponytail cola (en el cabello)

beard barba
birthmark marca de nacimiento
braces aparato de ortodoncia
freckle peca

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 mole lunar
moustache bigote
scar cicatriz
sideboards (GB), patillas
sideburns (US)
tattoo tatuaje
wart verruga
wrinkle arruga

AT THE AIRPORT

air hostess azafata

air traffic control control de tránsito aéreo
aircraft avión, aeronave
airline counter mostrador
airport aeropuerto
aisle seat asiento del lado del pasillo
animal in hold animal vivo en la bodega
arrivals llegadas
arrivals are delayed las llegadas están demoradas
arrivals are on schedule las llegadas están en horario
baggage claim reclamo de equipaje
baggage limitation límite de equipaje
boarding pass pase de abordo
briefcase maletín, portafolios
bumpy flight vuelo turbulento
cabin cabina
carry-on luggage equipaje de mano
cockpit cabina del piloto
connecting flight conexión
control tower torre de control
conveyor belt cinta transportadora
copilot copiloto
crew tripulación
customs aduana
customs official funcionario de aduana
delayed demorado
departure lounge salón de espera
departures salidas
departures are delayed las salidas están demoradas
departures are on schedule las salidas están en horario
direct flight/ non-stop flight vuelo directo
domestic flight vuelo de cabotaje

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duty free libre de impuestos
emergency exit salida de emergencia
emergency landing aterrizaje de emergencia
excess baggage exceso de equipaje
excess baggage charge recargo por exceso de equipaje
final destination destino final
flight attendant azafata
flight number número de vuelo
gate puerta
immigration official funcionario de migración
in-flight manual manual de la tripulación
international flight vuelo internacional
jet bridge manga, pasarela
jet lag descompensación por la diferencia horaria
landing aterrizaje
layover hotel hotel de pernocta
life vest salvavidas
loudspeakers altoparlantes
luggage compartment compartimiento para equipaje
luggage/ baggage equipaje
meal tray bandeja de comida
on schedule en horario
one-way trip viaje de ida
overbooking sobreventa (de asientos)
overweight sobrepeso
passengers lounge salón de espera
pilot piloto
plane avión
registered luggage equipaje certificado, despachado
restroom/ lavatory sanitarios
round trip viaje de ida y vuelta
runway pista
scales balanzas
seat asiento
seat belt cinturón de seguridad
shuttle bus autobús de traslado
stopover escala
suitcase maleta
stewardess azafata (old fashioned)
timetable listado de horarios
time of arrival hora de llegada
actual time of arrival (ATA) hora de llegada real
time of departure hora de salida
actual time of departure (ATD) hora de salida real

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to frisk cachear
to board abordar
to fasten the seatbelt abrocharse el cinturón de seguridad
to land aterrizar
to put out the cigarettes apagar los cigarrillos
to take off despegar
take-off despegue
tourist turista
travel agency agencia de viajes
trolley carrito
window seat asiento del lado de la ventanilla
wind directional indicator manga indicadora de dirección del viento
windsock manga (para la dirección del viento

BODY ACTIONS

breathe respirar
cough toser
sneeze estornudar
sigh suspirar
hiccough hipar, tener hipo
yawn bostezar
snore roncar
burp eructar
chew masticar
rumble hacer ruido el estómago
swallow tragar
suck chupar
lick lamer
bite morder
blink parpadear
wink guiñar el ojo
frown fruncir el ceño
grin sonreír
laugh reír
blush ruborizarse
sweat sudar
shiver tiritar, temblar
tremble temblar, estremecerse
inhale inhalar
exhale exhalar
itch picar
scratch rascarse
sleep dormir

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 see ver
look at mirar
listen escuchar
hear oír
smell oler
touch tocar
taste gustar
think pensar
walk caminar
run correr
stand up pararse
sit down sentarse

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

ARM

 to cost someone an arm and a leg = cost somebody a lot of money.

That car cost him an arm and a leg.
 to fold somebody in one's arms = hold somebody closely by putting one's arms
around him.
 to give one's right arm = be prepared to make a great sacrifice in order to do
something.
He would give his right arm to have a new house.
 to hold/keep someone at arm's length = keep someone at a distance.
I can't stand her, that's why I keep her at arm's length.
 to twist somebody's arm = persuade somebody to do something he doesn't want to
do.
Nobody twisted my arm about coming here.
 to welcome/accept/receive something with open arms = with enthusiasm.
 to walk arm in arm = with the arms bent around each other's.
 as long as your arm = very long.

 IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

EAR

 to be all ears = listen with attention and interest.

He was all ears when I told him I had free tickets for the cinema.
 to be out on one's ear = be forced to leave a place because something wrong has
been done.
You should work harder or you'll be out on your ear.
 to be up to one's ears (in something) = be extremely busy.
I'm sorry I didn't call you yesterday, but I was up to my ears in work.
 to turn a deaf ear to something = ignore something unwelcome, like criticism or
complaints.
I told him not to park there but he just turned a deaf ear to it.
 to close/shut your ears to something = refuse to listen to bad or unpleasant news.
Please, listen to him, don't shut you ears to his warning.
 to go in (at) one ear and out (at) the other = to forget something almost
immediately after hearing it.
I don't know why I tell her. It just goes in one ear and out the other. 

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 to play by ear = play an instrument from memory.
 to keep one's ears open = to listen in order to find out what is happening.
Please keep your ears open for anything unusual.
 to have something coming out of one's ears = have too much of something.
At this time of year, shops have Christmas lightings coming out of their ears.

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

EYE

 to catch someone's eye = attract someone's attention, make someone notice.

If you would catch the waiter's eye, I'd like some more bread.
 to be easy on the eye = be pleasant to look at.
 to be up to one's eyes (in something) = be extremely busy.
I'm sorry I didn't call you yesterday, but I was up to my eyes in work.
 to cast/run an eye over something = look quickly over something.
 to cry one's eyes out = cry a lot.
 to have an eye for something = be a good judge of something.
Her flat is so nice, she obviously has an eye for decoration.
 to have eyes in the back of one's head = be alert, notice everything going on around
one.
The teacher knows everything we do, she must have eyes in the back of her head!
 to keep an eye on something/somebody = look at something/somebody continually
and carefully.
Would you keep an eye on the children while I go to the doctor's?
 to see eye to eye (with someone) (on something) = agree.
They are a perfect couple, they see eye to eye on most things.
 to turn a blind eye to something = ignore something.
He knows I always get late, but he just turns a blind eye to it.
 to do something with one's eyes closed = do something very easily.
Using this fax machine is really easy, you can do it with your eyes closed!
 to keep one's eyes skinned/peeled = remain alert.
Nobody should see that I'm doing this, so keep your eyes peeled and tell me if someone is
coming.
 to open someone's eyes = make somebody realize the truth about something.
 there's more to something that meets the eye = something is more complex than it
looks.

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

HAND

 to be hand in glove with someone = be in close relationship with someone.

He was found to be hand in glove with the enemy.
 to be an old hand at something = be very experienced at something.
 to eat out of someone's hands = be under someone's influence.
She soon had the class eating out of her hand.
 to give/lend someone a hand = help someone.
 to have/take a hand in something = be partly responsible for something.
The party was great, I bet he had a hand in it.
 to have one's hands full = be extremely busy.
 to know something like the back of one's hand = be thouroughly familiar with
something.
He's a taxi driver, so he knows the city like the back of his hand.

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 to live from hand to mouth = satisfy one one's present basic needs.
He won't start saving money when he's been living from hand to mouth all his life!
 to show one's hand = let others know one's intentions.
I suspect they're planning something but they haven't shown their hand yet.
 to wait on someone hand and foot = serve somebody by attending to all his needs.
He seemed to expect to be waited on hand and foot.

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

HEAD

 to go off one's head = become mad.

 to have a head start = have an advantage over others.
Julia has a head start on us for the job in Paris because she's bilingual.
 to have a good head on one's shoulders = have common sense and practical ability.
John has a good head on his shoulders, he can do well in any trade.
 to have one's head in the clouds = have one's thoughts far away, be day-dreaming.
 to have one's head screwed on the right way = be sensible and practical.
 to keep one's head above water = keep out of debt.
I'm managing to keep my head above water, even though I'm not earning much.
 to make head or tail of something = understand.
The student's essay is full of mistakes, I can't make head or tail of it!
 to put our heads together = exchange ideas or advice.
I'm sure we can solve the problem if we all put our heads together.
 to talk one's head off = talk for a long time.
 to use one's head = use one's common sense.
 heads will roll (for something) = somebody will be punished (because of something).

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

HEART

 to have the heart to do something = be unfeeling enough to do something.

I hadn't the heart to refuse.
 to have one's heart in one's mouth = be badly frightened.
I was alone and when the lights went out, I had my heart in my mouth!
 to have one's heart in the right place = have good intentions.
His gifts are always tacky, but he has his heart in the right place.
 to do something to one's heart's content = do something as much as one wishes.
There will be lots of food, so you'll be able to eat to your heart's content.
 to learn/know something by heart = from memory.
He knows the poem by heart.
 to lose heart = become discouraged.
She had so many job refusals that she's beginning to lose heart.
 to set one's heart on something = want something very much.
She had set her heart on becoming a policewoman.
 to take something to heart = be much affected or upset by something.
I took your criticism very much to heart.
 at heart = in one's real nature.
I'm a country girl at heart.
 from the bottom of one's heart = sincerely.
This advice comes from the bottom of my heart.
 after one's own heart = of exactly the type one likes best.
He likes good wine too, he's obviously a man after my own heart.

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 a heart of gold = a very kind nature.
He looks bad-tempered but really he's got a heart of gold.
 a heart of stone = a pitiless and unfeeling nature.
He doesn't care about others, he's got a heart of stone.

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

TONGUE

 to bite one's tongue = try hard not to say what one thinks, blame oneself for having
said something embarrassing.
 to get one's tongue around something = be able to say a difficult word.
I couldn't get my tongue around the names of the villages we'd been to.
 to have something on the tip of one's tongue = just about to be spoken or
remembered.
His name's on the tip of my tongue, but I just can't think of it!
 to hold one's tongue = say nothing.
 to set tongues wagging = encourage people to gossip.
Their scandalous affair has really set tongues wagging.
 a slip of the tongue = minor error in speech.
A slip of the tongue made me say Robert instead of Richard.
 with (one's) tongue in (one's) cheek = not intending to be taken seriously.
Don't be fooled by all his complimentary remarks, they were all said with tongue in
cheek.

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

LEG

 to be on one's last legs = be very tired or ill.

He looks like he's on his last legs.
 to cost someone an arm and a leg = cost somebody a lot of money.
That car cost him an arm and a leg.
 to pull someone's leg = tease somebody, make somebody believe something that is
untrue.
Of course he doesn't want his present back, he's just pulling your leg!
 not have a leg to stand on = have nothing to support one's opinion.
You can't say that, you don't have a leg to stand on!
 to give someone a leg-up = help somebody towards success.
When he joined the company I noticed his talent, so I gave him the leg-up he needed.
 to shake a leg = hurry up.
Come on, shake a leg! We are late!
 with one's tail between one's legs = in a humble or sad manner.
After being fired, he left with his tail between his legs.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH "BREAK"

 break away from somebody = leave somebody who is holding you.
She broke away from her father and now lives by herself.
 break down = stop working.
Oh, no! The computer broke down again!
 break down = be unable to stop yourself crying.
She broke down and started crying.

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 break something down = break down something = remove something.
Police had to break down the door to enter the building.
 break something down = break down something = separate something into smaller
parts so that it is easier to do.
The teacher broke down the lesson to help us understand it.
 break in = break into = enter a building by using force, to steal something.
The thief broke in and stole the new TV.
 break off = suddenly stop talking.
He started to speak but then broke off to answer the phone.
 break something off = break off something = end a relationship.
They  broke off their engagement after four years.
 break out = start.
I was in Berlin when the war broke out.
 break out of something = escape from a place.
Two prisoners have managed to break out of the jail.
 break up = break into a lot of small pieces.
The plane broke up in the air.
 break something up = break up something = separate something into smaller parts.
They want to break the company up into smaller companies.
 break something up = break up something = make people leave a place where they
have been meeting.
Police arrived and they broke up the demonstration.
 break up with somebody = separate, not live with somebody any more.
Lisa broke up with Thomas last month.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH "GIVE"

 give something away = give away something = give something because you do not
want or need it.
She gave her old clothes away when she moved.
 give something away = give away something = tell something secret.
He doesn't want to give away how the system works.
 give somebody away = show where somebody is or what they are doing, when they
are trying to keep this a secret.
Peter looked down, but his voice gave him away.
 give in = accept that you are defeated, surrender.
The enemy was forced to give in.
 give something in = give in something = give something to someone in authority =
hand in.
Students must give in their assignments next week.
 give off something = produce a smell, heat, sound, etc.
The walls gave off a smell of paint for a week.
 give onto something = lead to a place.
The balcony gives onto the swimming pool.
 give out = stop working properly, become weaker.
After running for one hour, her legs finally gave out.
 give something out = give out something = give something to each person in a group
= hand out.
Please give the copies out.
 give out something = produce a light, heat or a signal, emit.
The lamp gave out a yellowish light.
 give over = stop doing something that is annoying other people.
Come on, give over complaining!
 give something over to somebody = give responsibility for something to somebody.
The organisation of the meeting was given over to the secretary.
 give up = stop trying to do something, surrender.
I give up. What's the answer?

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 give up something= give something up = stop doing something.
Laura has decided to give up her piano lessons.
 give up something = give something up = give something that is yours to somebody
else.
The kid gave up his seat to the old lady.
 give somebody up = allow somebody to be caught by the police.
As he noticed that he was surrounded, he thief gave himself up.
 give somebody up = give up somebody = end a romantic relationship with somebody.
After five years together, she eventually gave him up.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH "MAKE"

 make for something = go towards a place = head for.
We made for home after dinner.
 make something/somebody into something = change something's purpose or
somebody's character.
That film made him into a Hollywood star.
 make off = leave quickly, escape.
The thief made off as the police arrived.
 make off with something = steal something.
The thief made off with her bag.
 make something out = make out something = be able to see or hear something.
She could just make out a shape approaching in the dark.
 make something out = make out something = understand something.
She couldn't make out what had happened.
 make somebody out = make out somebody = understand somebody's character.
She's a strange girl, nobody can make her out.
 make something out of somebody/something = change a person or thing into
something else.
The World Cup can make heroes out of unknown players.
 make towards something = start moving towards something.
He made towards the door.
 make something up = make up something = invent something.
Our teacher made up a story about a prince.
 make something up = make up something = prepare something by putting things
together.
She made up a cake for her birthday.
 make somebody up = make up somebody = put make-up on somebody's face.
They made her up as an old lady for the film.
 make up for something = compensate.
We will have two more classes to make up for the public holidays.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH "RUN"

 run across somebody/something = meet somebody or find something by chance.
While I was jogging I ran across my boss.
 run after somebody/something = chase somebody/something.
He ran after the girl, calling her name.
 run around = run in an area while playing.
The kids were running around in the garden.
 run away = leave a place secretly, escape.
The thief closed the door and ran away.
 run somebody/something down = run down somebody/something = drive into
somebody/something.
The dog was run down by a truck.
 run into somebody/something = start to experience a difficult situation.
The company ran into financial problems after the first year.
 run into somebody/something = hit somebody/something with a vehicle.
She ran into the back of another car.
 run into somebody = meet somebody by chance = run across somebody.
I ran into my nephew at the dentist's.

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 run something off = run off something = quickly print some copies of something.
Please run off a few more copies before the meeting.
 run something off = run off something = write a poem, speech, etc. quickly and
easily.
She could run off an essay in less than an hour.
 run somebody off something = force somebody to leave a place.
She ran the dog off her house with a stick.
 run off with somebody = secretly go away with somebody to marry him/her or live
with him/her.
She decided to run off with a married man.
 run out of something = use all of something.
Dear, we have run out of sugar!
 run somebody/something over = run over somebody/something = hit
somebody/something with a vehicle and drive over them.
She was run over by a bus outside the school.
 run over something = explain or practise something quickly.
Let me run over the main ideas again.
 run through something = repeat something to practise it or make sure it is correct.
Let's run through the first scene again.
 run through something = read or explain something quickly.
She ran through the details of the events.
 run to something = reach a particular amount.
The repair costs will run to $5,000.
 run to somebody = ask somebody to help you.
He's always running to his parents when he has problem.
 run with something = be covered with a liquid that is flowing down.
Her face was running with sweat.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH "TAKE"

 take after somebody = look or behave like somebody.
He really takes after his father.
 take something apart = separate something into its different parts.
He's always taking things apart.
 take something apart = search a place thoroughly.
The police took the house apart looking for clues.
 take somebody/something away = take away somebody/something = remove
somebody/something.
The waiter took away the plates before we had finished.
 take something back = take back something = admit that you were wrong to say
something.
I'm sorry, I should take back that remark.
 take something down = take down something = write down quickly.
Can you take some details down?
 take something in = take in something = understand, absorb something new.
I'm reading this essay but I can't take it in.
 take somebody in = take in somebody = deceive somebody.
Don't be taken in by street vendors.
 take somebody in = take in somebody = let somebody stay in your house.
She's always taking in stray cats.
 take off = (aircrafts) rise into the air.
The plane took off on time.
 take off = start being successful.
Helen's career took off when she began working in tourism.
 take something off = take off something = remove a piece of clothing.
He took off his shoes before entering the house.
 take somebody off = take off somebody = imitate somebody.
She took off the teacher and everyone laughed.
 take somebody on = take on somebody = hire somebody.
We need to take on more employees.

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 take something on = take on something = be responsible for something.
He took on too much work and now he has little free time.
 take something over = take over something = take control of something.
His real intention was to take over the company.
 take to somebody/something = start to like somebody/something, develop something
as a habit.
As soon as he met her, he took to her.
 take something up = take up something = become interested in a new activity.
When he was on holidays, he took up a new hobby.
 take something up = take up something = accept an idea or suggestion.
They took up the invitation and will come for dinner tomorrow.
 take something up = take up something = continue something.
Please take up the story where you left off.

CLOTHES
 

shirt = camisa
t-shirt = remera
blouse = blusa
sweatshirt = sweater = pullover = jersey = slip-over = suéter
cardigan = saco liviano de lana
dress = vestido
vest = chaleco
suit = traje
three-piece suit = traje de tres piezas
coat = saco
raincoat = piloto
waistcoat = chaleco
overcoat = sobretodo
mackintosh = abrigo de tela o lana gruesa
anorak = campera
bomber jacket = campera ajustada en la cintura
duffel coat = abrigo de lana
denim jacket = campera de jean

trousers = pantalones
slacks = pantalones informales
jeans = jeans
shorts = pantalones cortos
pinafore

overalls (US) - dungarees (GB) = jardinero, peto

trainers (GB) - sneakers (US) = zapatillas
boots = botas

Wellingtons = botas
slippers = pantuflas
clogs = zuecos
shoes = zapatos
sandals = sandalias
high-heeled shoes = zapatos de taco alto
sole = suela
 - have your shoes soled = ponerle suela a los zapatos
heel = taco
 - have your shoes heeled = ponerle taco a los zapatos
shoelaces = cordones
flip-flops = ojotas
espadrilles = alpargatas

15
bathrobe = bata
nightdress = nightgown = camisón
pyjamas (GB) = pajamas (US) = pijama
socks = calcetines
knee-length socks = medias 3/4
tights = calzas
underwear = ropa interior
bra = brassiere = corpiño
knickers = bombacha
slip = enagua
underpants = calzoncillos
bathing-suit = bathing-costume = traje de baño
swimming trunks = short de baño

bikini = bikini

belt = cinturón
hood = capucha
tie = corbata
bowtie = moño
tie-pin = traba de corbata
braces (GB) = suspenders (US) = tiradores
cravat = pañuelo
handkerchief = pañuelo
neckerchief = pañuelo de cuello
gloves = guantes
scarf = bufanda
shawl = chal
cloak = capa
cap = gorra
beret = boina
hat = sombrero
wide-brimmed hat = sombrero de ala ancha
bonnet = gorro para bebé
top hat = sombrero de copa
helmet = casco

DAILY ACTIVITIES

to wake up despertarse
to get up levantarse
to go to the bathroom ir al baño
to have a shower ducharse
to have a bath bañarse
to wash one's face lavarse la cara
to brush one's teeth cepillarse los dientes
to brush one's hair cepillarse el cabello
to comb one's hair peinarse
to have breakfast desayunar
to read the paper leer el periódico
to listen to the radio escuchar la radio
to watch TV mirar televisión
to go to work ir a trabajar

16
to go to school ir a la escuela
to study estudiar
to read a book leer un libro
to use the computer usar la computadora
to play with the computer jugar con la computadora
to chat charlar
to send an email enviar un email
to phone a friend llamar a un amigo por teléfono
to cook cocinar
to make dinner preparar la cena
to have dinner cenar
to set/lay the table poner la mesa
to clear the table levantar la mesa
to do the dishes lavar los platos
to go to bed ir a la cama
to sleep dormir
to dream soñar

FAMILY
aunt tía
boyfriend novio
brother hermano
brother-in-law cuñado
cousin primo/a
dad pá
daddy papi
daughter hija
daughter-in-law nuera
father padre
father-in-law suegro
girlfriend novia
godfather padrino
godmother madrina
grandad abuelito, "abue"
grandchildren nietos
granddaughter nieta
grandfather abuelo
grandma abuelita, "abue"
grandmother abuela
grandpa abuelito, "abue"
grandparents abuelos
grandson nieto
great-grandfather bisabuelo
great-grandmother bisabuela

17
 husband esposo, marido
mother madre
mother-in-law suegra
mom má
mum má
mummy mami
nephew sobrino
niece sobrina
parents padres
sibling hermano/a
sister hermana
sister-in-law cuñada
son hijo
son-in-law yerno
stepdaughter hijastra
stepmother madrastra
stepfather padrastro
stepson hijastro
uncle tío
wife esposa, mujer

firstborn primogénito
oldest el/la mayor
youngest el/la menor
the baby of the family el benjamín de la familia
twins gemelos
adopted adoptado
orphan huérfano/a
relative pariente
acquaintance conocido
generation generación
ancestors antepasados
descendants descendientes

FALSE FRIENDS

an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto)

to achieve: lograr (y no archivar, que se dice to file)
actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present)
to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
ailment: enfermedad leve, achaque (y no alimento, que se dice food)
apparel: ropa, vestimenta (y no aparato, que se dice apparatus, machine)
application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película, que se dice plot)

18
arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)
arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
army: ejército (y no armada, que se dice navy)
aspersion: calumnia (y no aspersión, que se dice sprinkling)
assessment: evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy)
assessor: evaluador, tasador (y no asesor, que se dice advisor o consultant)
to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)
to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)
attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)
attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)
avocado: aguacate (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)
balloon: globo (y no balón, que se dice ball)
bank: banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)
bark: ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)
beef: carne vacuna (y no bife, que se dice steak)
billet: acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice ticket o note)
billion: mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion)
body: cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)
bomber: avión bombardero o persona que coloca bombas (y no bombero, que se dice fireman
o firefighter)
brave: valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)
camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice field)
can: lata o el verbo poder (y no cana, que se dice white hair)
cap: gorra (y no capa, que se dice layer)
career: carrera profesional, ocupación luego del estudio (y no carrera referida al curso
universitario, que se dice degree)
carpet: alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)
cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice cardboard)
casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice accidental, chance)
casualty: víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)
cave: cueva (y no cavar, que se dice to dig)
cellular: celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice mobile telephone)
chafed: rozado (y no chafado, que se dice crushed o flattened)
collar: cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)
to collapse: hundirse, derrumbarse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)
college: facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)
coloured: de color (y no colorado, que se dice red)
command: orden, mandato (y no comando, que se dice commando unit)
commodity: mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice comfort)
to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)
complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body type)
to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso, que se dice
commitment, engagement o agreement)
conductor: director de orquesta o cobrador (y no conductor, que se dice driver)
confident: seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)
(to be) constipated: sufrir de estreñimiento (y no estar constipado, que se dice to have a
cold/chill)
contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)
to convene: convocar, reunir (y no convenir, que se dice to agree, to be advisable)
council: consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)
crane: grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull)
curse: maldición (y no curso, que se dice course)
date: fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)
deception: engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment)
to deliver: entregar (y no deliberar, que se dice to deliberate)
deprivation: privación, pérdida (y no depravación, que se dice depravity)
derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés)
desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)
dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)
dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)

19
discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)
disgust: asco, repugnancia (y no disgusto, que se dice annoyance, quarrel, trouble o to be
upset)
disparate: dispar (y no disparate, que se dice nonsense o foolish act)
diversion: desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun)
to doze: dormitar (y no doce, que se dice twelve)
dramatic: drástico, espectacular
economics: economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap)
embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)
estate: propiedad, bien inmueble, patrimonio (y no estado, que se dice state)
eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual, incidental)
eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se dice by chance,
possibly)
exit: salida (y no éxito, que se dice success)
fabric: tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory)
familiar: conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar (sustantivo), que se dice
relative)
fin: aleta (y no fin, que se dice end)
form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)
fray: riña, irritarse o deshilacharse (y no fraile, que se dice friar)
fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)
gang: pandilla (y no ganga, que se dice bargain)
Geneva: Ginebra (y no Génova, que se dice Genoa)
gentle: moderado, suave (y no gentil, que se dice gentile, kind)
to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)
gracious: cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)
grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o rude word/expression)
hardly: apenas, difícilmente (y no duramente, que se dice strongly)
by heart: de memoria (y no de corazón, que se dice from one's heart)
horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)
idiom: modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language)
influenza: gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)
ingenuity: ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)
inhabitant: habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)
injury: herida (y no injuria, que se dice insult)
installment: cuota, plazo o entrega (y no instalación, que se dice installation)
to intend: tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)
intoxicated: ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)
involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)
jam: mermelada (y no jamón, que se dice ham)
lame: cojo, rengo (y no lamer, que se dice to lick)
large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)
lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)
lentil: lenteja (y no lentilla, que se dice contact lens)
letter: letra del abecedario o carta (y no letra de una canción, que se dice lyrics)
library: biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop)
lobe: lóbulo (y no lobo, que se dice wolf)
luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)
macaroon: galleta con almendras o coco (y no macarrón, que se dice a piece of macaroni)
man: hombre (y no mano, que se dice hand)
mascot: persona, animal u objeto que da buena suerte (y no mascota como animal
doméstico, que se dice pet)
mayor: alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)
media: medios (y no media, que se dice sock)
misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)
mocha: café moca (y no mocha/o, desafilada/o, que se dice blunt)
to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o to annoy)
notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)
occurrence: aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)
office: oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)

20
once: una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)
oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o prayer)
ordinary: común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)
pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)
parade: desfile (y no pared, que se dice wall)
to pare: pelar o cortar las uñas (y no parar, que se dice to stop)
parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)
pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)
petrol: gasolina o nafta (y no petróleo, que se dice oil, petroleum)
pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)
place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)
plate: plato o lámina (y no plata, el metal, que se dice silver)
policy: política (y no policía, que se dice police)
politic: diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice politician)
preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)
prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)
to probe: investigar (y no probar, que se dice to prove, taste o try)
prospect: posibilidad, perspectiva o posible cliente (y no prospecto, que se dice leaflet o
pamphlet)
quince: membrillo (y no quince, que se dice fifteen)
to quit: abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quite: bastante, totalmente (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quote: cita o presupuesto (y no cuota, que se dice fee, installment o payment)
to rape: violar (y no rapar, que se dice to shave o to crop)
recollection: recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o collection)
red: rojo (y no red, que se dice net)
regular: de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)
relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))
rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)
rude: maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough)
to raze: arrasar (y no raza, que se dice race)
to realize: darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)
recipe: receta de cocina (y no recibo, que se dice receipt)
to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)
reluctantly: de mala gana (y no relucientemente o brillantemente, que se dice brilliantly)
to remove: quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)
resort: centro turístico o recurso (y no resorte, que se dice spring)
to rest: descansar (y no restar, que se dice to subtract)
to resume: reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to summarize o to sum
up)
to reckon: calcular, considerar o creer (y no reconocer, que se dice to recognize)
salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)
sane: cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)
scallop: vieira (y no escalope, que se dice escalope)
sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)
sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)
signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)
sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)
soap: jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup)
socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle sock)
son: hijo (y no son, conjugación del verbo ser, que se dice are)
spade: pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)
stationery: artículos de papelería (y no estacionario, que se dice stationary)
to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)
to stir: revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)
stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice foreigner)
success: éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event)
to support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)
sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable)
sympathy: compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se dice friendliness,

21
affection)
target: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)
tax: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)
tea: té (y no tía, que se dice aunt)
terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying)
to traduce: calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)
trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)
to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)
tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)
ultimate: final (y no último, que se dice last)
umpire: árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)
vacuum: vacío (y no vacuna, que se dice vaccine)
zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish

add added added agregar
answer answered answered responder
apologise apologised apologised disculparse
arrest arrested arrested arrestar
arrive arrived arrived llegar
ask asked asked preguntar
attack attacked attacked atacar
be i was / were been ser
become i became become convertirse
begin i began begun comenzar
believe believed believed creer
boil boiled boiled hervir
book booked booked reservar
borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado
break i broke broken romper
bring i brought brought traer
build i built built construir
buy i bought bought comprar
catch i caught caught atrapar
carry carried carried llevar
change changed changed cambiar
chop chopped chopped picar
clean cleaned cleaned limpiar
climb climbed climbed escalar
collect collected collected colleccionar
come i came come venir
compose composed composed componer
cook cooked cooked cocinar
copy copied copied copiar
cut i cut cut cortar
dance danced danced bailar
describe described described describir
destroy destroyed destroyed destruir

22
die died died morir
discover discovered discovered descubrir
discuss discussed discussed discutir
do i did done hacer
draw i drew drawn dibujar
dream i dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
drink i drank drunk beber
drive i drove driven conducir
dye dyed dyed teñir
eat i ate eaten comer
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar
explode exploded exploded explotar
extinguish extinguished extinguished extinguirse
fall i fell fallen caer
feed i fed fed alimentar
feel i felt felt sentir
fight i fought fought pelear
find i found found encontrar
fly i flew flown volar
forget i forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze i froze frozen congelar
fry fried fried freír
give i gave given dar
go i went gone ir
grow i grew grown crecer
happen happened happened suceder
hate hated hated odiar
have i had had tener
hear i heard heard oír
help helped helped ayudar
hire hired hired alquilar
hope hoped hoped esperar
hunt hunted hunted cazar
hurt i hurt hurt herir, doler
imagine imagined imagined imaginar
invent invented invented inventar
invite invited invited invitar
jump jumped jumped saltar
keep i kept kept guardar
kill killed killed matar
know i knew known saber
leave i left left dejar
lend i lent lent prestar
lie i lay lain yacer

23
lie lied lied mentir
lift lifted lifted levantar
like liked liked gustar
listen listened listened escuchar
live lived lived vivir
look looked looked mirar
lose i lost lost perder
love loved loved amar
make i made made hacer
meet i met met conocer, encontrar
miss missed missed perder, extrañar
offer offered offered ofrecer
open opened opened abrir
pack packed packed empacar
pass passed passed pasar, aprobar
pay i paid paid pagar
peel peeled peeled pelar
phone phoned phoned llamar por teléfono
plan planned planned planificar
play played played jugar
pour poured poured verter
prefer preferred preferred preferir
prepare prepared prepared preparar
push pushed pushed empujar
put i put put poner
rain rained rained llover
read i read read leer
reduce reduced reduced reducir
remember remembered remembered recordar
rent rented rented alquilar
rescue rescued rescued rescatar
return returned returned volver, devolver
ring i rang rung llamar por teléfono
run i ran run correr
save saved saved ahorrar
say i said said decir
search searched searched buscar
send i sent sent enviar
scream screamed screamed gritar
see i saw seen ver
sell i sold sold vender
shine i shone shone brillar
shut i shut shut cerrar
sing i sang sung cantar

24
 sit i sat sat sentarse
skate skated skated patinar
an article/item of clothing una prenda de vestir
ski skied skied esquiar
sleep i a blade of grass
slept una hoja
sleptde hierba/césped dormir
smell a block of cement
smelled un bloque de cemento
smelled oler
snore a breath snored
of fresh air un soplo de aire fresco
snored roncar
speak i a clap ofspoke
thunder un trueno
spoken hablar
spend i a cloud of dust
spent una polvareda
spent gastar
start a cloud of smoke
started una humareda
started comenzar
stay a crust ofstayed
bread una corteza
stayed quedarse
steal i a dash ofstole
pepper una pizca
stolende pimienta robar
stop a fit of rage/temper
stopped un arranque
stoppedde ira detener
study a flash ofstudied
lightning un relámpago
studied estudiar
survive a grain ofsurvived
rice un grano de arroz
survived sobrevivir
swim i a gust ofswam
wind una ráfaga
swum de viento nadar
take i a head of hair
took una cabellera
taken tomar
talk an item/piece
talkedof news una noticia
talked hablar
teach i a jet of water
taught un chorro
taughtde agua enseñar
tell i a loaf of bread
told una barra
told de pan decir
thank a lock of thanked
hair un mechón de pelo
thanked agradecer
think i a lump ofthought
coal un carbón
thought pensar
throw i a lump ofthrew
sugar un terrón de azúcar
thrown lanzar
touch a meanstouched
of transport un medio de transporte
touched tocar
try a pat of butter
tried una porción
tried de manteca intentar
use a piece of information
used un dato
used usar
visit a piece of advice
visited un consejo
visited visitar
wait a piece of furniture
waited un mueble
waited esperar
walk a piece of luggage
walked una maleta
walked caminar
want a piece of music
wanted una pieza
wantedmusical querer
warn a pile of warned
earth una pila de tierra
warned advertir
wash a slice ofwashed
meat una tajada
washedde carne lavar
watch a spell ofwatched
hot weather una ola de calor
watched mirar
wear i a spot ofwore
rain una gota
wornde lluvia llevar puesto
win i a stroke won
of luck un golpe
won de suerte ganar
work worked worked trabajar
write i wrote written escribir

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS MADE COUNTABLE

ENGLISH PROVERBS


 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando.

25
 A cat in gloves catches no mice.
Gato con guantes no caza ratones.
 A stitch in time saves nine.
Más vale prevenir que curar.
 A word is enough to the wise.
A buen entendedor, pocas palabras bastan.
 Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
La ausencia alimenta al corazón.
 Actions speak louder than words.
Los hechos valen más que las palabras.
Del dicho al hecho hay un gran trecho.
 All cats are grey in the dark.
Por la noche todos los gatos son pardos.
 All roads lead to Rome.
Todos los caminos conducen a Roma.
 All that glitters is not gold.
No es oro todo lo que reluce.
 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
Hay que divertirse y dejar de lado el trabajo por un rato.
 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Más vale prevenir que curar.
 Appearances are deceptive. / Looks are deceiving.
Las apariencias engañan.
 Barking dogs never bite.
Perro ladrador, poco mordedor. / Perro que ladra no muerde.
 Better late than never.
Más vale tarde que nunca.
 Better the devil you know than the devil you don't know.
Más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer.
 Birds of a feather flock together.
Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.
 Blood is thicker than water.
Los lazos familiares son más fuertes.
 Chip off the old block.
De tal palo, tal astilla.
 Common sense is the least common of senses.
El sentido común es el menos común de los sentidos.
 Do what is right, come what may.
Haz siempre lo correcto.
 Don't cry before you are hurt.
No llores antes de tiempo.
 Don't look a gift-horse in the mouth.
A caballo regalado no le mires los dientes.
 Don't meet trouble halfway.
No te preocupes antes de tiempo.
 Don't put all your eggs in one basket.
No te lo juegues todo a una sola carta.
 Early to bed, early to rise,
makes the man healthy, wealthy and wise.
A quien madruga, Dios lo ayuda.
 Every cloud has a silver lining.
No hay mal que por bien no venga.
 Every law has its loophole.
Hecha la ley, hecha la trampa.
 Every time the sheep bleats, it loses a mouthful.
Oveja que bala, bocado pierde.
 Experience is the mother of knowledge.
La experiencia es la madre de la ciencia.
 Finders, keepers; losers, weepers.
El que se fue a Sevilla, perdió su silla.

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 Give a dog a bad name and hang it.
Hazte fama y échate a dormir. / 
Un perro maté y mataperros me llamaron.
 God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.
Dios aprieta pero no ahoga.
 Half a loaf is better than none.
Algo es algo, peor es nada.
 He that fights and runs away, lives to fight another day.
Soldado que huye, sirve para otra guerra. /
Quien en tiempo huye, en tiempo acude.
 Hunt with cats and you catch only rats.
Dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres.
 In for a penny, in for a pound.
De perdidos, al río.
 It never rains, but it pours.
Las desgracias nunca vienen solas.
 It's good fishing in troubled waters.
A río revuelto, ganancia de pescadores.
 It's no good crying over spilt milk.
A lo hecho, pecho. / No hay que llorar sobre la leche derramada.
 It's the last straw that breaks the camel's back.
Es la gota que colma el vaso.
 Let bygones be bygones.
Lo pasado, pisado. / Borrón y cuenta nueva.
 Many hands make light work.
Muchas manos hacen el trabajo ligero.
 Money is the root of all evil.
El dinero es el camino de la perdición.
 More haste, less speed.
Vísteme despacio que tengo prisa.
 Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.
No te hagas problema hasta que los problemas te angustien.
 Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
Quien no arriesga, no gana. / Quien no se arriesga, no cruza la mar.
 One man's meat is another man's poison.
Sobre gustos no hay nada escrito. / Para gustos, los colores.
 People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.
No hagas a los demás lo que no quieres que te hagan a ti.
 Politeness costs nothing.
Lo cortés no quita lo valiente.
 Rome wasn't built in a day.
Roma no se hizo en un día.
 Take care of the pennies/pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.
Ahorra la calderilla y tendrás dinero.
 The apple doesn't fall far from the tree.
De tal palo, tal astilla.
 The die is cast.
La suerte está echada.
 The early bird catches the worm.
A quien madruga, Dios lo ayuda.
 The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.
Lo mejor siempre lo tiene el otro.
 The shoemaker's son goes always barefoot.
En casa de herrero, cuchara de palo.
 To call a spade, a spade.
Al pan, pan y al vino, vino.
 Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Demasiados cocineros estropean el caldo. / Muchas manos en un plato hacen mucho
garabato.

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 Two in distress makes sorrow less.
Las penas compartidas saben a menos.
 Variety is the spice of life.
En la variedad está el gusto.
 When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Donde fueres haz lo que vieres.
 When one is hungry, everything tastes good.
Cuando hay hambre, no hay pan duro.
 When there's a will, there's a way.
Querer es poder.
 While the cat's away, the mice will play.
Cuando el gato no está, los ratones bailan.
 You can't have your cake and eat it too.
No se puede tener todo en la vida. / No puedes estar en misa y repicando.
 You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.
No se puede pedir peras al olmo. / Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda.
 You have to take the rough with the smooth.
Hay que tomar la vida como es. / Hay que estar a las duras y a las maduras.
 You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours.
Hoy por ti, mañana por mí.

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