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Lake Geneva Info
Lake Geneva Info
Lake Geneva
Lake Geneva (French: lac Léman or le Léman[3] [lak lemɑ̃]/[lǝ lemɑ̃], rarely lac de Genève [lak dǝ ʒ(ǝ)nɛːv]; German: Genfersee
[ˈɡɛnfǝrˌzeː]) is a lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France. It is one of the largest lakes in
Western Europe and the largest on the course of the Rhône. Of it 59.53% (345.31 km2 or 133.32 sq mi) comes under the
jurisdiction of Switzerland (cantons of Vaud, Geneva, and Valais), and 40.47% (234.71 km2 or 90.62 sq mi) under France
(department of Haute-Savoie).
Name
The first recorded name of the lake is Lacus Lemannus, dating from Roman Satellite image
times; Lemannus comes from Ancient Greek Limenos Limne (Λιµένος Λίµνη)
Location Switzerland, France
meaning "port's lake"; it became Lacus Lausonius, although this name was
also used for a town or district on the lake, Lacus Losanetes, and then the Lac Coordinates 46°26′N 6°33′E
de Lausanne in the Middle Ages. Following the rise of Geneva it became Lac Lake type Glacial lake
de Genève (translated into English as Lake Geneva). In the 18th century, Lac
Primary inflows Rhône, Dranse
Léman was revived in French and is the customary name in that language. In
contemporary English, the name Lake Geneva is predominant. Primary outflows Rhône
Lake Geneva is divided into three parts because of its different forms of
Average depth 154.4 metres (507
formation (sedimentation, tectonic folding, glacial erosion):[3] feet)
y. Haut Lac (Upper Lake), the eastern part from the Rhône estuary to the Max. depth 310 metres (1,020
line of Meillerie–Rivaz feet)
|. Grand Lac (Large Lake), the largest and deepest basin with the lake's Water volume 89 km3
largest width (72,000,000 acre ft;
21 cu mi)
}. Petit Lac (Small Lake), the most south-west, narrower and less deep part
from Yvoire–Promenthoux next Prangins to the exit in Geneva Residence time 11.4 years
According to the Swiss Federal Office of Topography, swisstopo, Lac de Surface elevation 372 m (1,220 ft)
Genève designates that part of the Petit Lac, which lies within the cantonal
borders of Geneva (excluding the cantonal exclave Céligny), so about from Islands Île de Peilz, Château
Versoix–Hermance to the Rhône outflow in Geneva.[4] de Chillon, Île de
Salagnon, Île de la
Harpe, Île Rousseau,
Île de Choisi
Ramsar Wetland
Ramsar Wetland
View of Lake Geneva about between Vevey in front, Lausanne in the back behind Mont Pèlerin (CH)
on the right and Évian-les-Bains (F) on the left, shot from a place between Caux and Glion above
Montreux
The Chablais Alps border is its southern shore, the western Bernese Alps lie over its eastern side. The high summits of Grand
Combin and Mont Blanc are visible from some places. Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN) operates
boats on the lake.
The lake lies on the course of the Rhône. The river has its source at the Rhône Glacier near the Grimsel Pass to the east of the
lake and flows down through the canton of Valais, entering the lake between Villeneuve and Le Bouveret, before flowing slowly
towards its egress at Geneva. Other tributaries are La Dranse, L'Aubonne, La Morges, La Venoge, La Vuachère, and La Veveyse.
Lake Geneva is the largest body of water in Switzerland, and greatly exceeds in size all others that
are connected with the main valleys of the Alps. It is in the shape of a crescent, with the horns
pointing south, the northern shore being 95 km (59 mi), the southern shore 72 km (45 mi) in length.
The crescent form was more regular in a recent geological period, when the lake extended to Bex,
about 18 km (11 mi) south of Villeneuve. The detritus of the Rhône has filled up this portion of the
bed of the lake, and it appears that within the historical period the waters extended about 2 km
(1.2 mi) beyond the present eastern margin of the lake. The greatest depth of the lake, in the broad
portion between Évian-les-Bains and Lausanne, where it is just 13 km (8.1 mi) in width, has been
measured as 310 m (1,020 ft), putting the bottom of the lake at 62 m (203 ft) above sea level. The
View of the lake and the lake's surface is the lowest point of the cantons of Valais and Vaud.[5] The culminating point of the
Chablais Alps from Caux lake's drainage basin is Monte Rosa at 4,634 metres above sea level.[6]
The beauty of the shores of the lake and of the sites of many of the places near its banks has
long been celebrated. However, it is only from the eastern end of the lake, between Vevey
and Villeneuve, that the scenery assumes an Alpine character. On the south side the
mountains of Savoy and Valais are for the most part rugged and sombre, while those of the
northern shore fall in gentle vine-covered slopes, thickly set with villages and castles.[5]
The snowy peaks of the Mont Blanc are shut out from the western end of the lake by the CGN paddle steamer in 1926 near
Voirons mountain, and from its eastern end by the bolder summits of the Grammont, Vevey with the Dents du Midi in
background
Cornettes de Bise and Dent d'Oche, but are seen from Geneva, and between Nyon and
Morges. From Vevey to Bex, where the lake originally extended, the shores are enclosed by comparatively high and bold
mountains, and the vista terminates in the grand portal of the defile of St. Maurice, cleft to a depth of nearly 2,700 m (8,900 ft)
between the opposite peaks of the Dents du Midi and the Dent de Morcles.[5]
The shore between Nyon and Lausanne is called La Côte because it is flatter. Between Lausanne and Vevey it is called Lavaux
and is famous for its hilly vineyards.[7][8]
The average surface elevation of 372 m (1,220 ft) above sea level is controlled by the Seujet Dam [fr] in Geneva.[9]
Climate
Due to climate change, the average temperature of deep water (more than 300 metres or 980 feet deep) increased from 4.4 °C
(39.9 °F) in 1963 to 5.5 °C (41.9 °F) in 2016 (an increase of 1.1 °C or 2.0 °F in 53 years), while the average temperature of
surface water (five metres or 16 feet deep) increased from 10.9 °C (51.6 °F) in 1970 to 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) in 2016 (up 2 °C or
3.6 °F in 46 years).[10]
Bise
Lake Geneva (and particularly the lakeside parts of the city of Geneva) can be affected by the cold Bise, a north easterly wind.
This can lead to severe icing in winter.[15] The strength of the Bise wind can be determined by the difference in air pressure in
hectopascal (hPa) between Geneva and Güttingen in canton of Thurgau. Bise arises as soon as the air pressure in Güttingen is
higher than in Geneva.[16]
Environment
In 563, according to the writings of Gregory of Tours and Marius Aventicensis, a tsunami
wave swept along the lake, destroying the fort of Tauredunum and other settlements, and
causing numerous deaths in Geneva. Simulations indicate that the Tauredunum event was
most likely caused by a massive landslide near the Rhône delta, which caused a wave eight
metres (26 ft) high to reach within 70 minutes.[17][18][19] In 888 the town was part of the new
Kingdom of Burgundy, and, with it, was absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire in 1033.
Private home on the lake in canton of
In the late 1960s, pollution made it dangerous to swim at some beaches of the lake; indeed, Vaud
visibility under water was near zero.[20][21] By the 1980s, intense environmental pollution
(eutrophication) had almost wiped out all the fish. Today, pollution levels have been
dramatically cut back, and it is again considered safe to swim in the lake.[22][23] Major leisure
activities practiced include sailing, wind surfing, boating (including water skiing and wake-
boarding), rowing, scuba diving and bathing.
A total of four submarines have plied the depths of Lake Geneva.[24] In 1964, Jacques
Swimming in the lake
Piccard launched a tourist-oriented submarine, the Auguste Piccard (named for his explorer
father), for the Swiss National Exhibition, meant to honor the Expo 64 theme of
accomplishments by Swiss engineers and industry.[25] After operating through to 1965 in
Lake Geneva, Picard used the vessel for scientific exploration in other parts of the world.[25]
Picard later built the F.-A. Forel, launched in Lake Geneva in 1978 and used primarily for
scientific research until it was retired in 2005.[25] In 2011, in a collaborative operation led by Lavaux vineyards on Lake Geneva
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, two Mir submersibles were used for ten weeks to
conduct extensive scientific research in Lake Geneva.[24]
On a scientific footnote, in 1827, Lake Geneva was the site for the first measurement of the
speed of sound in (fresh) water.[26] French mathematician Jacques Charles François Sturm
and Swiss Physicist Daniel Collodon used two moored boats, separated by a measured
distance, as the transmit and receive platforms for the sounds of exploding gunpowder. The
loud airborne sound coupled into the lake, establishing a loud underwater sound that could
be measured at a distance. The flash of the exploding gunpowder provided the visual starting
cue for the timepiece, and the underwater explosion sound striking a bell provided the finish
cue.
The lake is rich in wildlife, especially birds: both the common buzzard and the red kite breed
here in considerable numbers.
Peilz Island
Sport events
Yacht racing is a popular sport, and high-performance catamarans have been developed specifically for the lake.[27] The
design of the Alinghi 5, the defender of the 2010 America's Cup, was influenced by those racing catamarans.[27] The best-
known event, the "Bol d'Or" (not to be confused with other events having the same name) runs from Geneva to the end of the
lake and back.[28]
The Tour du Lac rowing event also takes place on Lake Geneva. Competitors row once around the entire lake, making this 160-
kilometre (99 mi) event the longest non-stop rowing regatta in the world.
Le Bouveret Noville
St-Gingolph Villeneuve VD
Haute-Savoie: Veytaux
Saint-Gingolph Territet
Meillerie Montreux
Haut Lac
Clarens
La Tour-de-Peilz
Vevey
Corseaux
St-Saphorin (Lavaux)
Rivaz
Haute-Savoie: VD:
Lugrin Puidoux
Maxilly-sur-Léman Cully
Évian-les-Bains Grandvaux
Thonon-les-Bains Lutry
Anthy-sur-Léman Paudex
Sciez Pully
Excenevex Lausanne
with Ouchy and Vidy
Yvoire
St-Sulpice VD
Grand Lac
Préverenges
Morges
Tolochenaz
St-Prex
Buchillon
Allaman
Perroy
Rolle
Bursinel
Dully
Gland
Haute-Savoie: VD:
Messery Nyon
Chens-sur-Léman Crans-près-Céligny
Hermance* Founex
Petit Lac
Anières* Coppet
( * Lac de Genève,[4]
Corsier* Tannay
see also Geography)
Collonge-Bellerive* Mies
Vésenaz* GE:
Cologny* Versoix*
Genthod*
Bellevue*
Pregny-Chambésy*
Geneva*
Notable residents
Edmund Ludlow, famous as one who had signed the death warrant of English King Charles I, was granted on 16 April 1662
protection in and continued to live at Vevey until his death in 1692.[29]Mary and Percy Shelley and Lord Byron holidayed by the
lake and wrote ghost stories, one of which became the basis for the novel Frankenstein.[30] The Empress Elisabeth of Austria
(Sisi) was stabbed to death on the quayside in Geneva in September 1898. Vladimir Lenin rented a little "chalet" at the French
bank, near Geneva.[31] Actor Charlie Chaplin spent his final years and died in Vevey (there is a memorial statue of him along the
promenade; his home at Corsier-sur-Vevey is now a museum of his life and career). Actors Noël Coward, James Mason, Sir
Peter Ustinov, Richard Burton and Audrey Hepburn all lived in villages on the shores of or in view of the lake. David Bowie
moved to a chalet to the north of Lake Geneva in 1976, which inspired him to take up painting and informed the first stages of
the "Berlin Trilogy". Pop singer Phil Collins lives in a home overlooking the lake.[32] Rock band Queen owned and operated
Mountain Recording Studios (which is still in use today) in Montreux, and a statue of lead singer Freddie Mercury, who also
owned a second home in Montreux, stands on the northern shore of the lake. Writer Vladimir Nabokov also took residence in
Montreux, where he died in 1977. Ex-Formula 1 driver Michael Schumacher lives with his family in a home overlooking the
lake.[33]
See also
yë. ^ "La bise va se calmer après une journée chaotique, }y. ^ "The summit: The Russians make their entrance" . The
mais plusieurs écoles vont rester fermées" (in French). NY Times. 19 November 1985. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
Geneva: RTS Radio Télévision Suisse. 17 January 2017.
}|. ^ Michner, Joerg (25 February 2007). "Fed-up Swiss
Retrieved 25 February 2018.
taxpayers call time on concessions for wealthy
yí. ^ "Bisendiagramm" . Appenzell, Switzerland: foreigners" . Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
MeteoGroup Schweiz AG. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
}}. ^ "Schuey vrooms into £30m home" . The Sun. 30
yì. ^ Kremer, K.; Simpson, G.; Girardclos, S. P. (2012). "Giant November 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Lake Geneva tsunami in AD 563". Nature Geoscience.
doi:10.1038/ngeo1618 .
External links
Lake Geneva in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.