CONCRETE-IS A MIXTURE OF SAND,GRAVEL, CRUSHED ROCK OR ANY OTHER AGGREGATES HELD TOGETHER WITH A PASETE OF CEMENT AND WATER

REINFORCED CONCRETE- IS A COMBINATION OF A CONCRETE AND STEEL

ADVANTAGES OF RC
 IT HAS A CONSIDERABLE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PER UNIT COST
 HAS A GREAT RESISTANCE OF FIRE AND WATER
 VERY RIGID
 LOW-MAINTENCE MATERIAL
 LONG SERVICE LIFE
 ECONOMICAL MATERIAL
 TO BE CAST WITH ANY EXTRAORDINARY SHAPE
 INEXPENSIVE LOCAL MATERIALS
 A LOWER GRADE OF SKILLED LABOR IS REQUIRED

DISADVANTAGES OF RC
 VERY LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
 NEED FORMWORKS THAT IS EXPENSIVE
 RC IS HEAVY
 RC IS LARGE
 THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE VARY WIDELY

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
POZZOLANA – CEMENT THAT ROMANS USED FROM MT. VESUVIUS
1824 ENGLISH BRICKLAYER JOSEPH ASPDIN – PORTLAND CEMENT
1832 FRANCOIS LE BRUN – CONCRETE HOUSE, SCHOOL AND CHURCH
1850 JOSEPH LAMBUT – CONCRETE BOAT WITH A PARALLEL WIRES OR BAR NETWORK
1867 RC IS CREDITTED TO JOSEPH MONIER – CONCRETE BASIN, RESERVOIRS REINFORCED WITH A MESH OF IRON WIRES. LIGHTNESS WITHOUT SACRIFICING STRENGTH
1861 FRANCOIS COIGNET – DEVELOPED BASIC METHODS OF DESIGN WATER CEMENT RATIO
1877 THADDEUS HYAT AMERICAN – WHO CORRECTLY ANALYZES THE SRESSES IN A RC BEAM, AND HAVE A BOOK CALLED AN ACCOUNT OF SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE, COMBINED WITH AN IRON AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
1875 WILLIAM E. WARD MECHANICAL ENGINEER – BUILT THE FIRST REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING IN U.S. GOT THE IDEA FROM WORKERSS TRYING TO REMOVE HARDENED CEMENT
FROM THEIR TOOLS
1870s E. L. RANSOME SAN FRANCISCO – ORIGINATOR OF DEFORMED BARS

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE I – COMMON, ALL PURPOSE CEMENT USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
TYPE II – LOWER HEAT OF HYDRATION
TYPE III – A HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CEMENT
TYPE IV – LOW HEAT CEMENT
TYPE V – CEMENT USED FOR CONCRETES THAT ARE EXPOSED TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE

ADMIXTURES - MATERIALS ADDED TO THE CONCRETE. USED TO IMPROVED IT

TYPES
AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES - INCREASE CONCRETE RESISTANCE TO FREEZING AND THAWING
ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES – ACCELERATES ITS STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT
RETARDING ADMIXTUES – SLOWS THE SETTING OF CONCRETE
SUPERPLASTICIZERS - REDUCE THE WATER CONTENT IN CONCRETES
WATERPROOFING MATERIALS -