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Traistaru L.E
Traistaru L.E
Donald M. Ayers
Ayers, Donald. English Words from Latin and Greek Elements. 2nd ed. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press,
1986. Print.
EW: Latin ii
Table of Contents
Preface iii
Introduction (1) 4
Part I: Word Elements from Latin 8
Lesson I: The Dictionary (16) 8
Lesson II: Definition and Latin Bases (26) 8
Lesson III: Assimilation of Prefixes (35) 11
Lesson IV: Abbreviations and Acronyms (40) 14
Lesson V: Back Formations, Aphersis, and Aphesis (46) 16
Lesson VI: Combination of Bases (52) 18
Lesson VII: Hybrids (57) 20
Lesson VIII: Suffixes (60) 22
Lesson IX: Word Analysis: Etymological Definition (65) 24
Lesson X: Dissimilation and Other Sound Changes (70) 26
Lesson XI: Semantic Change (75) 29
Lesson XII: Specialization and Generalization of Meaning (82) 31
Lesson XIII: Functional Change (86) 33
Lesson XIV: Degeneration and Elevation in Meaning (90) 35
Lesson XV: Change from Abstract to Concrete and Visa-Versa (94) 37
Lesson XVI: Weakening and Hyperbole (98) 38
Lesson XVII: Change of Meaning Due to Changing Concepts (101) 39
Lesson XVIII: Euphemism, Taboo Deformation, and Circumlocution (106) 41
Lesson XIX: Folk Etymology (112) 42
EW: Latin iii
Preface
Classes,
Happy Studying!
Mr. Current
January 2014
EW Latin 4
Introduction (1)
Opening Commercial
• Wonder why we will be studying etymology? Watch the following commercial:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXnFdNrAiEk
• Bottom line: Language changes. If you understand the rules that govern its change, you will
less surprised when you encounter something “new.”
Chart 1
English German Dutch Danish
Chart 2
Latin Greek Irish Sanskrit Persian
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EW Latin 5
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EW Latin 6
• The Battle of Hastings in 1066 reduced England and brought an immediate French influence
• Linguistic imperialism: the predictable pattern where overlords learn little of native languages,
and bilingual natives assimilate the invading language
• English developed many redundancies from French words (synonyms)
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EW Latin 7
Language, after all, changes with time. Urban Dictionary demonstrates this every day as
new words (mostly slang) are recorded, become the fashion, and quickly fall out of use. Over a
time span of hundreds and thousands of years, language itself does the same and carries the basic
rules with it. Note the following picture:
Ultimately, this aspect of the course will be as useful as you want. I challenge you to take it
seriously, connect it with what you know, and have no fear when encountering “new” words. A
knowledge of the past will help guide your knowledge in the future!
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EW Latin 8
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EW Latin 9
• Understanding these deep word components and their patterns explains much of our language
• Many English words can come from a single base: con-FIRM-at-ion, in-FIRM-ity, in-FIRM-
ary, FIRM-ament, re-af-FIRM-at-ation, af-FIRM-at-ive.
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EW Latin 10
Latin Lesson II
Latin Base Meanings English Derivatives
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EW Latin 11
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EW Latin 12
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ad-, ac-, etc.** to, toward adopt, admire, access, aggression, attract,
allocate, ascend
con-, com-, co- with, together, very connect, conduct, compose, compress,
collect, correspond, co-operate
dis-, di-, dif- apart, in different dispute, disable, divert, divorce, differ
directions, not
JUR-, JUST- right, law; take an oath, jury, conjure, just, justify
form an opinion
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EW Latin 14
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EW Latin 15
Latin Lesson IV
Prefixes and BASES Meanings Examples
*ex-, e-, ef-, etc. out, from, completely expel, exasperate, eloquent, evade,
efficient
*in-, im-, etc., ig- before n not ineffective, imminent, immoral, impartial,
illegal, irresponsible, ignoble, ignore
*in-, im-, etc., [en-], [em-] in, into, against inject, impose, impel, illuminate, irrigate,
endure, embrace
HAB-, AB-, (HIB-) to have, hold as habit, dishabille, able, inability, inhibit
customary
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EW Latin 16
Apheresis (47)
• Apheresis: the removal of a letter or syllable at the beginning of a word
Examples: account to count, esquire to squire, most when it means almost
Recent examples: before to ‘fore, because to ‘cause, mushrooms to shrooms, taxicab to
cab, telephone to phone
Nicknames: Alexander to Zander, Elizabeth to Beth, Alexandra to Sandra
Exercise IV (51)
By changing the prefix, form the antonym of each of the following words. Example: exhale—
inhale.
assent ante-bellum
supersonic converge
prelude persuade
depreciate discord
associate inflate
Exercise IV Answers
assent—dissent ante-bellum—post-bellum
supersonic—subsonic converge—diverge
prelude—postlude persuade—dissuade
depreciate—appreciate discord—concord (or accord)
associate—dissociate inflate—deflate
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EW Latin 17
Latin Lesson V
Prefixes and BASES Meanings Examples
re-, red- (before vowels) back, again renew, recede, recall, redemption
sub-, sus-, suc-, etc. under, up from under, submerge, submarine, suspend, sustain,
secretly succumb, suffer, support
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EW Latin 18
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Latin Lesson VI
Prefixes and BASES Meanings Examples
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EW Latin 21
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EW Latin 22
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-ous (-ious, -eous) full of, having the famous, populous, various
character of, like
TEND-, TENT-, TENS- to stretch, strive tendon, tense, tent, distend, pretense
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EW Latin 24
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EW Latin 25
Latin Lesson IX
BASES and Suffixes Meanings Examples
-ile, -ill pertaining to, like, belonging to, juvenile, hostile, civil
having the character of
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EW Latin 26
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EW Latin 27
• It is easier to say /bodl/ for “bottle” than /botl/ because the voiced l makes us want to use the
voiced d in front rather than the voiceless t.
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EW Latin 28
Latin Lesson X
BASES and Suffixes Meanings Examples
-ant, -net, (-ient) equal to English “ing” urgent (or “pressing”), apparent (or
“appearing”), vigilant (or “watching”)
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EW Latin 29
Similitude (76)
• Similitude: words which due duty in several territories, or grown in their application
Horse has become sawhorse and pummel horse
The eye of a needle is based on the shape of a human eye, not necessary the “eye’s”
function
Head and foot are based on location of top and bottom
Metaphorical (77-78)
• When used metaphorically, words are used in new territory
• This territory can change over time, giving rise to “dead” metaphors, or words whose meanings
are lost to time
• Example: “Rehearse” meant to “re-hearse,” or “to harrow again.”
Whereas it meant to repeat an operation for success, the word meaning has been
forgotten, and the metaphor has died.
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EW Latin 30
Latin Lesson XI
BASES and Suffixes Meanings Examples
-able, -bile able to be, able to, tending to portable, adaptable, flexible
FA(B)-, FAT-, FESS-, to speak, reveal affable, infant, preface, confess, fame,
FAM- fabulous
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EW Latin 31
Generalization (83)
• Generalization: When the opposite occurs and word meanings broaden
• “Decimate” literally means the destruction of 1/10th of a military unit, but now refers to large
destruction
• “Vaccine” comes from the Latin vacca (“cow”) because said vaccination came from cowpox
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EW Latin 32
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Example (87)
There are numerous examples, so here are a few:
• Words used as nouns: reptile, agent, inhabitant
• Colors used as nouns: red (communist), pink (communist sympathizer), whites (of a person’s
eyes), the blues, greens (golf course)
• Nouns as verbs: “to book a criminal,” “to knife a person,” “to iron a shirt”
• Literally thousands of words have undergone this process
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Elevation (91)
Elevation: when words comes to mean something better than it originally did. Note: This
happens less often than degeneration
• Fame: from any report (good or bad) to good report
• Lord: a contraction for “loaf” and “guard” or “bread keeper”
• Constable: a “chief groom of the stable” to the highest military officer in France, and back
down
• Chancellor: originally an usher in the court of law
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-ity, (-ety -ty) quality of, state of gravity, sanity, society, novelty
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-y quality of, state of, act of, result custody, perjury, controversy
of
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-ment result of, means of, act of, state of excitement, ligament, monument, regiment
LEG-, (LIG-), to choose, pick out, read legible, legend, eligible, elect, selective
LECT-
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EW Latin 39
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EW Latin 40
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-acne, -ancy; -ence, - quality of ___ing, state of vigilance, hesitancy, influence, fluency
ency ___ing
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EW Latin 42
-or one who does, that which does actor, aggressor, tractor, motor
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