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INDEX
Chapter Title Page
Chapter 1 - RESEARCH PROPOSAL
1. Introduction 8
2. Statement of the Problem 12
3. Relevance of the Problem 14
4. Aims of the Research 15
5. Objectives of the Research 16
6. Hypothesis 17
7. Methodology 19
8. Scope of Research 20
9. Abbreviations 22
10. Significance of Research 22
11. Scheme of Research 23
12. Suggestions and Conclusion 23
13 Bibliography 24

Chapter 2 - Kashmir During The Post Independence Days

2.1 History of Kashmir After 1947 25
2.1.1 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 26
2.1.2 Background 27
2.1.3 Partition of India 28
2.1.4 Operation Gulmarg 29
2.1.5 Stages of the war 30
2.1.5.1 Initial invasion 31
2.1.5.2 Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley 31
2.1.5.3 Attempted link-up at Poonch and fall of Mirpur 32
2.1.5.4 Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri 33
2.1.5.5 Operation Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger 34
2.1.5.6 Indian Spring Offensive 34
2.1.5.7 Operations Gulab and Eraze 35
2.1.5.8 Operation Bison 35
2.1.5.9 Operation Easy; Poonch link-up 36
2.1.5.10 Moves up to cease-fire 37

Chapter 3 - Insurgency and Internal Armed Conflict in Kashmir

3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 40
3.2.1 Meaning of Insurgency 40
3.3 Events in Jammu & Kashmir Post Independence 41
in Chronological Order.
3.4 Timeline of Insurgency and Terrorism events in 42
Jammu and Kashmir.
3.4.1 Events during the years 1947 – 1950 42
3.4.2 Events during the years 1951 – 1960 42
3.4.3 Events during the years 1961 – 1970 43
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3.4.4 Events during the years 1971 – 1980 44

3.4.5 Events during the years 1981 – 1988 44
3.4.6 Events during the years 1989 – 1990 45
3.4.7 Events during the years 1991 – 1995 46
3.4.8 Events during the years 1996 – 2000 49
3.4.9 Events during the years 2001 – 2005 52
3.4.10 Events during the years 2006 – 2010 98
3.4.11 Events during the years 2011 220

Chapter 4 - Effect of Internal Armed Conflict on Kashmiri Population.

4.1 Introduction 237

4.2 Population Distribution in the state of 238
Jammu and Kashmir
4.3 Insurgency in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. 241

4.4 Threat to the Lives of Hindu Population in the 243

Kashmir Valley.
4.5 Conversion to Islam 244
4.6 Destruction and Damage to temples 244
4.7 Massacre of Kashmiri Pandits. 247
4.8 Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits (sachiniti.wordpress.com) 338

Chapter 5 - State of Internally Displaced Persons from Kashmir.

5.1 Introduction 344

5.2 Internally Displaced Persons Camps. 345
5.2.1 Main Camp Sites in Jammu 345
5.2.2 Main Camp Sites in Delhi 346
5.3 Accommodation for IDPs in Camps. 346
5.4 Ration Cards, Financial Aid, Food and Clothing 350
Arrangements for inmates of IDP Camps.
5.4.1 Ration Cards 350
5.4.2 Financial Aid 352
5.4.3 Food 352
5.5 Sanitation and Drinking water arrangement in 352
IDP Camps.
5.5.1 Sanitation 352
5.5.2 Drinking Water 354
5.6 Lighting and Electrical Facility for IDP Camps. 355
5.7 Health Care arrangement in IDP Camps. 356
5.8 Educational arrangement for inmates of IDP Camps. 358
5.9 Productive Work arrangement for inmates of 359
IDP Camps.
5.10 Recreational facilities for inmates of IDP Camps. 360
5.11 Arrangement for Worship and Religious Events in IDP camps 360
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5.12 Communication facilities for inmates of IDP Camps. 360

5.13 Separated family members – Search and Rejoining 360
Mechanism.
5.14 Marriage facility for inmates of IDP Camps. 360
5.15 Arrangement for Last Rites of inmates of IDP Camps. 360
5.16 Legal Help for inmates of IDP Camps. 361
5.17 Arrangements for Statutory Requirements for inmates 361
of IDP Camps.
5.18 Arrangement for Participation in Elections by inmates 361
of IDP Camps.

Chapter 6 - Human Rights Issues of Internally Displaced Persons from Kashmir.

6.1 Introduction 362
6.2 Human Rights as per the Universal Declaration of 363
Human Rights.
6.2.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 363
6.3 Jammu and Kashmir Instrument of Accession 371
6.4 Article 370 of the Constitution of India 376
6.4.1 Implications of Article 370 378
6.4.2 Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir 379
6.4.3 Applicability of the Constitution of India to J&K 379
6.5 Human Rights as per the Constitution of India. 379
6.5.1 Significance and characteristics 383
6.5.1.1 Right to equality 385
6.5.1.2 Right to freedom 387
6.5.1.3 Right against exploitation 390
6.5.1.4 Right to freedom of religion 390
6.5.1.5 Cultural and educational rights 391
6.5.1.6 Right to Life 392
6.5.1.7 Right to constitutional remedies 392
6.5.2 Critical analysis 392
6.5.3 Amendments 394
6.5.3.1 Right to property 394
6.5.3.2 Right to Education 395
6.6 Human Rights as per the Constitution of Kashmir. 396
6.6.1 The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 1956 397
6.7 The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) 408
order, 1954 of the President of India, Its effect on the
Constitution of India as applicable to the state of
Jammu and Kashmir.
6.8 Articles of the Constitution of India Omitted or modified 437
for the State of Jammu and Kashmir by The Constitution
(Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) order, 1954 of the
President of India.
6.9 Laws Concerning Human Rights Issues Existing in the 437
State of Jammu and Kashmir.
6.10 Application of Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 438
to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
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6.10.1 Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 440

6.10.2 United Nations view 441
6.11 Application of Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 as 444
ammended in 2006 to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
6.12 Human Rights Issues of Internally Displaced Persons from 448
The State of Jammu and Kashmir.
6.12.1 Government Failure for Protection for Life, Liberty, and Property 448
6.12.2 Inadequate Shelter and food for Internally Displaced Persons. 449
6.12.3 Education of Children 449
6.12.4 Government Refusal of Foreign Aid for IDPs 449
6.12.5 Loss of Culture 449
6.12.6 Disregard for UN Guiding Principles on 450
Internally Displaced Persons.
6.12.7 Lack of livelyhood for the Internally 450
Displaced persons
6.12.8 Lack of Human Rights Redressal system 450
6.12.9 Absence of Constitutional Human Rights 450
Protection Provisions
6.12.10 Government Failure in Protecting Proprties Abandoned 450
by Internally Displaced Persons.
6.12.11 Discrimination in Rehabilitation Schemes offered by 451
the Government.
6.12.12 Fundamental Rights 451

Chapter 7 - Needs of Internally Displaced Persons from Kashmir.

7.1 Introduction 453
7.2 Present and Immediate Needs. 453
7.2.1 Personal Safety 454
7.2.2 Personal Daily Needs 454
7.2.2.1 Ration Cards 454
7.2.2.2 Accomodation 454
7.2.2.3 Financial Assistance 455
7.2.2.4 Food 455
7.2.2.5 Water Supply and Drainage System 455
7.2.2.6 Schools 456
7.2.2.7 Medical Facility 456
7.2.2.8 Electricity 456
7.2.2.9 Infrasctructure Improvement in New Camps 457
7.2.3 Foreign Aid 458
7.2.4 Need to Follow UN Guiding Principles on 458
Internally Displaced Persons.
7.2.5 Livelyhood 458
7.2.6 Human Rights Protection System 458
7.2.7 Distress Sale of Properties by Internally Displaced Persons 459
7.2.8 Rehabilitation Schemes and Safety of IDPs opting for the 459
schemes.
7.2.9 Fundamental rights 459
7.3 Long Term Needs 461
7.3.1 Personal Safety 461
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7.3.2 Accomodation 462

7.3.2.1 Repairs Package from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh 462
7.3.2.2 Constitutional Reforms 462
7.3.2.3 Delay In Prime Minister‘s Package 463
7.3.2.4 Supreme Court on Kashmir 464
7.3.3 Aid for Settlement in Other Parts of India outside 465
Jammu and Kashmir.

Chapter 8 - Human Rights Protection principles of Internally Displaced Persons

8.1 Introduction 467
8.2 International Law 469
8.2.1 Right of Return 470
8.3 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 471
8.3.1 Introduction: Scope and Purpose 472

Chapter 9 - Government Role in Protection of Human Rights of Internally

Displaced Persons from Kashmir.

9.1 Introduction 483

9.2 Human Rights Protection during Internal 486
Displacement Relief
9.3 The Need to Ensure Non-Discriminatory 489
Displacement Relief
9.4 The Need To Inform and Consult 491
9.5 The Need to Monitor 492
9.6 Internal Armed Conflict or Terrorism – 495
Responsibility of State.
9.7 Protection of Life, Security, and Physical, Mental 495
and Moral Integrity
9.8 Evacuations and Other Life-Saving Measures 498
9.9 Protection Against The Negative Impacts of 501
Internal Armed Conflict or Terrorism
9.10 Protection Against Violence, Including 502
Gender Based Violence
9.11 Protection of Rights Related To 508
Basic Necessities of Life
9.12 Access to Goods and Services, and 508
Humanitarian Assistance
9.13 Provision Of Adequate Food, Water, Shelter and 512
Housing, Clothing, Health Services And Sanitation
9.14.1 Food 514
9.14.2 Non-food items 515
9.14.3 Water and sanitation 516
9.14.4 Shelter and Housing 516
9.14.5 Health (general) 517
9.14.6 HIV/AIDS 520
9.15 Protection Of Other Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 521
9.15.1 Right to Education 521
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9.15.2 Right to Property 521

9.15.3 Right to work 521
9.16 Education 521
9.18 Property and Possessions 526
9.19 Steps for protecting property and possessions rights 528
9.20 Livelihood and Work 532
9.21 Protection of Other Civil and Political Rights 535
9.22 Documentation 536
9.23 Free Movement and Return 538
9.24 Family Life and Missing or Dead Relatives 541
9.25 Family Whereabouts 543
9.26 Expression, Assembly, Association, and Religion 548
9.27 Electoral Rights 550
9.28 Protection of Specific Groups of Persons 550

Chapter 10 - Return / Rehabilitation of Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons.

10.1 Introduction 562

10.2 The Present Scenario in Jammu and Kashmir 563
Regarding Return / Rehabilitation of Kashmiri
Internally Displaced Persons.
10.2.1 Internal Opposition to Return and Rehabilitation 564
of Kashmiri IDPs
10.2.2 United Nations View on Opposition to Return and 566
Rehabilitation of Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons.
10.2.3 United Nation‘s Guidelines on Return and Rehabilitation 566
of Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons.
10.2.3 Central Government‘s Role in Return and 567
Rehabilitation of Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons.
10.3 Return of Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons 569
10.4 The Feelings of Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons 570
about Returning.
10.5 Practicality of the Rehabilitation Process of 572
Kashmiri Internally Displaced Persons
10.5.1 Destruction Wrought 572
10.5.2 Pretext of Pakistani Hand 573
10.5.3 Deluge by Militancy 574
10.5.4 Return and Rehabilitation 575
10.6 J&K government‘s Special Employment Package 576
for Kashmiri Non Internally Displaced Persons.

Chapter 11 - Conclusion and Suggestions

11.1 Conclusion 578

11.1.1 Chapter 1 578
11.1.2 Chapter 2 578
11.1.3 Chapter 3 579

11.1.4 Chapter 4 581

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11.1.5 Chapter 5 583

11.1.6 Chapter 6 585
11.1.7 Chapter 7 587
11.1.8 Chapter 8 588
11.1.9 Chapter 9 591
11.1.10 Chapter 10 594
11.2 Suggestions 596
11.2.1 Sealing Borders 596
11.2.2 Use of Armed Forces 596
11.2.3 Use of Constitutional Provisions to establish 597
separate territory for IDPs
11.2.4 Pressure on Jammu and Kashmir Government for 597
Safety and Security
11.2.5 Compensation to Victims of Terrorism 597
11.2.6 Re Conversion to Hindu Religion 598
11.2.7 Financial Equivalent Aid For Daily Needs. 598
11.2.8 Productive Work 599
11.2.9 Loss of Culture 599
11.2.10 Disregard for UN Guiding Principles 599
11.2.11 Lack of Human Rights redressal system 599
11.2.12 Application of Part III of the Constitution to 600
Jammu and Kashmir.
11.2.13 Foreign Aid for IDPs from Jammu and Kashmir. 601
11.2.14 Present and Immediate Needs of IDPs from 601
Jammu and Kashmir
11.2.15 Long Term Needs of IDPs from Jammu and Kashmir 605

BIBLIOGRAPHY 608

Chapter 1