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Physics - Lecture 2.1 Work
Physics - Lecture 2.1 Work
Physics - Lecture 2.1 Work
Foundation Physics
Lecture 2.1
19 Jan 10
Work
v
A force F moves a body alongv a path s.
During that motion the force F is performing Work W
ds
α s
B
F
A Definition of work W
v v
Work dW = F • ds = F • ds • cos α
Units of work W
• Units: 1 Nm=1 Joule (after J.P. Joule 1818-1889)
• (old units: 1cal = 4.187 J)
• W is a scalar quantity.
• During the whole path A → B work is being
done:
B r r B
W = ∫ dW = ∫ F ⋅ ds
A A
If F = 25N, d=2m;
W=F.d=25N.2m = 50N.m=50J
Mass m on a surface
against friction μg
r r
B
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
A
= ∫ μ g ⋅ FN ⋅ ds
= μg ⋅ m ⋅ g ⋅ s v
This isv valid if F = const.
v
and F || s
Force Path
Work
a b
α .
W = FH . d
c
FH = F . cos α c/a = cos α
b/a = sin α
b/c = tan α
v
Fl = m ⋅ g ⋅ sin α
v v v
F = F|| ⇒ W = F|| ⋅ s
W = m ⋅ g ⋅ s ⋅ sin α = m ⋅ g ⋅ h
Lifting work depends only on the height h and not on the path
s2 = n ⋅ s1
F1
W2 = F2 ⋅ s2 = ⋅ n ⋅ s1 = F1 ⋅ s1 = W1
n
Work to lift an object
v v
F = −mg = const.
v
F path
v
W = m⋅ g ⋅h
e.g. lift a mass m = 100 kg
to a height h=100m
W =100.9.8.100 J
= 9.8.104J = 98 kJ
= 23.4 kcal
Acceleration work
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
ds = R ⋅ dϕ ; dϕ = w ⋅ dt
ds = R ⋅ ω ⋅ dt
r
r M J dω
F = =
R R dt
r J dω
ω W = Jω 1 2
F =∫ R ⋅ ω ⋅ dt = J ∫ ω ⋅ dω 2
R dt 0
Acceleration work of a
rotational motion
Deformation work
Tension on a spring
Hooke’s law describes the
property of a spring
Spring force
Fsp=-D.x D: spring constant with units N/m
Deformation work on a spring
x x x
W = ∫ Fdx = − ∫ Fsp dx = D ∫ xdx
0 0 0
2 on a spring: 1 1 1
W = Dx 2 − Dx0 = D x 2 − x0
2 2
2
2
(2
)
Problems (work)
• How much work is done by the woman
pulling her son if she travels 25 m?
WH = ?
α = 30°
Next Lecture
• To Be Covered: Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Other forms of energy
• Reading: Chapter 4
Section 4.2
Section 4.3